The Environmental Engineers Handbook

Contents
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
The Condition of the Environment
The Condition of the Waters
The Condition of the Air
The Condition of the Land
Energy
Population
FOREWORD
1. Environmental Laws and Regulations

1.1 Administrative Laws

1.2 Information Laws
1.3 Natural Resource Laws
1.4 Pollution Control Laws

2. Environmental Impact Assessment

2.1 Background Conceptual and Administration Information

2.2 EIA Methods: The Broad Perspective
2.3 Interaction Matrix and Simple Checklist Methods
2.4 Techniques for Impact Prediction
2.5 Decision-Focused Checklists
2.6 Preparation of Written Documentation
2.7 Environmental Monitoring
2.8 Emerging Issues in the EIA Process
2.9 International Activities in Environmental Impact Assessment

3. Pollution Prevention in Chemical Manufacturing

3.1 Regulations and Definitions

3.2 Pollution Prevention Methodology
3.3 Pollution Prevention Techniques
3.4 Life Cycle Assessment
3.5 Sustainable Manufacturing
3.6 R & D for Cleaner Processes
3.7 Reaction Engineering
3.8 Separation and Recycling Systems
3.9 Engineering Review
3.10 Process Modifications
3.11 Process Integration
3.12 Process Analysis
3.13 Process Control
3.14 Public Sector Activities

4. Standards

Air Quality Standards

4.1 Setting Standards

4.2 Technology Standards
4.3 Other Air Standards

Noise Standards

4.4 Noise Standards

Water Standards

4.5 Water Quality Standards

4.6 Drinking Water Standards
4.7 Groundwater Standards

International Standards

4.8 ISO 14000 Environmental Standards

5 Air Pollution

Pollutants: Sources, Effects, and Dispersion Modeling

5.1 Sources, Effects, and Fate of Pollutants

5.2 VOCs and HAPs Emission from Chemical Plants
5.3 HAPs from Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industries
5.4 Atmospheric Chemistry
5.5 Macro Air Pollution Effects
5.6 Meteorology
5.7 Meteorologic Applications in Air Pollution Control
5.8 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling
Air Quality

5.9 Emission Measurements

5.10 Air Quality Monitoring
5.11 Stack Sampling
5.12 Continuous Emission Monitoring
5.13 Remote Sensing Techniques

Pollutants: Minimization and Control

5.14 Pollution Reduction

5.15 Particulate Controls
5.16 Dry Collectors
5.17 Electrostatic Precipitators
5.18 Wet Collectors
5.19 Gaseous Emission Control
5.20 Physical and Chemical Separation
5.21 Thermal Destruction
5.22 Biofiltration

Fugitive Emissions: Sources and Controls

5.23 Fugitive Industrial Particulate Emissions

5.24 Fugitive Industrial Chemical Emissions
5.25 Fugitive Dust

Odor Control

5.26 Perception, Effect, and Characterization

5.27 Odor Control Strategy

Indoor Air Pollution

5.28 Radon and Other Pollutants

5.29 Air Quality in the Workplace

6. Noise Pollution

6.1 The Physics of Sound and Hearing

6.2 Noise Sources
6.3 The Effects of Noise
6.4 Noise Measurements
6.5 Noise Assessment and Evaluation
6.6 Noise Control at the Source
6.7 Noise Control in the Transmission Path
6.8 Protecting the Receiver

7 Wastewater Treatment

Sources and Characteristics

7.1 Nature of Wastewater

7.2 Sources and Effects of Contaminants
7.3 Characterization of Industrial Wastewater
7.4 Wastewater Minimization
7.5 Developing a Treatment Strategy

Monitoring and Analysis

7.6 Flow and Level Monitoring

7.7 pH, Oxidation-Reduction Probes and Ion-Selective Sensors
7.8 Oxygen Analyzers
7.9 Sludge, Colloidal Suspension, and Oil Monitors

Sewers and Pumping Stations

7.10 Industrial Sewer Design

7.11 Manholes, Catch Basins, and Drain Hubs
7.12 Pumps and Pumping Stations

Equalization and Primary Treatment

7.13 Equalization Basins

7.14 Screens and Comminutors
7.15 Grit Removal
7.16 Grease Removal and Skimming
7.17 Sedimentation
7.18 Flotation and Foaming
7.19 Sludge Pumping and Transportation

Conventional Biological Treatment

7.20 Septic and Imhoff Tanks

7.21 Conventional Sewage Treatment Plants

Secondary Treatment
7.22 Wastewater Microbiology
7.23 Trickling Filters
7.24 Rotating Biological Contactors
7.25 Activated-Sludge Processes
7.26 Extended Aeration
7.27 Ponds and Lagoons
7.28 Anaerobic Treatment
7.29 Secondary Clarification
7.30 Disinfection

Advanced or Tertiary Treatment

7.31 Treatment Plant Advances

7.32 Chemical Precipitation
7.33 Filtration
7.34 Coagulation and Emulsion Breaking

Organics, Salts, Metals, and Nutrient Removal

7.35 Soluble Organics Removal

7.36 Inorganic Salt Removal by Ion Exchange
7.37 Demineralization
7.38 Nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphorous) Removal

Chemical Treatment

7.39 Neutralization Agents and Processes

7.40 pH Control Systems
7.41 Oxidation-Reduction Agents and Processes
7.42 ORP Control (Chrome and Cyanide Treatment)
7.43 Oil Separation and Removal

Sludge Stabilization and Dewatering

7.44 Stabilization: Aerobic Digestion

7.45 Stabilization: Anaerobic Digestion
7.46 Sludge Thickening
7.47 Dewatering Filters
7.48 Dewatering: Centrifugation
7.49 Heat Treatment and Thermal Dryers

Sludge Disposal
7.50 Sludge Incineration
7.51 Lagoons and Landfills
7.52 Spray Irrigation
7.53 Ocean Dumping
7.54 Air Drying
7.55 Composting

8. Removing Specific Water Contaminants

8.1 Removing Suspended Solid Contaminants

8.2 Removing Organic Contaminants
8.3 Removing Inorganic Contaminants
8.4 Inorganic Neutralization and Recovery
8.5 Oil Pollution
8.6 Purification of Salt Water
8.7 Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment

9. Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution

Principles of Groundwater Flow

9.1 Groundwater and Aquifers

9.2 Fundamental Equations of Groundwater Flow
9.3 Confined Aquifers
9.4 Unconfined Aquifers
9.5 Combined Confined and Unconfined Flow

Hydraulics of Wells

9.6 Two-Dimensional Problems

9.7 Nonsteady (Transient) Flow
9.8 Determining Aquifer Characteristics
9.9 Design Considerations
9.10 Interface Flow

Principles of Groundwater Contamination

9.11 Causes and Sources of Contamination

9.12 Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater
9.13 Transport of Contaminants in Groundwater

Groundwater Investigation and Monitoring

9.14 Initial Site Assessment
9.15 Subsurface Site Investigation

Groundwater Cleanup and Remediation

9.16 Soil Treatment Technologies

9.17 Pump-and-Treat Technologies
9.18 In Situ Treatment Technologies

Storm Water Pollutant Management

9.19 Integrated Storm Water Program

9.20 Nonpoint Source Pollution
9.21 Best Management Practices
9.22 Field Monitoring Programs
9.23 Discharge Treatment

10. Solid Waste

Source and Effect

10.1 Definition
10.2 Sources, Quantities, and Effects

Characterization

10.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics

10.4 Characterization Methods
10.5 Implications for Solid Waste Management

Resource Conservation and Recovery

10.6 Reduction, Separation, and Recycling

10.7 Material Recovery
10.8 Refuse-Derived Fuel

Treatment and Disposal

10.9 Waste-to-Energy Incinerators

10.10 Sewage Sludge Incineration
10.11 Onsite Incinerators
10.12 Pyrolysis of Solid Waste
10.13 Sanitary Landfills
10.14 Composting of MSW
11. Hazardous Waste

Sources and Effects

11.1 Hazardous Waste Defined

11.2 Hazardous Waste Sources
11.3 Effects of Hazardous Waste

Characterization, Sampling, and Analysis

11.4 Hazardous Waste Characterization

11.5 Sampling and Analysis
11.6 Compatibility

Risk Assessment and Waste Management

11.7 The Hazard Ranking System and the National Priority List
11.8 Risk Assessment
11.9 Waste Minimization and Reduction
11.10 Hazardous Waste Transportation

Treatment and Disposal

11.11 Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements

11.12 Storage
11.13 Treatment and Disposal Alternatives
11.14 Waste Destruction Technology
11.15 Waste Concentration Technology
11.16 Solidification and Stabilization Technologies
11.17 Biological Treatment
11.18 Biotreatment by Sequencing Batch Reactors

Storage and Leak Detection

11.19 Underground Storage Tanks

11.20 Leak Detection and Remediation

Radioactive Waste

11.21 Principles of Radioactivity

11.22 Sources of Radioactivity in the Environment
11.23 Safety Standards
11.24 Detection and Analysis
11.25 Mining and Recovery of Radioactive Materials
11.26 Low-Level Radioactive Waste
11.27 High-Level Radioactive Waste
11.28 Transport of Radioactive Materials