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i. Organic matter
ii. Suitable Microorganisms
iii. Sufficient nutrient
iv. with Oxygen (aerobic) / without oxygen (anaerobic) depending
on the types of microorganisms requirement for transformation
process.
i) Windrow composting
ii) Aerated Static Pile Composting
iii) In-vessel composting systems
The waste may contain pathogens which may exist if the conditions in
the system allows its survival. Hence control on the temperature
typically around 55 C and exposure time of between 15 to 20 days
are critical to ensure pathogen free compost.
Heavy metal toxicity may arise due to the emission of the dust and
particles during shredding of waste. Hence to avoid the production of
the dust, it is wise to separate the waste before arriving at the
composting facilities or alternatively, the method of co-composting of
waste water treatment plant sludges and organic fraction of MSW is
highly recommended to reduce the concentration and consequently
the potential toxicity.