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Abstract
Previous work on the interpretation of well-block pressure for the actual well is equal to the numerically
pressure (WBP) for a single isolated well is extended to calculated pressure for the well block. This definition for
the case of nonsquare grid blocks (Ll..x::t.:ly). Numerical r 0 gives
solutions for the single-phase five-spot problem, involv-
ing various grid sizes, show that the effective well-block qp,
Pv.f-Po = - - I n - .
'w . .................... (1)
radius (where the actual flowing pressure equals the 21fkh r 0
numerically calculated WBP) is given by
For a square grid (&=Lly), careful numerical ex-
r 0 =0.14 (Ll..x2 + .:1y2) Ih .
periments on a five-spot pattern 1 showed that the ratio of
This relationship is verified by a mathematical derivation
'0 to ax ranges from 0.1936 (for a 3x3 grid) to a limit
for a single well in an infinite grid. The exact value of
the constant is shown to be e -1'/4, where 'Y is Euler's . ro
hm - :;;;:0.1982. . ........................ (2)
constant. N-+oo .:1x
Finally, the analysis is extended to include anisotropic
permeability, and an expression for the effective weU-
It was also shown that the pressures in the blocks adja-
block radius in terms of .:1x, .:ly, k x , and ky is derived.
cent to a well block approximately satisfy the steady-
Introduction state radial flow equation
In the modeling of a reservoir by numerical methods, it
is necessary to use grid blocks whose horizontal dimen-
sions are much larger than the diameter of a well. As a
result, the pressure calculated for a block containing a
well, Po, is greatly different from the flowing bot-
By assuming that Eq. 3 is satisfied exactly, one can
tomhole pressure (BHP) of the well, Pwf. In a previous
derive the relation
paper, I the equivalent radius of a well block, r 0' was
defined as that radius at which the steady-state flowing
01977520/83100610528$00.25
'0
-=exp(-1ff2)=0.208 . ................... (4)
Copyright 1963 Society 01 Petroleum Engineers of AIME ax
JUNE 1983 531
Thus, for a square grid, we have the rule of thumb Combining Eqs. 10 through 12 yields
ily where
ex=- . ................................. (9)
Jix
B=0.61738575 . .......................... (16)
While the assumption that the WBP equals an areal
Note that Muskat reported that B=0.6190. His deriva-
average pressure has been shown to be false, I Eq. 7 has
tion of Eq. 15 includes an infinite series, which he ig-
continued to be used, in the absence of evidence to the
nored, considering it negligible. If he had included only
contrary.
the first term, he would have obtained B = 0.617315.
Four or more terms give the value shown in Eq. 16, cor-
An Analytic Derivation
rect to eight digits. Use of the more accurate value of B
Another approach to determine the effect of the aspect in this study accounts for the slight difference (in the
ratio, ily/ Jix, on r 0 is to make the same assumption that fourth significant digit) in the values of ro calculated for
led to Eq. 4. This assumption is that the pressures a square grid compared with those reported previously. I
calculated for the blocks adjacent to the well block If we take !l.p to be the difference in pressure between
satisfy Eq. 3 1,6, so that (see Fig. 1) the injection and production well blocks, then r w of Eq.
15 should be replaced by r o' Further, we have
qp.
PI -PO=P3 -po=--ln(Jix/ro)' .......... (10)
27rkh
and Then Eq. 15 may be rewritten as
qp.
P2 -Po =P4 -Po = --In(ily/r 0)' .......... (11)
27rkh
1.0
exp
0.8 2
0.2
-- ~I
.2
tained previously I-but with a more accurate value for The constant in Eq. 20 differs from that in Eq. 19 by the
the constant because of the use of the correct value for B factor 1I.fi. The rule of thumb, Eq. 5, should now be
in Eq. 15. replaced by the more general rule of thumb
r 0 =0. 14(t::.x2 +!:i.y2) '/2. . ............ (21)
Effect of the Aspect Ratio
We first attempt to interpret these numerical results for Mathematical Derivation of Eq. 20
r 0 I t::.x and r 0 I!:i.y in terms of prior assumptions about It cannot be fortuitous that Eq. 20 is valid over such a
WBP's. As discussed previously, the assumption that the large range of the aspect ratio !:i.yl t::.x. Although this
WBP is an areal average pressure over a circle with the equation was obtained solely from the numerical calcula-
same area as that of the well block leads to the conclu- tions, it suggests the possibility of deriving it
sion that the equivalent radius is proportional to the mathematically. This has been done by deriving the
geometric mean of t::.x and !:i.y (Eq. 7). To test this con- pressure distribution for an infinite grid, as described in
clusion, the ratio r o/(t::.x!:i.y) 'Iz (which is equal to the Appendix B. The constant of Eq. 20 is shown to be equal
geometric mean of r 01 t::.x and r 01 !:i.y) is listed in Col. 4 of to e --y 14, where ,),=0.5772157 is Euler's constant.
Table 2 and is plotted in Fig. 3. It can be seen that Eq. 7
is far from valid. Anisotropic Permeability
Next, we test the assumption that the pressures In discussing flow through an anisotropic medium, we
calculated for the blocks adjacent to the well block assume that the principal axes of the permeability tensor
satisfy the radial flow equation. This assumption is are parallel to the x and y axes. Then the differential
tested by dividing the value for r 0 I t::.x listed in Table 2 equation for steady-state pressure is
by the value of r olt::.x calculated from Eq. 14, then plot-
ting the quotient as a function of a, again in Fig. 3. The a2p a2p
failure of this ratio to be constant for a outside the range kx ax 2 +ky ax 2 =0, ...................... (22)
0.5 to 2 shows that Eq. 14 is not valid either.
The clue to finding the effect of a on r 0 lies in the fact
that r ol!:i.y approaches a constant for large a. It can easi- with the boundary condition
ly be seen that r 01 t::.x and r ol!:i.y are interchanged in
value when a is replaced by Va. It follows, then, that P=Pwf at r=(x 2 +y2) v, =r w' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (23)
Now consider the difference equation for the steady- 2. For any aspect ratio, .:lylax, the equivalent well-
state pressure in an anisotropic medium. Instead of Eq. block radius for an isotropic system is
12, we write
Nomenclature
a;
= 1h if i=O or M; unity otherwise
A pq = coefficient in Fourier series
b constant of conformal mapping
Thus, we have differential and difference problems in
bj = 1f2 if j=O or N; unity otherwise
B = constant of Muskat's equation for
the u-v plane that are essentially identical to the isotropic
problem that we have already solved in the x-y plane. pressure drop in a five-spot
Corresponding to Eq. 21 we then have C = constant of integration
d = diagonal distance between injection and
production wells in five-spot
pattern, m
E = relative error
h = reservoir thickness, m
where r~v is the radius of an almost circular isobar in the k = isotropic permeability, m 2
u-v plane that has the same pressure as the well block. kx = permeability in x direction, m 2
To complete the development, we extend the defini- ky permeability in y direction, m 2
tion of the well-block equivalent radius in Eq. 1 to
(2k)!! (2)(4)(6) ... (2k)
(2k+ I)!! = (1)(3)(5) ... (2k+ 1)
qp. M = number of blocks on side of computing
P o -p w1= 27r(k k In(r Ir )
) '12 h O W
x y grid in x direction
APPENDIX B Now, the summand in the right side of Eq. B-4 is zero
Mathematical Derivation except for i,j=O,O or M,N. Thus, the right side is
for Infinite Grid
Finite Fourier Series Representation (1I16)[cos (r7r) cos (S7r) -1]
We seek the solution to the system of Eqs. A-2 through
or
A-5 as the grid size (M and N) becomes infinite, keeping
the ratio MIN=;Ci. constant. Assume a finite Fourier (1116)[( _l)r+s -1].
series solution of the form
M N Interchange the indices p,q with r,s and reorder the sum-
(PD)ij=; 2: 2: Apq cos apxi cos aqYj, .. (B-l) mations of Eq. B-4 to obtain
p=o q=O
M N
with 2: 2: Ars[Ci. sin 2 (r7r/2M)+(1/Ci.) sin 2 (s7r/2N)]
r=O s=O
M
2: a; cos (p7rilM) cos (r7rilM)
i=O
Each p,q component of this solution satisfies the reflec-
tion conditions, Eqs. A-4 and A-5. N
Substitution of Eq. B-1 into the difference equation, 2: bj cos (q7rjIN) cos (s7rj/N)
Eq. A-2, yields j=O
M N
2: 2: Apq cos (p7riIM) cos (q7rjIN) =(1116)[( -1)p+q -1]. . .................. (B-5)
p=O q=o
The one-dimensional sums can be evaluated. For r*,p,
M
...................... (B-2) 2: a; cos (p7rilM) cos (r7rilM)
i=O
where oij is defined by Eq. A-3.
To evaluate Apq, multiply Eq. B-2 by M-I
where
M N K K+1
2: 2: a;b j*(oijI4) cos (r7rilM) cos (q7rj/N). sin-I' cos - - 1 '
2 2
i=O }=o
. l'
sm-
...................... (B-4) 2
JUNE 1983 537
Taking a=p7rIM, /3 = r7rIM, K=M-l, we then can and
obtain
N N
M-i
2: bj cos 2 (q7rjIN)=-* .
2: cos (p7rilM) cos (r7riIM) j=O 2b q
i"'"i
Substitution into Eq. B-5 gives
= - V2 - 112 cos (p7r) cos (r7r),
and, finally,
=(1/16)[( -1)p+q 1]
M
2: a; cos (p7rilM) cos (r7rilM)=O, r:t:::p.
i"'"O
or
M M-i
2: a; cos 2 (p7rilM) = V2 + 2: cos 2 (p7rilM)
i"'"O i"'"i ...................... (B-6)
M-i
Integral Representation for
+V2 cos 2 (p7r)=1+ 2: cos 2 (p7rilM). Infinite Grid
i=i
In this form the finite Fourier series is not quite suitable
for going to the limit of an infinite grid. For p even, Apq
Hildebrand 8 gives the formula is nonzero only for q odd, while for p odd, A pq is
nonzero only for q even. To cover all cases and leave out
K
2 K sin Ka cos (K + l)a the zero terms, break up Eq. B-1 into two sums where
2:
k=i
cos ka=-+
2 2 sin a
.
Again taking a=p7rIM, K=M-l, we obtain For the first sum, define indices m and n by
M-i
M-I 1 M p=2m, [m=O, 1 ... M12], and
2:
i=i
cos 2 k a = - - - - cos 2 (Mp7rIM)=--1.
222 q=2n+ 1, [n=O, 1 ... (N-2)/2].
However, p=O and p=M are special cases. For p=O, Then
M MI2 (NI2)-i
, 2m7ri (2n+ l)7rj
2: a; cos 2 (0) = 1h +(M-l)+ Ih=M, 2: n=O
m=O
2: A mn cos - - cos
M N
i=i
M , -aimbin+i
2: a; cos 2 (7ri)= V2 +(M-l)+ V2 =M. A
mn
=
[2m7r (2n + l)7r]
.
i=i 2MN a sin 2 --+(lIa) sin 2 - - -
2M 2N
Thus, in general, For the second sum, define m and n by
M M p=2m+ 1, [m=O, 1 ... (M-2)/2], and
2: a; cos 2 (p7rilM)=--*
i=O 2a
.
p
q=2n, [n=O, 1 ... NI2].
Similarly, Then
(MI2)-i
N NI2 (2m + l)7ri 2n7rj
2: bj cos (q7rjlN) cos (s7rjlN)=O, s:t:::q, 2: A::m cos
2: n=O M
cos - -
N '
}=o m=O
Let
'12 '/,-Av
SI=- ~ ~ a2mb2n+ltlutlvcos(2um)1I"i
um=O vn=O 2a )11'/2 )11'/2 cos (2iu)-1
- - - - - d v duo ........ (B-8)
11". 0 0 a sin 2 u+ sin 2 v
2
. cos (2vn +tlv)1I"jh[a sin 2 (u m 1l")
From several tables of definite integrals [Ref. 9, P. 76,
+(l/a) sin 2 (v n +tlvI2)1I"] Eq. 6 and Ref. 10, Eq. 3.653(2)],
and
(1I'/2 _ _dv_ _ = ___11"_ _
'/2
Jo 1+a 2 sin 2 v 2(1 +a 2 ) 'Iz '
~ a2m+ I bin tlutlv
Um=O Vn=O
from which it follows that
11"
2b(1 +b2) liz ........ (B-9)
Substituting Eq. B-9 into Eq. B-8 and taking b=a sin
Take the limit as tlu, tlv--O. This corresponds to letting u gives
M and N become infinite. keeping MIN=OI. constant.
Both sums approach the same integral. The constants a* 11'12 cos (2iu)-1
and b* are unity almost everywhere: In(roIiAx) = ) duo .. (B-IO)
sin u(l +a 2 sin 2 u) '/2
o
Let
It is not difficult to verify that Eq. B-7 satisfies the dif- 0> (-I)k(2k-I)!
ference equation, Eq. A-2, as well as the reflection con- g el) 1+ ~
ditions (Eqs. A-4 and A-5) at the lower and left {:j (2k)!!
boundaries.
Then Eq. B-1O becomes
Evaluation of Well-Block Equivalent Radius
It has not been possible to evaluate the double integral of 11'12 cos (2iu)-1
Eq. B-7 for all i andj. However, to obtain the well-block In(roIAx)=ln i+ ) du
equivalent radius, it is sufficient to evaluate the integral o sin u
J
o
cos (2iu) -1
r1l"/2 ~
- - - - - d u = -2 LJ
sin u k=1 2k-l
..... (B-I2)
lim In(ra/ax)
1-00
lim [In j-2
1-00
k=1
1I(2k-l)]
00
[11"/2 and
J sin (2k - !) U cos (2iu )du
o 00
2: 1)k a 2k / k= -In(1 +( 2 ),
2 (k-I) (k-l)!(2k-l)!! k=1
- - - - - - - Y ( i , k ) , ........... (B-14)
(2k+2i -I)!! so Eq. B-18 can be written
where
lim In(ra/ax) =
j ...... oo
1)1
Y(i,k) = for k';?i ............ (B-15)
(2k-2i -I)!! 21
.lim
,-00
[2 In 2i-2 k=1.2: 11k-In i
I)k (2i -2k+ 3)!! for k < i. . ..... (B-I6')
a2p a2p
and, finally, ap2 + a0 2
=0. . ...................... '.. (C-5)
e-'Y
- =0.1403649. . .... (B-20) The boundary condition, Eq. 26, transforms into the
4 very simple condition
Vn (~)
ao p
dO" ... , ... (C-7)
[(ax) 2+ (a y) 2J
where b is a constant to be determined later.
This transformation defines a family of concentric
ellipses in the u-v plane, wherein p is a parameter identi- ( as)
ao 80 p ao p p
V2,
( ax) (au)
fying the wellbore ellipse. Then, substitution ofEq. C-l
into dx
ao p = du 80 p
(
8Y ) dy (ax)
ao p = dv 80 p
and
b 2 =r~(ky -kx)/(kxk y ) v,. . ................ (C-4) +(k ylk x )'/2 sinh2p cos 2 0]'/' . .......... (C-9)
JUNE 1983 541
To obtain v n, we need to find v x' V y' and {j, the angle Substitution into Eq. C-6 then gives, for the exact
of a line normal to the ellipse. This normal angle can be solution,
obtained from
q/l
p=Pwf+----1 p-Pw)' ........... (C-14)
21r(k x k y )
tan (j = _ (OX) =_ (OX) / (Oy ) .
oy P 00 P 00 P
Solution in Terms of a Mean Radius, r
Substitution of Eqs. C-Sa and C-Sb gives For each isobar, the coefficients of sin 0 and cos 0 in Eq.
C-l are, respectively, b sinh p and b cosh p. For large p,
tan (3.=(k x lk y ) liz tan O/tanh p . ............. (C-IO) sinh p and cosh p are almost the same, leading to the
conclusion that the isobars are essentially circular in the
u-v plane. One possible definition of a mean radius for
We now proceed to obtain vx' an isobar is the average of these coefficients, given by
or
+ (OP)
00 P
(00)
ox Y
J................ (C-ll)
Substitution into Eq. C-14 gives
But, from Eq. C-6, (oploO)p =0, while (oploP)e =c. To
get (oplox)y, we combine Eq. 24 with Eq. C-2 (which is
valid for all p): ............ (C-16)
where
1n(r UV I;: w)
E=1 ............ (C-19)
In(rlr w)
SPEJ
Original manuscript received in Society of Petroleum Engineers office Nov. 2. 1981.
Paper accepted for publication Feb. 3, 1983. Revised manuscript received March 2,
1983. Paper (SPE 10528) first presented at the 1982 SPE Symposium on Reservoir
[(kylkx)-l]'h sinh p . .............. (C-21) Simulation held in New Orleans, Jan. 31-Feb. 3.