Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MASONRY STRUCTURES
EFFORTS BY:
ABHISHEK BHATT (0506)
ANTARA MASHRUWALA (1706)
DISHITA SHAH (3006)
RAVI SONI (5207)
Objective:
To study different repair materials and techniques to be
adopted in various situation to repair defective structures of brick
and stone masonry.
Rain Exposure
Temperature
Moisture Absorption
Chemical Alteration
Continuous Exposure to Chemicals
Construction Error:
In this, holes are drilled at closer interval repairs are done under external force
through pumps or greasing guns.
High degree of skills and executions are required to repair these types of
cracks.
Crack stitching:
This method involves drilling holes on both sides of crack and grouting in
stitching dogs.
Firstly slots are cut with cutter machine of length 500 mm on each side of crack.
1.
The depth of slot is 10 mm but it also depends on the plaster surfaces.
Clear loose detritus from slots ensuring exposed brick surfaces are cleaned of
2.
mortar and flush thoroughly with water, or treated with a suitable primer.
Push Helical 6mm reinforcement crack stitching tie into grout to approximately
4.
two thirds of slot depth.
Finish the surface and repair the crack on the wall with appropriate filler /grout
5.
chemical.
Tuck pointing:
Masonry structures can be sealed effectively with less cost by using grout
provided the cement-base stabilizing mixture contains an intrusion aid.
The consistency of intrusion mixture is that of smooth slurry.
Before the intrusion, grout is pumped, the holes are tested by pumping
water to see the drilling is adequate and to determine correct consistency
for the slurry repairs.
Firstly plaster is removed near the cracks from inside and outside of
walls and clean the cracks thoroughly with airjet and water.
Wet the cracks ,if dry ,by sprinkling water.
This mixture is pumped into holes previously drilled at various interval
to various depths without damaging the integrity of structure.
Disadvantage is high degree of skill needed for satisfactory use and their
lack of strength.
SURFACE TREATMENT:
A thin layer of cement plaster applied over high strength steel reinforcement
can be used for retrofitting.
In diagonal tension test and static cyclic tests, the technique was able to
improve the improvement in strength depends on the strengthening layer
thickness, the cement mortar strength, the reinforcement quantity and the
means of its bonding with the retrofitted wall, and the degree of masonry
damage.
SHOTCRETE:
Shotcrete overlays are sprayed onto the surface of a masonry wall over a mesh
of reinforcing bars.
In shotcrete the size of coarse aggregate is limited to 6mm.
With thorough mixing of aggregates and adjustment of pressure at the nozzle
should be controlled otherwise a large proportion of coarse aggregate is lost in
rebound.
Due to greater wear of nozzles during shotcrete there is a tendency to reduce the
proportion or even eliminate coarse aggregates.
Certain additives are available which can reduce wear and tear of nozzles.
After shotcreting proper curing is essential.
In situation where heavy construction machinery can not be moved or is not
economically viable, manual shotcreting can also be resorted too.
In manual method layers of concrete can not exceed 35-40 mm in thickness
when laid.
Mason should be trained properly to move the trowel applying vibrations and
simultaneously for compacting effect on each layer.
Non destructive testing of shotcrete repair work should be carried out.
GROUT AND EPOXY INJECTION:
PROCESS :
The crack or joint should be widen wherever the injection work is to be carried out
(approximately 15 mm wide x 15 mm depth)
Drill holes of about 13 mm dia upto 150 mm deep at 500 mm @ c/c.
Use compressed air to clean the hole, as well as crack to remove dust, dirt, loose
materials etc.
Use 12 mm dia specially threaded injection nipples and fix them into the holes
provided. Seal the entire surface around the nipple with putty.
Seal the surface of the crack with putty so as to ensure that the injected grout does
not leak from the gaps & from cracked surface.
The surface now is ready for injection.
Prepare the injection grout and load it into the injection gun.
EXTERNAL REINFORCEMENT:
Two vertical members (via pin connections), which are placed next to the
existing wall (i.e. creating in-fill panel) can be used.
CONFINING URM USING R.C. COLUMNS:
Confined masonry with R.C., weak frame represents one of the most widely
used masonry construction system in Asia and Latin America.
In China, they used such confinement in new masonry buildings as well as it is
used as retrofitting for existing URM buildings.
The basic feature of confined masonry structures is the vertical R.C. or
reinforced masonry tie columns, which confine the walls at all corners and wall
intersections as well as the vertical borders of doors and windows openings.
In order to be effective, tie columns should connect with a tie beam along the
walls at floors levels.
POST TENSIONING:
Post-tensioning involves a compressive force applied to masonry wall; this force
counteracts the tensile stresses resulting from lateral loads.
There has been little application of this technique; post-tensioning is mainly used
to retrofit structures characterized as monuments.
Bars typically show higher relaxation losses (2-3 times strand losses) and much
lower strength/weight ratio (VSL 1990); in addition, a major drawback for using of
steel bars is corrosion. Fiber reinforced plastic presents a promising solution for this
problem
Tendons are placed inside steel tube (duct) either within holes drilled along the
midplane of the wall or along groves symmetrically cut on both surfaces of the wall.
Holes are cement grouted and external grooves are filled with shotcrete.
GROUT OR EPOXY INJECTION IN
CRACKS
1 - Plaster removed
3 - Grout ports
Strengthening of existing
masonry
2 - Injection holes
3 - Grout mixture
STRENGTHENING WITH WIRE MESH AND MORTAR
STRENGTHENING WITH WIRE MESH
Two steel meshes (welded wire fabric with an elementary mesh of approximately 50 x 50 mm)
are placed on the two sides of the wall, they are connected by passing steel each 500 to 750 mm
apart, A 20 to 40 mm thick cement mortar or micro concrete layer is then applied on the two
networks thus giving rise to two interconnected vertical plates. This system can also be used to
improve connection of orthogonal walls.
CORNER REINFORCEMENT
For Large cracks and crushed concrete
For cracks wider than about 6 mm or for regions in which the concrete or masonry has crushed, a
treatment other than injection is indicated. The following procedure may be adopted.
The loose material is removed and replaced with any of the materials mentioned earlier, i.e., expansive
cement mortar, quick setting cement or gypsum cement mortar.
Strengthening of existing
masonry
1 - Wire mesh on front face
2 Clamps
4 - Cement plaster
5 - Crack in wall
Splint and bandage strengthening technique
2 Weld mesh are soon on the improper thickness of the cement mortar
brick masonry walls after
finishing coat.
3 Uneven plaster surface are works are going on without preparing proper
found on the wall. level markers.
Flexible floor/roof diaphragm (Corrugated metal Installation of RC roof band (bond beam). Provision of
sheets/timber) roof band is expected to enhance the overall intergrity
and improve torsional resistance of building
Cracking/damage of wall corners (due to improper Corner strengthening of wall corners - installation of
interlocking of cross walls) welded wire mesh anchored to the walls with steel
dowels and covered with a thin cement plaster overlay ,
see Figure b.
FIGURE A FIGURE B
STRENGTHENING OF NEW CONSTRUCTION
Description of Seismic
Seismic Deficiency
Strengthening provisions used
Reinforced concrete roof band; provision of roof band
Roof
results in an improved overall integrity and torsional
resistance of the building.
Cost effective and safer approach will be to carry out appropriate repair and
retrofitting of the building.
It will offer the advantage of carrying out the work part by part or room by room
so that the occupants may continue to live in the building during the repair and
retrofitting work .
By doing so the cost of repair and retrofitting came to only 8 % of the estimated
cost of reconstruction.
REFERENCES: