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Chap. 1
1-2Differential calculus
T T T
(1) Gradient T x + y + z
x y z
T T T
1 dT = T dl ( dT = (
)dx + ( )dy + ( )dz )
x y z
2 r = r r r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
1 r r ( x , y , z ) ( x, y, z )
3 (r 2 ) = 2r ( ) =
r r 2
separation vector r 11
11
r r r ' = ( x x)x + ( y y)y + ( z z )z
r=
( x x' ) 2 +( y y) 2 +( z z ) 2
v v y v z
(2) Divergence v = x + +
x y z
x y z
v v y v v v y v x
(3) curl v= = x ( z ) + y ( x z ) + z ( )
x y z y z z x x y
vx vy vz
1 ( fg ) = fg + gf
2 ( A B) = A ( B) + B ( A) + ( A )B + (B ) A ()
3 ( fA) = f ( A) + A (f )
4 ( A B) = B ( A) A ( B) ()
5 ( fA) = f ( A) + f A
6 ( A B) = ( ) A ( A )B + A( B) B( A) ()
7 ( A ) = ( A ) 2 A ()
2 A = ( 2 Ax )x + ( 2 Ay )y + ( 2 Az )z
8 (T ) = 0 all gradients are irrotational
9 ( v ) = 0 all curls are solenoidal
-1-
2 4 6 7
2 A (B C) = B( A C) C( A B)
A ( B) A ( B B) = B ( A B) ( A B )B (1)
B ( A) B ( A A) = A ( A B) (B A ) A (2)
(1)(2)
A ( B) + B ( A ) = [ B ( A B) ( A B )B] + [ A ( A B) (B A ) A ]
( A B) = A ( A B) + B ( A B)
= (B A ) A + ( A B )B + A ( B) + B ( A )
= (B ) A + ( A )B + A ( B) + B ( A)
4 ( A B) = ( A B) + ( A B)
A B
= ( A A ) B A ( B B)
= B ( A A ) A ( B B)
= B ( A) A ( B)
6 ( A B) = ( A B) + ( A B)
A B
7 ( A ) = ( A )
A A
= A ( A ) ( A A ) A
= ( A) ( ) A
= ( A) 2 A
1-3Integral Calculus
(1) T dl = T (b) T (a) a b T
b
a
p
b
1 T dl a b
a
2 T dl = 0
(2) ( v )d = v da Gausss theorem
Greens
v s
theoremdivergence theorem
(3) ( v) da = v dl Stokes theorem
s P
Curl theorem
1 ( v ) da
2 ( v ) da = 0
1-4Curvilinear Coordinates
-2-
Chap.1
T 1 T 1 T
T = r + +
r r r sin
1 2 1 1
v = 2 ( r vr ) + (sin ) +
r r r sin r sin
1 2 T 1 T 1 2T
2T = 2 (r )+ 2 (sin )+ 2 2
r r r r sin r sin 2
r r r sin
1
v = 2
r sin r
vr rv r sin v
x = s cos y = s sin z = z
2 (x , y , z ) ( s, , z )
-3-
s = cos x + sin y
= sin x + cos y 1.41
z = z
r = x ( s cos ) + y ( s sin ) + z ( z )
r
= x cos + y sin (s )
s
r
= x ( s sin ) + y ( s cos ) ( )
r
= z
z
r
s = s = x cos + y sin
r
s
r
=
= x sin + y cos
r
r
z = z = z
r
z
T 1 T T
T = s + + z
s s z
1 1 v v z
v = ( svs ) + +
s s s z
1 T 1 2T 2T
2T = (s ) + 2 +
s s s s 2 z 2
s s z
1
v =
s s z
vs sv v z
-4-
Chap.1
1
f ( x)( x)dx = f (0) (1.89)
x = 0 f ( x)( x) 0
f ( x)( x) = f (0)( x)
f ( x)( x)dx = f (0) ( x)dx
= f (0) 12
2
f ( x)( x a )dx = f (a ) (1.92)
0 x a
( x a) =
x = a
( x a)dx = 1
f ( x ) ( x a ) = f ( a )( x a )
f ( x)( x a )dx = f (a ) ( x a )dx
= f (a )
1
3 (ax) =
( x) a 0 1.15
a
1
(a) a > 0 ax = dx = d
a
d
(ax) f ( x)dx = () f ( )
a a
1
= f ( )()d
a a
1
= f (0)
a
1
(b) a < 0 ax = dx = d
a
d
(ax) f ( x)dx = () f ( )
+ a a
1
= f ( )()d
a a
1
= f (0)
a
1
(ax) = ( x)
a
4 x( x ) = 0 zero function
x( x) f ( x)dx f ( x) x = 0
= ( x) g ( x)dx ( g ( x) xf ( x) g (0) = 0 )
= g (0) = 0
-5-
x( x) = 0
5 (x2 a2 ) =
1
[ ( x + a ) + ( x a )] a > 0
2a
a + a +
( x 2 a 2 ) f ( x)dx = [( x + a )( x a )] f ( x)dx + [( x + a)( x a )] f ( x)dx
a a
a + a +
= [(2a )( x + a )] f ( x)dx + [(2a)( x a)] f ( x)dx
a a
1 a + 1 a +
=
2 a a
( x + a) f ( x)dx + ( x a ) f ( x)dx
2 a a
1 + 1 +
=
2a
( x + a ) f ( x)dx + ( x a) f ( x)dx
2a
1
( x 2 a 2 ) = [ ( x + a) + ( x a )]
2a
+ + d m ( x ) m d f (0)
m
6
' ( x) f ( x)dx = f ' (0)
dx m
f ( x ) dx = ( 1)
dx m
d( x)
f ( x) dx = f ( x)d( x)
dx
= f ( x)( x) ( x) f ( x)dx
= f (0)
d ( x )
7 x = ( x) 1.45
dx
d
[ x ] f ( x)dx = xf ( x)d ( x)
dx
= ( x)[ f ( x)dx + xf ( x)dx]
= ( x) f ( x)dx
d
x = ( x )
dx
d 1 x>0
8 = ( x) ( x) unit step function ( x) =
dx 0 x0
d
[ f ( x) ]dx = f ( x)d ( x)
dx
= f ( x) ( x) ( x)df ( x)
= f () df ( x)
0
= f () [ f () f (0)]
= f (0) = f ( x)( x)dx
-6-
Chap.1
d
= ( x) ( 1.45)
dx
Impulse function
1
0 xh
h ( x) = h
0 x < 0, x > h
h > 0 13
1
1 ( x ) = [u ( x ) u ( x )]
13
h 0 h
h
h
2
0
h ( x)dx = h ( x)dx = 1
0
3 Dirac delta function ( x ) = lim ( x )
h
h 0
(a) ( x) = 0 x 0
(b) lim ( x) =
x 0
(c) 0
( x)dx = 1
(d) 0
f ( x)( x)dx = f (0)
1 h
f ( x) h ( x)dx =
h 0
f ( x)dx = f ( ) 0<< h
0
f ( x)( x)dx = lim f ( x) h ( x)dx = lim f ( ) = f (0)
0 h 0 0 h 0
(e) 0
f ( x)( x a )dx = f (a )
a+h f ( x) 1 a+h
f ( x) h ( x a )dx =
0 a h
dx = f ( x)dx = f ( )
h a
a << a + h
f ( x)( x - a )dx = lim f ( x) h ( x - a)dx = lim f ( ) = f (a)
0 h 0 0 h 0
3
< 1.14> x 3 ( x 2)dx
0
= 2 3 = 8 ..
1= 0
f (r) (r r )d = f (r )
3
1
0 0
-7-
2
r r
= 43 (r ) ( 2 = 43 (r ) r r r0 )
r 2
r
r r da
( 2 )d = 2 da = 2 = 4 43 (r )d
r r r
r
2
= 4 3 (r )
r
1 1
= 4 3 (r )
1
3 2
= Greens function
r r r - r0
1
( ) =
r
r r 2
2
1 1
= ( ) =
r = 4 3 (r )
r r r2
r
< 1.16> J = (r 2 + 2) ( )d v R
v
r2
J = (r 2 + 2)43 (r )d
v
= 4 (r 2 + 2) 3 (r )d
v
= 4 (0 + 2)
= 8
2 1 1 2 1
(a) = (2 x + 3)( ) ( x)dx = (2 x + 3) ( x)dx = (2 0 + 3) = 1
2 3 3 2 3
-8-
Chap.1
2
(b) = ( x 3 + 3 x + 2) ( x 1)dx = 13 + 3(1) + 2 = 6
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) = 9 x 2 [3( x + )]dx = 9 x 2 ( x + )dx = 3( ) 2 = ....
1 3 1 3 3 3 3
1 a>b
(d) = ..
0 a < b
< 1.48 >
r
J = e r ( 2 )d R
r
J = e r 4 3 (r )d
= 4e 0
= 4 .......
r b
2
(b) 3 (5r )d 2 b = 4y + 3z
[r + r 2 (r c) + c 4 ] 3 (r c)d 6
4
( c)
c = 5x + 3y + 2z c
[r (d r)] (e r )d d = (1,2,3) e = (3,2,1) (2,2,2)
3
(d)
1.5
(a) = a 2 + a a + a 2 = 3a 2
2 1
(b) = r b 3 3 (r )d
5
1
2
= r b 3 (r )d
125
1 2 1 1
=
b = (4 2 + 32 ) =
125 125 5
(c) c = 5 + 3 + 2 = 38 > 36
2 2 2 2
= 0 ...
(d) [e (2x + 2y + 2z )]2 = 2 < (1.5) 2 = 2.25
e
= e (d e)
= (3,2,1) (2,0,2)
= 6 + 0 + 2
= 4
-9-
- 10 -