UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT : RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

LECTURERS NAME : DR SITI FATIMAH BINTI IBRAHIM

GROUP : L01-P1(GROUP 3)

NAME AND ID NO. : AHMAD DANIYAL BIN ZAINURIN

55102315077

SHAZI AMIRUL IQMAL BIN SHAZIKAMAL GANI

55102315203

MUHAMAD IZZAD BIN ABDULLAH

55102315053

NUR AMIRAH BINTI BAHARUDIN

55102315144

MOHAMAD DANIAL BIN BAHARUDIN

55102315095
OBJECTIVES

To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from radial heat
conduction through the wall of cylinder.
To investigate the influence of thermal insulation upon the conduction of heat between adjacent metals.

SUMMARY

The main purposes of this experiment is to examine the temperature profile and at the same time to
determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from radial heat conduction through the wall of a cylinder
and also to investigate the influence of thermal insulation upon the conduction of heat between
adjacent metals. The variables involved in this experiment are power (Watts), temperature (oC), and
types of insulation materials. Based on the results acquired in experiment 1 (Radial Module), it was
observed that as the power (Watts) increases from 10 Watts (Test A) through 15 Watts (Test B) to 20
Watts (Test C), the temperature recorded fairly increases for each thermocouple temperature (TToC) by
which shows a directly proportional relationship. However, the power (Watts) and the difference in
temperature (dT) increases when the distance of the thermocouples is closer to the heat supply, and
vice versa. As for experiment 2 (Linear Module), the results were observed in which directly creates a
hypothesis. The temperature varies when different insulation materials were used. It was also observed
when the power is at a constant value of 20 W, and the thermocouple temperature is consistently
increasing, the temperature recorded decreases which shows and proves the best insulator between all
the three insulation. In addition to that, for experiment 1 (Radial Module), the average thermal
conductivity for Test A (10 W) is 7.376 W/mK, for Test B (15 W) is 6.526 W/mK, and the average
thermal conductivity for C (20 W) is 7.376 W/mK. As for the insulators in experiment 2 (Linear Module),
the average thermal conductivity for paper is 0.02808 W/mK, the average thermal conductivity for cork
is 0.06331 W/mK, and the average thermal conductivity for the blank is 0.3231 W/mK. A trend
graph/temperature profile was generated to demonstrate the relationship between the difference in
temperature (dT) and difference in distance/displacement (dx). From that, based on the results
recorded and the theory stated, the objectives were achieved.
INTRODUCTION

This experiment is about the principles of heat transfer in conduction. In this experiment, there
are two ways to practice heat conduction; Radial Module and Linear Module. The principles involved in
this experiment is Fouriers Law in which states that heat flow rate (Q) is proportional to the
temperature differences (dT) and cross-sectional area (A) per unit length (dx) where the thermal
conductivity (K) is a constant. In conjunction to that statement, thermal energy (heat) will always
maneuver from warmer objects to cooler objects.

For Radial Module (Experiment 1), the process will first begin by starting the flow of the coolant
and connecting the heater supply lead to the control panel. Next, connect the six sensors
(TT1,2,3,7,8,9) to the Radial Module. Then, set the power supply to 10 W, 15 W, and 20 W respectively
and wait for the readings to stabilize before selecting the numbered sensor to take its temperature
readings. The set-up is as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Radial Module

 For Linear Module (Experiment 2) on the other hand, similar steps as for the Radial Module will
be taken but with constant power supply of 20 W. The power supply will be in the OFF position first and
the six sensors (TT1,2,3,7,8,9) will be connected to the Linear Module. Next, connect the heater supply
lead for the Linear Module to the control panel. Then, place the insulating material (Paper/ Cork/ Blank)
in the specimen section and switch on the power supply. Wait for the readings to stabilize for about 5
minutes before selecting the numbered sensor to take its temperature readings. Also, wait for similar
time after changing between insulating material. The set-up is as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Linear Module

THEORY

The Fouriers Law states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the
negative gradient in the temperature and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through which the
heat is flowing [Anonymous A, 2013]. The relationship is as shown below :

Where :

Q = Heat flow rate, [W] dT = Changes in temperature, [K]

A = Cross-sectional area of the conduction, [] dx = Changes in displacement, [m]
k = Thermal conductivity of the material, [W/mK]

Heat always conducts from warmer objects to cooler objects. The composition of a material affects
its conduction rate. For cylinders, Fouriers Law states that the heat flux (Q) is proportional to the
temperature differences per unit length. The proportionality constant is the thermal conductivity (k) [J.
C. Diaz, 2013]. The relationship is shown below :

Where :
Ri = Inner radius, [m] Ti = Inner section temperature, [K]
Ro = Outer radius, [m] To = Outer section temperature, [K]
Q = Heat flow rate, [W] L = Thickness of the material, [m]
k = thermal conductivity of the material, [W/mK]

The higher the value of k (Thermal conductivity of material), the better insulator the
material is, and vice versa.
DISCUSSION

This experiment is conduct to determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from radial heat conduction
through the wall of cylinder. Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The rate
of heat transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of the intervening medium
through which the heat is transferred. The three fundamental modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection
and radiation. Heat transfer, the flow of energy in the form of heat, is a process by which a system's internal
energy is changed, hence is of vital use in applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics. Conduction is also
known as diffusion, not to be confused with diffusion related to the mixing of constituents of a fluid. For this
experiment, the control panel was connected to Radial Module. Then the system was switched on. At first the
power was set to 10 watts, 15 watts and 20 watts. Before taking the temperature reading, wait for 2-3 minutes to
achieve the steady state condition of the sensors. The data were recorded in a table given.

For Experiment 1, when the input power was 10 watts, the TT1 was 36.2C, TT2 was 33.8C, TT3 was
32.6C, TT7 was 31.2C, TT8 was 30.7C and the TT9 was 30.4C. After that, when the power supply was 15
watts, the TT1 was 40.8C, TT2 was 35.5C, TT3 was 33.8C, TT7 was 31.8C, TT8 was 31.1C and TT9 was
30.4C. Also when the power supply was 20 watts, the TT1 was 44.4C, TT2 was 37.2C, TT3 was 35.0C, TT7
was 32.5C, TT8 was 31.5C, TT9 was 30.5C.

Fouriers Law states that

Q=
where :

Q : heat flow rate, W

k : thermal conductivity of the material
A : cross-sectional area of the conduction, m2
dT : changes of temperature between 2 points, K
dx : changes of displacement between 2 points, m

Continuity the Q is the same for each section of the conductor also k is constant.
For linear conduction calculation :

AH (dT) AS (dT) AC (dT)

= =
(dxH ) (dxS ) (dxC )

While for radial conduction calculation :

2LK(Ti To )
Q=- R
In o
Ri

where ;

Q : heat flow rate, W

L : thickness of the material, m
W
K : thermal conductivity of the material, Km

Ti : inner section temperature, K

To : outer section temperature, K
Ro : outer radius, m
Ri : inner radius, m

It shows that the heat flow rate, Q, is directly proportional to the temperature difference which means the
lowest dx has the highest Q and Dt. It can be determined when power was supplied to the both module, the
sensor (TT1) with the least distance to the power supply has the highest rate of heat transfer and temperature,
while the sensor (TT2) which has the longest distance has the lowest rate of heat transfer and temperature.
Results :

Test No. Wattmeter Q TT1 C TT2 C TT3 C TT7 C TT8 C TT9 C

watts
A 10 36.2 33.8 32.6 31.2 30.7 30.4
B 15 40.8 35.5 33.8 31.8 31.1 30.4
C 20 44.4 37.2 35.0 32.5 31.5 30.5
Table 1

For Experiment 2, the main purpose of the experiment is to investigate the influence of thermal
insulation upon the conduction of heat between adjacent metals. The wattmeter is set to 10 watt for all types of
insulator. As for the paper insulator, the TT1 is 80.7oC, for TT2 is 87oC, for TT3 is 74.2, for TT7 is 32.7oC, for TT8
is 31.6oC and for TT9 is 31.2oC. For cork insulator, TT1 was 74.1oC, TT2 was 79.3oC, TT3 was 68.3oC, TT7 was
32.5oC, TT8 was 32.5oC, TT9 was 31.3oC. Last but not least, for blank insulator, the TT1 was 65.2oC, TT2 was
61.7oC, TT3 was 60.4oC, TT7 was 32.3o C, TT8 was 32.3oC and for TT9 was 30.8oC.

Results :

Wattmeter Q, Insulator TT1 C TT2 C TT3 C TT7 oC TT8 C TT9 C

(watts)

10 Paper 80.7 87.1 74.2 32.7 31.6 31.2

10 Cork 74.1 79.3 68.3 32.5 32.5 31.3

10 Blank 65.2 61.7 60.4 32.3 32.3 30.8

Table 2
CONCLUSION

As the conclusion that is taken from our result and analysis, we can say that the linear conduction of
heat along a homogeneous bar can be investigated by Fouriers law. From that result also, we can identify the
slope (dT/dx) of the graph of temperature profile along the entire length of the bar, the thermal conductivity and
the heat transfer coefficient of the brass. Some error might had happen during the experiment was carried out
and affect the certain data collected.
 RECOMMENDATION

There was recommendation to overcome the possible errors. Firstly, this experiment can be improved by
using a better method of supplying cooling water to the equipment. Secondly, the experiments have potential for
the experiments data to be affected by someone either kicking or standing on the hose is fairly high with the
amount of people surrounding the table. Last but not least, we saw in our lab the equipment takes over an hour
to stabilize after a change in cooling water flow so reducing the risk of this happening is a priority.
Reference

1. Bird, R. Bryon, Warren E, Transport Phenomena, 2007, 1, page 27

2. John H Lienhaard IV and John H Lienhard V, A Heat Transfer Textbook, 2005, Volume third edition,
page 119
3. Dehghani, Conservation and Transport Processes, 2007, 2, page 39
4. William, Heat Conduction , Conduction, 2003, 3, page 67
5. Harry Stewart, The Exact Analytical Conduction, 2006, 1, page 24-56
TUTORIALS

Experiment 1

1. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, r. Calculate the thermal conductivity, k.

Radial Module
50
Difference in temperature, dT (C)

45
40
35
30
25 Test A (10 W)
20 Test B (15 W)
15
Test C (20 W)
10
5
0
Sensor 1 Sensor 2 Sensor 3 Sensor 4 Sensor 5 Sensor 6
Difference in displacement, dx (m)

Linear Module
140
Difference in temperature, dT (C)

120

100

80
Paper Insulator
60
Cork Insulator
40
Blank Insulator
20

0
Sensor 1Sensor 2Sensor 3Sensor 7Sensor 8Sensor 9
Difference in displacement, dx (m)
Experiment 2

1. Plot the temperature profile in the heater and cooler to determine the temperature gradient across the
insulating disc. Determine the thermal conductivity of paper and cork.

Temperature gradient across the insulating disc

140
Difference in temperature, dT (C)

120

100

80
Paper Insulator
60
Cork Insulator
40 Blank Insulator
20

0
Sensor 1Sensor 2Sensor 3Sensor 7Sensor 8Sensor 9
Difference in displacement, dx (m)

2. Comment the influence of insulators upon the conduction of heat transfer between the heater
and the cooler.
- Thermal insulation is the reduction of the effects of the various processes of heat transfer
between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiate influence. Heat is the transfer of
thermal energy between objects of differing temperature. The means to stem heat flow may
be especially engineered methods or processes, as well as suitable static objects and
materials. Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact of objects of differing
temperature. A thermal insulator assists in keeping an object at a constant temperature, no
matter hot and cold. It typically works by two processes, which are two method of heat
transfer.
Conduction : heat moves through a material whose atoms are immobile
This type refer to heat that can travel through a piece of solid metal.
Convection : Internal heat carried with moving matter. This happen when wind carries heat
away from ones body.
3. How this material can inhibit conduction?
-Paper, cork, blank are poor conductors of heat. Material that are poor conductors of heat are
called insulators. Materials that are poor conductors of heat are also poor conductor of
electricity. Conduction has the concept of insulation where an insulating material has a very
small coefficient of conductivity. Temperature gradient across it is large. So the insulator keeps
the temperature high surrounding the item of interest and low outside. Thus, first law in
thermodynamics the energy that exist at the same rate. The process of heat conduction
depends on four basic factors :
The temperature gradient, the cross section of materials involved, path length and properties of
those materials.

4. Suggest practical uses for insulating materials.

Fiber glass : most common insulation
: able to minimize heat transfer
: excellent non-flammable insulation material
Mineral wool : can be purchased in batts or as a loose material
Cellulose : most eco-friendly forms of insulation
: excellent product for use in minimizing fire damage
: contain next to no oxygen within it
: minimize amount of damage that fire cause