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A. M. Zenkour, M. E. Fares
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Journal of Therm al Stresse s, 23:505] 526, 2000
Copyright Q 2000 Taylor & Francis
0149-5739 r 00 $12.00 q .00
A. M. Zenkour
Departm ent of Mathem atics
Faculty of Education
Kafr El-Sheikh
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 22:56 14 January 2016
Egypt
M. E. Fares
Departm ent of Mathem atics
Faculty of Science
Mansoura Univ ersity
Egypt
A refined single-layer therm oelastic m odel of com posite lam inated cylindrical shells is
presented using a m ixed v ariational approach. The present m odel accounts for Reiss-
ner] Mindlins displacem ent assumptions and continuous stress distributions through
the thickness. Therefore the present first-order shell theory reco v ers the actual interlami-
nar stress state without losing its sim plicity and leads to a consistency with the elasticity
theory. Furthermore, the stresses are consistent with surface conditions. So, the rationale
for the shear correction factors used in other first-order theories are ob viated. Go v erning
equations including therm om echanical effects are deduced with the required boundary
conditions. A wide variety of numerical results for cross-ply symm etric and antisym m et-
ric lam inated circular cylindrical shells are presented for v arious boundary conditions. A
bending analysis is m ade to illustrate the influences of orthotropy, the length-to-radius
ratio, the radius-to-thickness ratio, the num ber of layers, and boundary conditions on
the therm al responses.
505
506 A. M. ZENKOUR AND M. E. FARES
transverse direction, resulting in high normal stresses in the layers and high shear
stresses at the interfaces between layers with different fiber orientations. There-
fore , the thermal stresses contribute significantly in determining the material life.
Various first- and higher order theories, originally developed for the analysis of
isothermal problems of laminated plates and shells, have been extended to include
thermoelastic effects w 1 ] 4 x . Applications of these theories to various thermoelastic-
ity problems concerning the structural behavior of composite plates and shells have
received greater attention in recent years w5 ] 8 x. As it is known, few of these
problems are solved exactly (see , e.g., w 9 ] 13 x ). Savoia and Reddy w 14x presented
exact solutions for problems of cross-ply and antisymmetric angle-ply laminated
rectangular plates subjected to polynomial and exponential temperature distribu-
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tions through the thickness. For the numerical treatment, Reddy and Hsu w 15 x and
Chandrashekhar a and Tenneti w 16x developed a shear flexible finite element model
for the static and dynamic thermoelastic structural responses of composite lami-
nated plates and shells.
In previous shear deformation plate and shell theories, the displacements were
assumed to be continuous functions over the thickness and the laminate was
characterized as an equivalent, homogeneous layer. Therefore , the number of
governing equations is not dependent on the number of layers comprising a
laminate. Also, these single-layer models predict discontinuous stress distributions
at the layer interfaces due to dissimilar properties of neighboring layers. This leads
to an inconsistency with the elasticity theory. Then these models cannot be used to
predict accurate stress distributions through the laminate thickness w17 ] 20 x . More-
over, in the case of thermal loadings, these models have to be used even more
carefully. As a result, a postprocessing procedure is required to recover the actual
interlaminar stress state. Babuska et al. w 21x presented a hierarchic modeling
approach that can be expanded depending on the goals of computation and regions
of interest.
Some of these theories remain in a very complex form, making their use
difficult for predicting the structural response parameters of composite plates and
shells. A great de al of effort has been expended to keep the balance between an
accurate representation and simplicity of formulation. In that sense , the first-order
shear deform ation theory (FSDT) is still the most attractive approach due to its
simplicity and low computational cost. It is well recognized that while FSDT with a
proper shear correction factor is adequate for global structural behavior w 22x , it is
inadequate for the accurate prediction of local response parameters, such as the
interlaminar stress distributions.
The objective of this work is to present a refined equivalent single-layer,
first-order cylindrical shell theory using a modified version of Reissners mixed
variational formula including thermoelastic effects w23 x. In this mixed variational
formula the stress and strain fields are assumed to be independent. This enables us
to retain the basic Reissner ] Mindlins displacement assumptions of FSDT and
consider continuous stress distributions through the shell thickness. Moreover,
these stresses are consistent with the surface conditions w 23 ] 25 x. Therefore , this
first-order shell theory does not need any shear correction factor used in other
first-order theories w 26 ] 28 x. The advantage of the present shell model is that it
COMPOSITE LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 507
recovers the interlaminar stress state without losing its simplicity. So, it leads to a
consistency with the elasticity theory. The governing equations of composite
laminated cylindrical shells subjected to thermomechanical loadings are deduced
with the required boundary conditions. Numerical results of symmetric and anti-
symmetric cross-ply axisymmetric deformable shells are presented. The present
model has been assessed by comparisons with results obtained based on a higher
order shell theory w29 x. The influences of orthotropy, the length-to-radiu s ratio, the
radius-to-thicknes s ratio, the number of layers, and boundary conditions on the
thermal responses are investigated.
THEORETICAL FORMULATION
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rs R 1 q( ) j
R
y
h
2
Fj F
h
2
Rs
a qb
2
(1 )
where R , a, and b are the radii of the middle , inner, and outer curved surfaces,
respectively.
For the present formulation , a modified version w23 x of Reissners mixed
variational formula including thermomechanical effects is used. For a composite
laminated body with mixed boundary conditions such that a surface force , Fi U is
prescribed over a part S s of the surface S of the body and a displacement u iU is
prescribed over the remainder surface S u ( S s S s q S u ) , the mixed variational
formula w 23x may be written in the form
Js
1
t2
w
Ht H H HV
1
2
r u i u i q R ( s ij ) y s ije ij y
(
xi )
( g i T ) y Fi u i dV
(2 )
q H HS ( F
s
i
U
q g i Tn j d ij
)u i d s q H HS n ( s
u
j ij ui 5
y s i j u iU ) d s d t
R ( s i j ) s a (i kjm) n s i j s m n (3 )
where a (k )
i jm n are the elastic constants of the k th layer that depend on the material
properties and orientation angle u k of the layer.
The present formulation accounts for the following Reissner ] Mindlins dis-
placement assumptions :
u1 s u z ( z , u , j , t ) s u ( z , u , t ) q j f ( z , u , t )
( ) j
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u 2 s uu ( z , u , j , t ) s v ( z , u , t ) 1 q qj c ( z , u ,t) (4 )
R
u3 s ur( z , u , j ,t ) s w( z , u ,t )
uz u w
e s s qj
11
z z z
ur uz w
e s q s qw
13
z r z
ur
e s s0
33
r
1 uz uu u w v
( )( )
y1
j
e 12 s
r u
q
z
s
1
R
1q( ) R u
qj
u
q
z
qj
z
c q
v
R
(5 )
uu v
( ) ( )
y1
j
e 22 s
1
r u
q ur s
1
R ( ) 1q
R
wq
u
qj
u
c q
v
R
ur uu w
( ) ( )
y1
j
e 23 s
1
r u
yuu q
r( ) s
1
R
1q
R u
yv yj c q
v
R
qc q
v
R
where e 11 s z z , e 22 s e u u ,e 33 s e rr , e 12 s 2 e u z ,e 13 s 2 e rz , and e 23 s 2 e ru .
In the mixed variational formulation, both stresses and displacements are
taken to be arbitrary. Then, the nonvanishing thermomechanical stresses, which
COMPOSITE LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 509
are consistent with the given surface conditions , may be assumed in the form
( )
y1
N 11 12 M 11 j
s 11 s q j 1q
h h3 R
N 22 12 M 22
s 22 s q j
h h3
( )( ) ( )( )
3 3
p j j q j j
s 33 s y 2 y3 q y 2 q3 y
4 hr2 hr2 4 h r2 h r2
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( )( )
2 y1
3 N 12 30 M 12 j j
s s q j 1y 1q (6 )
12
2h h3 hr2 R
( )( )
2 y1
3Q 13 j j
s 13 s 1y 1q
2h hr2 R
( )
2
3Q 23 j
s s 1y
23
2h h r2
w ( ) 5 j
N
j
v Q 13 , Q 23 4 s p H k
s 13 1q
R
,s 23 dj
ks1 j ky1
w ( ) ( )5 j j
N
j
v N 11 , N 22 , N 12 4 s p H k
s 11 1q
R
,s 22 ,s 12 1q
R
dj (7 )
ks1 j ky1
w ( ) ( )5 j j
N
j
v M 11 , M 22 , M 12 4 s p H k
j s 11 1q
R
,s 22 ,s 12 1q
R
dj
ks1 j ky1
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
The mixed variational formula (2) is used to derive the equilibrium and constitutive
equations of the laminated circular cylindrical shell. This formula will be applied to
the present problem in the absence ] of the body forces and prescribed displace-
ments. Substituting Eqs. (4 ) ] (6) into the functional (2 ) , we can easily get the
variation of this functional. In this case , the extremum condition gives the following
510 A. M. ZENKOUR AND M. E. FARES
Q 13 1 Q 23 N 22 h
d w: I 1w s q y y ( p q q) q ( p y q) (10)
z R u R 2R
M 12 1 M 22
I 2 v q I 3 c s
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d c : q y Q 23 (11)
z R u
M 11 N 12 c 3 M 12
d w : I 2 u q I 3 w s q c2 y y Q 13 (12)
z u R u
where
x ( ) ( )5 ()
2 2
R R 3 R 2R qh R
c1 s 6 q 1 y4 ln c2 s 1 y c1 c 3 s 20 c2
h h 2 h 2R yh h
Ij s
hr2
H y h r 2r ( ) j
(k ) jy1
1q
j
R
dj Ij s I j q
1
R
Ij q 1
I u K
q f1
z
IN 11K y1
v
N 22
s
A 11 A 12
A 22
B11
B12
B 12
B 22
1
R ( ) wq
u
q f2
(13)
M 11 D 11 D 12 w
q g1
M 22 D 22 z
J L symm
1 w
q g2
R u
J L
I v c1 u w K
q q c2
x 5
y1
N 12 A 66 B66 R u z u
s (14)
1 u w
M 12 B66 D 66
J z
c q ( ) (
v
R
q
c3
R R u
y
u )L
I w K
qw
x 5
y1
Q 13 A 55 0 z
s (15)
Q 23 0 A 44 1 w
qc
R u
J L
COMPOSITE LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 511
5( ) j
N
v A i j , Bi j , Di j 4 s p
ks1 j
H
j k
k y1
a (k
ij
)
x 1
h2
,
12
h4
j ,
144
h6
j 2
1q
R
dj
Iy1 if is js 1
i , j s 1 ,2; h s 0 if i/ j
is js 2
1
J if
2 2
5 (r ) ( )
y1
N j j
v A 66 , B66 , D 66 4 s p H
j k (k )
a 66 x 9
,
45
j ,
900
j 2
1y 1q dj
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ks1 j k y1
4 h2 h4 h6 h 2 R
2 2
x ( ) ( )5 ( )
N y1
9 j j j j
v A 44 , A 55 4 s
4h2
p H k (k )
a 44 1q
R
(k )
, a 55 1q
R
1y
hr2
dj
ks1 j ky1
T
1) ( q 1)
3 j p q A 3 j q y Nj
f j s A (y and gj s B 3(yj 1) p q B 3( q
j
1)
q y M jT j s 1 ,2
( ) ( )( )
3 3 yj
5 j j j
N a 3(kj )
A (3l j) , B 3( l j ) s p
ks1 j
H
j k
ky1
4 x 1 12
,
h h3
j 2 q 3l
hr2
yl
hr2
1q
R
dj
( )( ) x
3y j
j
5
N 3 1 12
j
v Nj , M jT
T
4s p H k
p ij g i
a (k )
1q
R
,
h h3
j T dj
ks1 j ky1 is 1
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
In addition to the governing equations (8) ] (16) , the mixed variational formula
indicates that the essential and the natural boundary conditions of the problem are
given in Table 1 where ( n 1 , n 2 ) are the direction cosines of the outward unit vector
normal to the midsurface of the shell. Then, the boundary conditions for simply
Table 1
Essential Natural
c1 c3
u N11 n 1 q ( N 12 q M1 2 ) n 2
R R2
M 12 1 M 22
v ( N 12 q ) n1 q ( N 22 q )n2
R R R
1
w Q 13 n 1 q Q23 n 2
R
1
c M 12 n 1 q M 22 n 2
R
c3
w M 11 n 1 q ( c 2 N1 2 y M 12 ) n 2
R
512 A. M. ZENKOUR AND M. E. FARES
S: w s v s c s N 11 s M 11 s 0
C: usvswsc sw s0
F: N 11 s N 12 s M 11 s M 12 s Q 13 s 0
SOLUTION PROCEDURE
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To validate the present single-laye r shell model, we consider, for simplicity, the
bending problem of axially symmetric laminated whole circular cylindrical shells.
The shell is subjected to a thermal field varying linearly through the thickness, that
is,
j
T ( z ,j ) s T0 ( z) q T1 ( z ) (16)
h
In this case , the following representation for the displacement quantitie s is appro-
priate in the analysis of the bending problem ( v s c s 0) :
IUm K
w
IuK x 9 (m z) m
s Wm x ( m m z) (17)
F m x 9 ( m m z)
Jw L J L
where Um ,Wm , and F m are arbitrary parameters. The function x ( m m z ) can be
constructe d for any arbitrary combinations of edge conditions. The different forms
of the function x ( m m z ) and the corresponding values of m m for different edge
conditions at z s 0, L are given by w31 x:
SS : x (m m z ) s sin m m z m m s mp r L
CC : x (m m z ) s sin m m z y sinh m m z yh m
(cos m m z y cosh m m z)
h s (sin m m L y sinh m m L ) r (cos m m L y cosh m m L )
m m m s ( m q 0.5) p r L
CS : x ( m m z ) s sin m m z y sinh m m z y h m (cos m m z y cosh m m z)
h m s (sin m m L q sinh m m L ) r (cos m m L q cosh m m L ) m m s ( m q 0.25) p r L
CF : x (m m z ) s sin m m z y sinh m m z yh m (cos m m z y cosh m m z)
h s (sin m m L q sinh m m L ) r (cos m
m m L q cosh m m L )
m 1 s 1.875 r L m 2 s 4.694 r L m 3 s 7.855 r L
m 4 s 10.996 r L m m s ( m y 0.5) p r L for m G 5
COMPOSITE LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 513
The solution will be constructed for symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply lami-
nated shells (u k s 0 or 90) subjected to the following sinusoidal distributed loads:
IpK Ip 0mK
T
q q0m mp
s sin z (18)
0 T 0m L
T T 1m
J 1L J L
where p 0 and q 0 represent the intensity of the internal and external loads at the
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w C xv D 4 s v F 4 (19)
v D 4T s v Um ,Wm ,F m
4
(20)
For the various boundary conditions, the elements of matrix w C x and force vector
v F 4 are defined in the appendix.
Thus, for a given x ( m m z ) , Fim ( m s 1) , and cross-ply construction, one needs
to solve the 3 = 3 matrix equation (19) for the vector of amplitude s of the
generalized displacements.
The numerical applications are done for symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply
whole circular cylindrical shells. It is assumed that the thickness and the material
properties for all laminae are the same. The results were produced for a typical
graphite r epoxy material with moduli in 10 6 psi and Poisssons ratios listed below,
where subscript 1 is the axial z-direction, 2 the circumferential u -direction, and 3
the radial r-direction: E 2 s E 3 s 1, E 1 s 25,G 23 s 0.2 ,G 12 s 0.5, and v 12 s v 31 s v 32
s 0.25.
514 A. M. ZENKOUR AND M. E. FARES
Ig 1K a11 a12 a13
y1
Ia 1K
g 2 s a12 a 22 a 23 a 2
g a13 a 23 a 33 a
J L 3 k J L 3
For the present problem, the compliances a i j may be expressed in terms of the
engineering orthotropi c characteristics as
1 1 v 12
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a11 s a 22 s a12 s y
E2 E2 E1
v 31 v 32 1
a13 s y a 23 s y a55 s
E3 E3 G 13
( )
w sw j ,
L
2 a
h
1T 1 R
2
s 11 ss 11 ( ) j ,
L
2 a
h
1T 1 E 2 R
s 13 s
s
a
13 ( j ,0)
1T 1 E 2
Table 2 The center deflection ( w ) of cross-ply circular cylindrical shells for various boundary conditions
516
( T0 s T1 , a 2 s 3 a 1 )
2 1.0 1.6171 1.4654 0.6107 1.5383 0.6903 0.5885 0.2780 0.6069 0.9466 0.7800 0.4130 0.7770
1.5 1.9135 1.8109 0.6480 1.9325 1.0378 0.9123 0.3677 0.9498 1.3268 1.1703 0.4741 1.1862
3.0 2.0653 2.0439 0.6623 2.2439 1.4261 1.3413 0.4449 1.4296 1.5613 1.5256 0.4995 1.6462
4 1.0 0.8703 0.7883 0.3042 0.8036 0.4081 0.3254 0.1597 0.3211 0.6105 0.4945 0.2337 0.4622
1.5 0.9547 0.9215 0.3112 0.9826 0.6064 0.5121 0.2048 0.5113 0.7474 0.6872 0.2473 0.6928
3.0 0.9811 0.9774 0.3135 1.0797 0.7540 0.7214 0.2323 0.7646 0.7914 0.7855 0.2521 0.8612
10 1.0 0.3700 0.3568 0.1202 0.3760 0.2356 0.1798 0.0818 0.1615 0.3005 0.2755 0.0989 0.2705
1.5 0.3775 0.3742 0.1209 0.4100 0.2930 0.2608 0.0910 0.2546 0.3140 0.3078 0.1003 0.3302
3.0 0.3791 0.3787 0.1211 0.4201 0.3051 0.3021 0.0951 0.3294 0.3159 0.3157 0.1008 0.3498
20 1.0 0.1862 0.1842 0.0597 0.2009 0.1436 0.1222 0.0450 0.1116 0.1563 0.1523 0.0500 0.1616
1.5 0.1871 0.1866 0.0598 0.2064 0.1528 0.1464 0.0470 0.1519 0.1576 0.1569 0.0502 0.1725
3.0 0.1872 0.1871 0.0598 0.2078 0.1517 0.1516 0.0479 0.1676 0.1575 0.1576 0.0503 0.1750
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Table 3 The nondimensional center deflection ( w ) * of ( 08 r 908 r 08 ) cross-ply circular cylindrical shells subjected to
combined thermomechanical loadings for various boundary conditions ( q0 s 0, a 2 s 3a 1 )
2 1.0 6.9457 5.9170 2.8214 6.1010 12.3169 8.2540 y0.0852 7.3337 23.7534 18.4436 5.5829 18.0753
1.5 10.4478 9.1741 3.7244 9.5478 17.8590 12.6332 0.8170 11.4281 35.1968 28.4651 8.1119 28.2481
3.0 14.3825 13.4965 4.4914 14.3741 21.4075 17.5742 2.9479 16.8621 45.9155 41.0691 11.3496 42.2535
4 1.0 2.7046 2.0805 0.8878 2.0079 7.6632 4.3734 y1.1353 3.2711 11.2644 7.4250 0.7255 6.3921
1.5 3.9537 3.2532 1.1862 3.1903 9.7570 6.3682 y0.2765 5.0360 15.2909 11.2274 1.9789 10.0249
3.0 4.7560 4.5048 1.3935 4.7353 8.0963 7.0189 0.8896 6.6390 15.4322 14.0829 3.3126 14.1996
10 1.0 0.9830 0.7060 0.2107 0.5959 4.0748 2.5040 y0.4281 1.7160 4.9511 3.1968 y0.0426 2.3608
1.5 1.1007 0.9537 0.2634 0.9024 3.3355 2.6341 y0.0608 2.1778 4.5040 3.6839 0.3489 3.2183
3.0 1.0240 1.0079 0.2944 1.0922 1.7318 1.6700 0.2065 1.7482 3.0281 2.9490 0.6227 3.1427
20 1.0 0.4185 0.3455 0.0785 0.3030 1.7341 1.3522 y0.1069 1.0806 2.0208 1.5977 y0.0030 1.3079
1.5 0.3838 0.3638 0.0913 0.3720 1.0822 0.9963 0.0055 0.9700 1.4046 1.3046 0.1113 1.2905
3.0 0.3366 0.3353 0.0988 0.3697 0.5221 0.5174 0.0765 0.5654 0.8549 0.8484 0.1827 0.9305
2
*w s w r w ( p 0 R 4 r h 3 E 2 ) q ( a 1T 1 R r h )x
517
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518
Table 4 The nondimensional center deflection ( w ) of ( 08 r 908 r 08 r 908 ) cross-ply circular cylindrical shells subjected to
combined thermomechanical loadings for various boundary conditions ( q0 s 0, a 2 s 3 a 1 )
2 1.0 7.8310 6.5503 3.3317 6.5899 22.0861 17.2841 6.8215 16.6385 32.7208 26.4110 11.8523 25.9672
1.5 10.7234 9.5462 3.7951 9.7665 28.8827 24.7045 8.3461 24.4832 43.7146 38.1018 13.9629 38.3435
3.0 12.5080 12.2055 3.9901 13.1888 31.3176 30.2751 9.2804 32.3823 49.0870 47.6637 15.0859 51.2337
4 1.0 3.4246 2.7966 1.2294 2.6319 12.0727 9.4834 3.3133 8.5843 15.8373 12.6209 4.8416 11.5955
1.5 4.0664 3.7484 1.3054 3.7992 13.3587 12.1256 3.7150 12.0694 17.9996 16.4332 5.3033 16.4724
3.0 4.2368 4.1945 1.3359 4.5964 13.0201 12.8472 3.9310 14.0333 18.0126 17.7936 5.5339 19.4595
10 1.0 1.0812 0.9950 0.3344 0.9844 4.6987 4.2925 1.2729 4.2073 5.4892 5.0231 1.5406 4.9348
1.5 1.1014 1.0779 0.3414 1.1584 4.5718 4.4586 1.3287 4.7763 5.4055 5.2753 1.5982 5.6555
3.0 1.0923 1.0882 0.3448 1.2045 4.3904 4.3636 1.3595 4.8238 5.2362 5.2063 1.6294 5.7567
20 1.0 0.4453 0.4336 0.1362 0.4616 2.1699 2.1065 0.6208 2.2372 2.3809 2.3122 0.6892 2.4564
1.5 0.4417 0.4383 0.1377 0.4819 2.1004 2.0793 0.6336 2.2828 2.3146 2.2919 0.7021 2.5166
3.0 0.4371 0.4359 0.1384 0.4833 2.0465 2.0357 0.6409 2.2545 2.2615 2.2501 0.7095 2.4923
COMPOSITE LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 519
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CONCLUSION
the radius-to-thicknes s ratio, the number of layers, and the boundary conditions on
the thermal responses are investigated.
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APPENDIX
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A U22
( )
U U
A 12 B 12
C 11 s C 1 q A U55C 2 m 2
m C 12 s C 4 m m C 13 s m m A U55C 2 q C 4
R2 R R
U
C 22 s A 11C 3 m 2
m
U
C 23 s B 11 C 3 m 2
m C 33 s A U55C 2
U
q D 11C 3 m 2
m
where
U U U U y1
A 11 A 12 0 B 11 B12 A 11 A 12 0 B11 B 12
A U22 0 U
B 21 U
B 22 A 33 0 B12 B 22
A U55 0 0 s A 55 0 0
U U
D 11 D 12 D 11 D 12
U
symm D 22 symm D 22
and
L L
C 1 s H0 wx (m m
2
z )x d z C 2 s H0 wx 9 (m m
2
z )x d z
L L
C 3 s H0 wx 0 (m m
2
z )x d z C 4 s H0 x (m m z )x 0 ( m m z) dz
F1m s yC 6 m m (A U
11 f 1
U
q A 12 U
f 2 q B 11 U
g1 q B 21 g2 )
U
h A 12 A U22 U
B 12 U
B 22
F2m s C 5 p 0 y q0 y ( p 0 q q0 ) y f1 y f2 y g1 y g2
2R R R R R
F3m s yC 6 m m (B U
11 f 1
U
q B 12 U
f 2 q D 11 U
g1 q D 12 g2 )
526 A. M. ZENKOUR AND M. E. FARES
where
L L
C 5 s H0 x (m m z ) sin ( p z r L ) d z C 6 s H0 x 0 ( m m z ) sin ( p z r L ) d z
f j s A (3yj 1) p 0 q A (3q1)
j q 0 y Nj
T
gj s B 3(yj 1) p 0 q B 3( q
j
1)
q 0 y M jT
3yj
( )( j j
)w 5
N 1 12
j
w N j , M jT
T
5s p H ks1 j
k
k y1
a j 1q
R
T 0m q
h
T 1m ,
h h3
j dj
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