Minerals and Rocks

Minerals are natural chemical substances of inorganic origin. Most rocks are composed
of minerals, but some are of organic origin, and others consist of natural glass.

A mineral is typically a crystalline substance, having regular atomic pattern. When

conditions are favorable, minerals develop definite geometric forms called crystals. These
are classified in six crystal systems according to the number, relative lengths, and regular
relationships of imaginary lines called axes.

Most rocks are composed of silicate minerals, consisting of a silicon atom surrounded by
four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral pattern. Attached to the oxygen atoms are atoms of
other elements, of which sixaluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium
are the most common; oxygen, silicon, and these six other elements make up most of
the crust of the earth.

Many minerals are commercially or scientifically important even though not essential to
the forming of the common rocks. Some are ores, others are so-called industrial
(nonmetallic) minerals, and some have considerable scientific interest.

Rocks formed by the solidification of molten matter are termed igneous. These are
regarded as the primary rocks not being derived from still older rockalthough none of
the original crust of the earth is believed to exist, for it has presumably been reworked
more than once.

Rocks formed by the breakdown of other rock are called sedimentary. They may
accumulate as fragments, or they may deposit from chemical solutions.

Either igneous or sedimentary rock may be slowly changed into metamorphic rock by
heat, pressure, and solutions. Most metamorphism occurs as a result of mountain
building, which involves high temperatures and pressures. Contact metamorphism takes
place at margin of an intrusive body of magma.

I. Answer these questions by paraphrasing the sentence from the passage.

1. what are minerals ?
2. Name the three types of rock !
3. What are most rocks composed of ?
4. What are crystals ?
5. How are igneous and sedimentary rocks formed?
6. Why is igneous rock called primary rock?
7. Explain how metamorphic rocks are formed !
 1. Mineral adalah zat kimia alami berasal dari inorganik.
2. Sebagian besar batuan terbentuk dari mineral.
3. Kristal adalah mineral yang mempunyai pola atom yang teratur, yang mengembangkan
bentuk bentuk geometris tertentu pada kondisi yang memungkinkan.
Crystals are minerals that have a regullar pattern of atoms, which develops ( into ) certain
geometric shapes in the favorable conditions.
4. Batuan beku dibentuk oleh pemadatan lelehan sedangkan batuan sedimen terbentuk oleh
hancuran / pecahan batuan lain.
Igneous rocks are formed by compacted the molten matter while the sedimentary rocks are
formed by the breakdown of other rocks.
5. Batuan beku disebut batuan primer karena batuan tersebut tidak berasal dari batuan yang
lebih tua ( yang sudah ada )
6. Batuan metamor terbentuk dari batuan beku dan sedimen karena panas, tekanan,
dan senyawa.

The force required to nkeep the surface in motion

Engines imported from America

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