.

Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

.
1. Double Integrals, Iterated Integrals, Cross-sections

2. Double Integrals over more general regions, Definition, Evaluation of

Double Integrals, Properties of Double Integrals

3 . Area and Volume by Double Integration, Volume by Iterated Integrals,
Volume between Two surfaces
.4 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates, More general Regions
5. Applications of Double Integrals, Volume and First Theorem of Pappus,
Surface Area and Second Theorem of Pappus, Moments of Inertia
6. Triple Integrals, Iterated Triple Integrals

7. Integration in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

8. Surface Area, Surface Area of Parametric Surfaces, Surfaces Area in

Cylindrical Coordinates
. Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals, Jacobian
9
.

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 .
Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals
.
14.6 Average value of a function
14.7 Cylindrical coordinates, and Spherical Coordinates
14.7 Integration in cylindrical coordinates, and spherical coordinates.
14.7 Mass, Moments, Centroid, Moment of Inertia
.

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. Applications of Triple Integrals
.
Suppose an object, in region D in R3 , is made of different material in which the
density (mass per unit volume) is given by (x, y, z), depending on the location
(x, y, z). Then the total mass of D is given approximately by the Riemann sum
i (xi, yi , zi )Vi , which will converges to the triple integral
m= (x, y, z) dV. We call it the mass of the object.
. D

Similarly, one define

.
the
( center of mass (centroid) of the object by (x, y, z) = )

1 1 1
x(x, y, z) dV, y(x, y, z) dV, z(x, y, z) dV .
. m D m D m D

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.
Let D be a solid object in R3 , and be
a straight line in R . Then the moment
3

of inertia I of D around the axis is p2 (x, y, z) dV, where p = p(x, y, z) is

D
the shortest distance from the point (x, y, z) of D to the line , and (x, y, z) is
.the density of D at the point (x, y, z).
For the coordinate axii, we have
.
Ix = Ix-axis = (y2 + z2 )(x, y, z) dV,
D
Iy = Iy-axis = (x2 + z2 )(x, y, z) dV and
D
Iz = Iz-axis = (x2 + y2 )(x, y, z)dV.
. D

.
For any solid region
D in R3 , Define the center (x, y, z) of gyration by

I
x = Imx , y = my , z = mIz
.
.

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.
Average Value of Function of Several Variables
.
The average value of a function of several variables defined on a region D in
f dV
R3 , to be [f ]average = D .
. D dV

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. Cylindrical Coordinates
.
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P(x, y, z) in three-dimensional
space is represented by the ordered triple (r, , z), where r and are polar
coordinates of the projection Q(x, y, 0) of P(x, y, z) onto the xy-plane and z is
. directed distance from the xy-plane to P.
the

To convert from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates, we use the equations

x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z.
To convert
from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates, we use the equations
y
r = x2 + y2 , tan = x , z = z.
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 z2 = r2 r = c (c > 0)
Remark. Recall in polar coordinates, r2 = x2 + y2 . Hence, the equation z2 = r2
can be expressed as z2 = x2 + y2 , which is a circular cone. Another way to
z2 PQ2
understand is to look 1 = x2
= OQ2
= tan2 POQ, i.e, POQ = /4, which
is a cone.

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.
Theorem. If D is a solid described in the cylindrical coordinates as
{ ( r, , z ) | , r1 ( ) r r2 ( ), zmin (r, ) z zmax (r, ) },
and f (x, y, z) is a continuous function defined in D,
r2 ( ) zmax (r, )
then f (x, y, z) dV = f (r cos , r sin , z) r dz dr d.
. D r1 ( ) zmin (r, )

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.
Example.
A solid T is bounded by the cone
z = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 2. The mass
density at any point of the solid T is proportional
to the distance between the axis of the cone and
. point. Find the mass of T.
the
Solution. Since the density of the solid at a point P(x, y, z) is proportional to the
distance from the z-axis to the point P(x, y, z), we see that the density function
(x, y, z) = k x2 + y2 for some constant k. Moreover,
T can be described as
{ (x, y, z) | 0 x2 + y2 4, x2 + y2 z 2 }.
In terms of cylindrical coordinates, T may be given as
{ (r, , z) | 0 r 2, 0 2, r z 2 }.
Sothe
mass of the T
solid is
2 2 2
(x, y, z) dV = k x2 + y2 dV = k r r dz dr d
T T 0 0 r
2 [ 3 ]2
2r r4 16 8k
= 2k (2 r)r2 dr = 2k = 2k ( 4) = .
0 3 4 0 3 3

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.
2 4 x2 2
Example. Evaluate (x2 + y2 ) dzdydx.
. 2 4x2 x2 +y2

Solution. The domain D of integral in rectangular co-

ordinates, and R be its shadow in xy-plane. Then
in cylindrical coordinates, D can be described as
{ (r, , z) | 0 r 2, 0 2, r z 2 }.
Then by means of Fubini Theorem, and formula of
change of variables, we can simplify iterated integral
2 4 x2 2
(x2 + y2 ) dzdydx = (x2 + y2 ) dV
2 4x2 x2 +y2 D
2 2 2 2
= r r dz dr d = 2
2
(2 r)r3 dr
0 0 r 0
[ 4 ]2
2r r5 26 16
= 2 = = .
4 5 0 45 5

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.
Example. A tank D is a solid in the shape of a half-cylinder of radius 2 and
height
3. It is situated in R3 , given by the inequalities
x2 + y2 2, y 0, 0 z 3. The temperature (in C) at the point (x, y, z) is
given
. by T (x, y, z) = 2yz2 x2 + y2 . Find the average temperature in the tank.

Solution. We describe the tank D in cylindrical coordinates as

{ (r, , z ) | 0
, 0 r 2, 0 z 3 }.
T dV
Recall the formula [T ]average = D . Then
dV
2 3 D

T dV = 2(r sin ) z2 r r dz d dr
(
D
2
)0(0
0 ) ( 3 )
=2 r3 dr sin d z2 dz = 2 2 4 9 = 144. Similarly,
0 0 0
2 3
dV = r dz d dr
(D 2
)(
0 0

0) (
3
)
= r dr d dz = 2 3 = 6.
0 0 0
144 24
Hence, the average temperature in the tank is 6 = .

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.
Example. Find the volume of the solid region D bounded below by the
2 2
.paraboloid z = x + y , and above by the plane z = 2x.
Solution. First we sketch the graphs of the paraboloid S1 and the plane S2 , and
we want to find the common intersection of S1 and S2 . Let P(x, y, z) be any
point of the common intersection, i.e. they satisfy both 2x = z = x2 + y2 , so
(x 1)2 + y2 = 1, which represents a cylinder in space. In fact, the intersection
is a curve obtained by the intersection of the plane and the cylinder above,
which is a bounded closed curve. Inside the cylinder, we have
(x 1)2 + y2 1, i.e. x2 + y2 2x, or equivalently the graph of S1 is below the
graph of the plane S2 . Hence the solid region D = { (x, y, z) | x2 + y2 2x, and
x2 + y2 z 2x }. Then one can switch to cylindrical coordinates to describe
D as { (r, , z) | 0 r 2 cos , 2 2 and r2 z 2r cos }. The
( 2x )
volume of D = 1 dV = 1 dz dA =
) x +y 2x
D 2 2 x2 +y2
/2 2 cos ( 2r cos
1 dz r drd.
/2 0 r2

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 .
Example. Find the volume of the region D that lies inside both the sphere
x. 2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and the cylinder x2 + y2 2x = 0.

Solution. The cylinder S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 = 1, so any point P(x, y, z)

inside S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 1. In terms of cylindrical coordinates, it can
be described by (r, , z) by r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 2r cos 0, i.e. r 2 cos , it
follows that the region can be described in terms
of cylindrical
coordinates as
{ (r, , z) | 2 2 , r 2 cos and 4 r2 z 4 r2 }. It follows
from the definition of triple integral
( that

the volume
) of the region
/2 2 cos 4 r2
D= 1 dV = dz r drd =
D /2 0 4 r2
/2 2 cos /2
[ ]2 cos
(4 r2 )3/2
2 4 r2 rdrd = 2 d = .
/2 0 /2 3
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Remark. In the calculation above, one needs to pay attention to the following :
. (sin2 )3/2 = | sin3 | = sin3 for all [ 2 , 2 ].
/2
[ ]2 cos
(4 r2 )3/2
d
/2 3
/2
[ 0 ]
(4 4 cos2 )3/2 (4 4 cos2 0)3/2
= d
/2 3
/2
(4 sin2 )3/2
= d
/2 3

1 /2
= |2 sin |3 d
3 /2

2 /2
= |2 sin |3 d
3 0
16 /2
= sin3 d.
3 0

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.
Example. Find the volume and the centroid of solid D, with same density,
bounded
. by paraboloid S : z = b(x2 + y2 ) (b > 0) and plane : z = h (h > 0).
Solution. The intersection of plane : z = h and the paraboloid
( )2
S : z = b(x2 + y2 ) is { (x, y, h) | x2 + y2 = h/b }.
D is described as { (x, y, z) | 0 x2 + y2 hb , b(x2 + y2 ) z b }, in polar

coordinates as { (r, , z) | 0 2, 0 r hb , br2 z b }.

2 h h
b
The volume of the solid D is given by dV = r dz dr d
D 0 0 br2
h ( )
b 1 2 1 4 h2
= 2 (hr br3 ) dz dr = 2 ha ba = .
0 2 4 2b
It follows from rotational symmetry of the region D about z-axis, and constant
density = 1, (x, y) = (0, 0). Then
2 h h h( 2 )
1 2b b 4b b h r b 2 r5
z= z dV = rz dz dr d = 2 dr
h 0
V( D 2 br2 h 0 2 2
0
)
4b h2 1 h 2 b2 1 h 6 2
= 2 ( ) ( ) = h.
h 2 2 b 2 6 b 3

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. Spherical Coordinates

= x2 + y2 + z2 = OP =

length of vector OP. = angle be-

tween the vector OP and the z-axis,
0 .
= angle between the shadow of

vector OP onto xy-plane and the x-
axis, 0 2.
x = sin cos ,
y = sin sin ,
z = cos .

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example.
. Find a spherical coordinate equation for the cone z = x2 + y2 .

Solution. Substitute
for x, y,and z with spherical coordinates:
cos = z = x2 + y2 = ( sin cos )2 + ( sin sin )2 = sin i.e.
cos = sin , so tan = 1. As 0 , we have = /4.
.
Example. Find a spherical coordinate equation for the sphere
x. 2 + y2 + (z a)2 = a2 .

Solution. Substitute for x, y, and z with spherical coordinates:

a2 = x2 + y2 + (z a)2 = ( sin cos )2 + ( sin sin )2 + ( cos a)2 =
( sin )2 + ( cos )2 2a cos + a2 = 2 2a cos + a2 , i.e. 2 = 2a cos ,
hence = 2a cos .
Remark. One should note that x2 + y2 = 2 sin2 .
.
Example. Rewrite the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 2az (a > 0) in spherical
coordinates.
.
Solution. 2 = x2 + y2 + z2 = 2az = 2a cos , so = 2a cos (0 ).

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.
Theorem. If D is a solid described in the spherical coordinates as
{ (, , ) | , 1 ( ) 2 ( ), 1 (, ) 2 (, ) },
f
and (x, y, z) is a continuous function defined in D, then
f (x, y, z) dV
D 2 ( ) 2 (, )
= f ( sin cos , sin sin , cos ) 2 sin d d d.
. 1 ( ) 1 (, )

Remark. In general, it is hard to see if a solid D can be expressed in the form

stated above. However, solid ball, and cone, or their intersection are typical
examples that one can think of.
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.
f (x, y, z) dV
D2 ( ) 2 (, )
= f ( sin cos , sin sin , cos ) 2 sin d d d.
. 1 ( ) 1 (, )

1 . Rotate the green door with points

(, , ) fixed by = 0 about z-axis from
min = to max = to trap the solid D.
.2 In the green plane set by , bend the red
ray OP with ZOP = away from z-axis
from min = 1 ( ) to max = 2 ( ), like
opening a Chinese paper fan.
3. Extend the red ray in polar coordinate
(, , ) with fixed and from from
min = 1 (, ) and max = 2 (, ).

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.
Example.
. Prove that the volume of a solid sphere D of radius a is 34 a3 .

Solution. Let D be described in spherical coordinates as

{ (, , ) | 0 2, 0 , 0 a }, then the volume of the solid
2 a
sphere D is 1 dV = 2 sin d d d
[ 3 ]a
D 0 0 0

a3 4
= 2 sin d = 2 sin d = a3 .
0 3 0 3 0 3

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.
2 +y2 +z2 )3/2
Example. Evaluate e(x dV, where
D
. = { (x, y, z) |
D x2 + y2 + z2 a } is the solid ball of radius a.

Solution. We use spherical coordinates to describe the solid ball D as

{ (, , ) | 0 2, 0 , 0 a } in spherical coordinate
system, then
e(x +y +z ) = e( ) = e ,
2 2 2 3/2 2 3/2 3

2 a
e 2 sin d d d
2 +y2 +z2 )3/2 3
and e(x dV =
D
[ ] [ a
0
]
0 0 [ 3 ]a
3 2 e 4 a3
= 2 sin d e d = 2 [1 (1)] = (e 1).
0 0 3 3
0

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. A solid D is cut from a solid ball of radius 1 centered at the origin by
the inequalities z 0 and y x. The mass density of D at a point (x, y, z) is
given by the function (x, y, z) = 30z2 kg /m3 .
.(a) Find the total mass of S. (b) Find the average mass density of S.
Solution. (a) D is described in spherical coordinates by
{ (, , ) | 0 /2, /4 5/4 0 1 }.
total mass of D
The is
/2
5/4 1
(x, y, z) dV = 30( cos )2 2 sin d d d
D(
/2 0 )/4
( 0
5/4
) ( 1 )
2 3
= 30 cos sin d d d = 2.
0 /4 0
/2 5/4 1
(b) The volume of D is dV = 2 sin d d d
( /2 ) ( ) ( 1
D 0 /4
) 0
5/4 1
= sin d d 2 d = 1 = .
0 /4 0 3 3
2
The average mass of D is /3 = 6.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Use spherical
coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies
above
. the cone z = x2 + y2 and below the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = z.

Solution. The sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = z can be written as2 = cos , i.e.

= cos . Since the upper solid cone bounded by z = x2 + y2 can be best
described in spherical coordinate by 0 4 . D can be parameterized by
{ (, , ) | 0 2, 0 /4, 0 cos }
in terms of spherical coordinates. For any point P(x, y, z) in D, the distance
from the point P to the xy-plane is z = cos . The volume of D is
2 /4 cos
5
dV = 2 sin d d d = = .
D 0 0 0 9 2

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Let D be a region bounded above by the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 32
and below by the cone z = x2 + y2 . The mass density at any point in D is its
.distance from the xy-plane. Find the total mass m of D.

Solution. Since the cone z = x2 + y2 can be best described in spherical
coordinate by 0 4 . In terms of spherical coordinates, D can be
parameterized by { (, , ) | 0 2, 0 /4, 0 3 }. For any
point P(x, y, z) in D, the distance from the point P to the xy-plane is z = cos .
2 /4 3
The total mass m = zdV = cos 2 sin ddd
D 0 0 0
3 /4
34 sin2 (/4) 81
= 2 3 d sin cos d = 2 = .
0 0 4 2 8

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Let D be ice-cream solid bounded above
by the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = 2az and below by the cone z = 3(x2 + y2 ).
Find
. the volume of D.
Solution. The sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 2az is written in spherical coordinates as

2 = x2 + y2 + z2 = 2az = 2a cos , i.e. = 2a cos .

The cone z = 3(x2 + 2

y ) is written in spherical coordinates as
cos = 32 sin2 , i.e. tan = 1 and so = /6.
3
In terms of spherical coordinates, D can be described as
{ (, , ) | 0 2, 0 /6, 0 2a cos }.

The volume of D is given by 1 dV
2 /6 2a cos D

= 2 sin ddd
0 0 0
/6 [ ]/6
8 16a3 1 7
= 2 3 3
a cos sin d = cos
4
= a3 .
3 0 3 4 0 12

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015