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Reservoirs
Lecture 6:
Modeling of Fractured Reservoirs With
Compositional Simulation
1
Additional Keywords for E300
Advanced Features
2
Diffusion
Diffusion coefficients x
Ji = cDi i
Use diffuse flow relationship: d
c is the total molar concentration, given by
c = 1 / Vm
Vm the molar volume of mixture.
Ji is the molar flux of component i per unit area
Di is the diffusion coefficient of component i
Diffusion
At high pressures, concentration gradient is
not most accurate predictor for diffusion.
Component chemical potential should be
used. Can then include effect of gravity.
= 0 + RT ln fi MiG(h h0 )
M = Molecular Weight
G = Gravity Constant
h = elevation
3
Diffusion
For isothermal, horizontal flow and using ,
/RT, let Dia be defined by
ln fi
J i = cDia xi
d
ln fi ln fi 1 xi
Expanding = So that
d ln xi xi d
ln fi xi xi
J i = c Dia comparing Ji = cDi
d
ln xi d
Diffusion
Di
Thus Dia =
ln fi /( ln xi )
4
Diffusion
Two possibilities exist in E300:
1. Use normal diffusion coefficients and mole
fractions as the driving force Normal diffusion
coefficients are entered using DIFFCOIL
and DIFFCGAS.
2. Use activity corrected diffusion coefficients and
chemical potential as the driving force. Activity
corrected diffusion coefficients are entered using
DIFFAOIL and DIFFAGAS.
Diffusion
At low pressures, the two coefficients are equal,
as fi xiP
(ln f i M i Gh / RT )
J io = S o b om D ioa x i
with d
or J io = S o b om D io x i / d
5
Conversion Factors from
Handbook Values
Lab Units: 1 cm2/sec = 3600
cm2/hour
Metric or PVT-M Units: 1 cm2/sec =
8.64 m2/Day
Field Units: 1 cm2/sec = 92.99 ft2/Day
Comparison Example
6
Example Oil Description
It has a simple 6 component oil: components
CO2
N2
C1 (Methane)
C3 (Propane)
C10 (Decane)
C15 (Pentadecane)
RUNSPEC Section
DUALPORO
GRAVDR
DIFFUSE
7
PROPS Section
DIFFCGAS
-- CO2 N2 C1 C3 C10 C15
0.13 0.16 0.15 0.04 0.013 0.011 /
DIFFCOIL
-- CO2 N2 C1 C3 C10 C15
0.013 0.016 0.015 0.004 0.0013 0.0011 / high oil Diff Coef
8
CO2 Mole Fraction in Producer
Well P1
No diffusion
With diffusion
9
Field Oil Production Rate
10
Field GOR
Reservoir Pressure
11
Observations
With diffusion
Field produces longer and higher
recovery
WAG effects are smoothed out
CO2 breakthrough is delayed
12
IMPES, AIM and FULLIMP
Ax + By = D this is linear
where x and y the unknowns
and A and B are constants
13
Linearize the Equation
[A( x , y )] x
l l l l +1
[ ]l
+ B( x l , y l ) y l +1 = D
( y y ) 0 and
l +1 l
[A ( x , y ) = A ( x
l +1 l +1 l
, yl) ]
[B ( x , y ) = B ( x
l +1 l +1 l
, yl )]
14
Iteration Process in Reservoir
Simulation
Example of linear
and non-linear
iteration process:
4 non-linear
iterations Usually a non-linear iteration
requires 10 to 30 linears to
converge pressure and saturations
Linearization
Y X
Root x4 x3 x2 x1
x3 x1 Root x0 x2
f(x k )
f(x k )
x k +1 = x k -
x
Divergent Newton-Raphson iteration process
15
Matrix Inversion - to solve the simulator equations efficiently
Linear Problem
AP = d
a b c d P1 d1
e f g h P2 d 2
i j k l P3 = d 3
m n o p P4 d 4
16
SEQUENTIAL IMPES (Implicit Pressure,
Explicit Saturation)
Sequential IMPES Formulation
Assumptions
over a time step, the change in the Bk [
n
o o Po + ]
Bo n k
P
[ ]
o o Po +
capillary pressures are assumed to
be zero and
saturation dependent parameters [ ] [
n P + Bo n k P +
Bkw w o
P
w w o ]
can be considered explicitly, i.e.
old time level values of these
V k
n n
parameters can be used to So S
Cr + Co Bo - Cw Bw w Po
calculate the new time level t B
o Bw
values.
Some pressure dependent PVT
parameters on the right hand side
of the equation, however, treated
{ [
- Bk n k k ] n [
k
o To o + B w Tw w + ]}
implicitly, like pressure, thus they
V k
n n
are treated at the new level. o So - k S w
+ -Bo w
t Bo Bw
FULLY IMPLICIT
Features
Unconditionally stable
17
IMPES and Implicit in Black Oil
P1
P1
P2
Sw1
P3
Sg1
P4
P2
P5
Sw2
P6
Vector of Vector of Sg 2
P7 Unknowns for
Unknowns for P3
IMPES Solution P8 Full Implicit
Sw3
P9 Solution
Black Oil and Sg 3
P10
P4
Compositional
P
nb 2 P
Pnb 1 nb
Swnb
Pnb
Sg nb
18
Dimensionality of the Linear Problem
The Rest
Inversion:
Solution of the
Linear Problem
19
Compositional Simulation
Computational Cost Partitioning
The Rest
Flash Calculations
Options
20
Options
Workshop - 6: Compositional
Simulation of Fractured
Reservoirs
21
Workshop 6 Description
You have a single porosity Compositional
Simulation Data Set (E300) - single-co.data
It has a simple 6 component oil: components
CO2
N2
C1 (Methane)
C3 (Propane)
C10 (Decane)
C15 (Pentadecane)
Workshop 6 Description
Units are Field
PR EOS is used, Reservoir Temperature =
150oF
Grid is 20 x 1 x 5
Layer 2 is a thin and low permeability
Hysteresis is used, rock is water wet
Water viscosity is 0.41 cp.
Reservoir is initially oil filled, Pi = 3000
psia at a datum of 6100 Feet SSL
22
Krw and Krow Drainage and
Imbibition Curves
drainage
imbibition imbibition
drainage
drainage
imbibition
23
Krg and Krog Drainage and
Imbibition Curves
imbibition
drainage
imbibition
drainage
Workshop 6 Description
24
Workshop 6 Description
25
Workshop 6 Description
26
Proprieties of Dual Porosity
Reservoir
Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Fracture Fracture Fracture Fracture Sigma Stack Height
Layer No. Kx Ky Kz Porosity Kx Ky Kz Porosity
1 1 1 1 0.18 10 10 10 0.01 0.1 32
2 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.01 5
3 2 2 2 0.22 20 20 20 0.005 0.1 20
4 8 8 8 0.32 20 20 20 0.02 0.2 41
5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.36 5 5 5 0.02 0.3 32
Workshop 6 Description
27
Diffusion Coefficients for
Compositional Simulation
Component Names
CO2 N2 C1 C3 C10 C15
Diffusion Coefficient for Component in Gas: DIFFAGAS 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.04 0.013 0.011
Diffusion Coefficient for Component in Oil: DIFFAOIL 0.013 0.016 0.015 0.004 0.0013 0.0011
28
Triple Porosity Rock
Vugs connected
to fracture
system
29
Triple Porosity Rock: Two Types
More Complexity
Triple Porosity System: Flow Between:
Vug - Matrix
Matrix - Fracture
System A Vug - Fracture System B
Vug
Matrix
Fracture
30
Triple Porosity Rock
Flow Mechanisms
A) If gravity and capillary forces dominate
displacement - matrix block surrounded
by fractures - Case A
B) If viscous forces are important in the
displacement - pressure drop exists
across matrix blocks - fractures parallel to
flow must be sealed - Case B
Note: these 2 conditions yield very different
displacements
31
Triple Porosity Flow Situations
fracture
fracture
Case A Case B
Flow/Flooding Flow/Flooding
Direction Direction
Difference in Flows
32
Example Fine Grid Simulation -
Case A
Inject water at bottom, produce at top
Run for 200 days for comparison
with Case B
Run 7300 days to get higher oil
recovery
33
Water Saturation:
Case A After 20 Days
34
Water Saturation: Case A After 100
After 100 days
Days water saturation
in vugs is < 10%
and in matrix
material is ca.
60%
35
Oil Recovery From Vugs at 200
Days - Case A
36
Water Saturation in Vugs - Case A
37
Water Saturation in Vugs at 7300
Days - Case A
Case B Simulation
38
Difference in Flows
39
Water Saturation: Case B After 10
After 10 days
water saturation
in vugs is 10 to
Days Note: Wake like
20% in matrix saturations down
material = 40 to stream of vug
80%
40
Water Saturation: Case B After 200
Days
41
Water Saturation in Vugs - Case B
42
Comparison of Oil Recovery from
Vugs - 200 Day Simulation
Case B
Case A
43
Pc and Relative Permeabilities in
Vugs
In Vugs the rock surfaces are far from each other,
compared to normal capillary pores
Thus, the interaction (surface tension) between
oil and water at the surface has little effect on the
flow in the Vugs.
1
Wall to wall distance large
Krow Ca. 0.1 to 1 cm
Krw
Oil filled
0
0 Sw 1 Vug
44
Composite Curves
Objective of Composite Curves/Pseudofunctions:
To replace the complex system of matrix material and
vugs with a single material called composite matrix
blocks.
This resulting system has 2 porosities: fractures and
composite matrix blocks.
Now one can model the fluid displacement with a normal
dual porosity simulator.
The composite matrix blocks in dual porosity simulator
will behave as the original matrix block when subjected
to forces and pressures.
Composite Curves
Details of Composite Curves/Pseudofunctions:
Composite matrix block has one porosity value and a
water and an oil saturation.
The pore volume and liquid saturations are averages
from the original matrix - vug system.
Pseudo Capillary Pressure and Pseudo Relative
Permeabilities are created for the Composite Matrix
blocks so that the displacement is the same as from the
original vug filled matrix blocks
45
Composite Curves
Details of Composite Curves/Pseudofunctions:
The Composite Curves/Pseudofunctions are a
combination of the straight line curves of the
fractures and the immiscible curves of the matrix.
Example from 3 porosity study made by H-RT in
Denver follows.
Rock Type 1
Imbibition Curve Set for Satnum 45
Vug Ratio =75%, Matrix Porosity = 11%
1.0
0.9
Matrix
0.8 Kro
Vug Kro
0.7 Vug Krw Input Matrix Krw
Input Matrix Kro
Relative Permeability
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Water Saturation
46
Rock Type 1
Capillary Pressure Curve Set for Satnum 29
Vug Ratio = 55%, Matrix Porosity = 11%
1000
Composite Pc
100
Input Pc
Capillary Pressure, Psia
10 Input Pc
1 Composite Pc
0.1
0.01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Water Saturation
Composite Curves
Example 1:
porosity in matrix = 0.1
porosity in Vugs = 1.0
vug fraction = .03
Composite porosity p calculation
p = .97 x .1 + .03 x 1.0 = 0.127
47
Composite Curves
Example 1 continued:
initial water saturation in matrix = 0.2
initial water saturation in Vugs = 0.0
vug fraction = .03
Composite initial water saturation Swip
calculation
Swip = 0.1527559
Soip = 0.847244 (original So = 0.8)
Composite Curves
Example 2:
porosity in matrix = 0.1
porosity in Vugs = 1.0
vug fraction = .06
Composite porosity p calculation
p = .94 x .01 + .06 x 1.0 = 0.154
48
Composite Curves
Example 2 continued:
Composite initial water saturation Swip
calculation
Swip = 0.122077
Soip = 0.877922 (original So = 0.8)
49
Developing Composite Curves
PROBLEM:
If laboratory displacement
experiments do NOT exist
And we only know the vug fraction in
our reservoir
NUMERICAL SOLUTION:
Create composite curve through fine
grid detailed numerical simulation of
displacement of vuggy rock which is
matched with dual porosity
simulations
Details follow ---
50
Creation of Composite Curves
Step 1) Place Vugs in finely gridded
Matrix+fracture simulation model such as
square.data used in Workshop 2
Vug grid blocks must have = 1.0, intrinsic
fracture permeability, fracture Pc and Kr.
51
Creation of Composite Curves
Step 2) Boundary conditions must be set in fine
grid model to match reservoir displacement
situation:
If gravity and capillary forces dominate
displacement - matrix block surrounded by
fractures - Case A
If viscous forces are important in the
displacement - pressure drop exists across
matrix blocks - fractures parallel to flow must
be sealed - Case B
fracture
Case A Case B
Flow/Flooding Flow/Flooding
Direction Direction
52
Creation of Composite Curves
53
Creation of Composite Curves
54
Composite Curves
55
Stochastic Simulations
Numerical experiments of various distributions of
Vugs in a matrix has shown that the location of
the Vugs in the matrix blocks has a significant
effect on the oil displacement rate from each vug.
One assumes that the same or similar situations
occurs in real reservoir rock.
Stochastic Simulations
Simulations show that Vugs:
near the lower part of the matrix blocks (in a
water flood from below) produce oil early
at the top of matrix blocks produce oil last
near to fractures produce oil early
in the center of matrix blocks produce oil late.
56
Stochastic Simulations
The field, most likely, has a distribution of Vugs
in the matrix blocks.
The distribution is probably random
some matrix blocks may have more Vugs in
one location, say near the fractures - while
others may have more Vugs in the center of
the matrix blocks.
We need to generate composite curves that are a
good average of the displacement behavior for all
combinations of vug distributions.
Stochastic Simulations
To create a average set of composite curves, one
needs to construct n realizations of the
distribution of Vugs using a random number
generator to assign vug locations in the matrix
grid.
One would then simulate the displacement
though all the realizations and created n
composite curves.
These n curves should be averaged to give the
final composite curve set.
57
Example Calculation:
Triple Porosity Systems
58
A Methodology for Simulation
of Vuggy and Fractured
Reservoirs
SPE 66366
C. A. Kossack
Schlumberger Holditch-Reservoir Technologies
Denver, Colorado
Some of this presentation repeats what
we just saw we will skip over that
material
September 06 Simulation of Naturally Fractured 117
Reservoirs Lectures 6,7
Outline of Presentation
59
Objectives of Study
Investigate the oil recovery mechanisms
from isolated vugs (through numerical
simulation)
Determine a methodology for simulating
triple porosity systems with a dual
porosity simulator (water oil system)
Key get the correct answers from full
field dual/triple porosity simulations with
or without laboratory displacements
Connected Vugs
Ehrlich SPE 3533
Dehghani, Edwards, Harris SPE 38910
Mexican Petroleum Inst. SPE 66386
Isolated Vugs
Gurpinar, Kalbus, List SPE 57277
60
Thin Section Photomicrograph
Pc = 0 in Vugs
Viscous force caused by pressure
gradient in fracture system
Gravity force
Water and residual oil in matrix
Oil in fracture
Density difference acting over the
vertical height of the vug
61
Traditional Viscous to Gravity
Ratio
u L
R v =
g kg h
where
u = Darcy velocity
L = distance in direction of pressure gradient
h = distance in direction of gravity
k = permeability
= viscosity
g = gravitational acceleration
= difference in phase densities
September 06 Simulation of Naturally Fractured 123
Reservoirs Lectures 6,7
p
Rv =
g h
where
p = pressure drop over distance L
in the direction of flow
62
Viscous to Gravity Ratio in Vuggy
Matrix Blocks
h = height of the vug in the direction of gravity, feet
h = width/height of the vug in the in the direction of the viscous forces
p = pressure drop across the matrix block, psi
H = thickness/height of the matrix block in the direction viscous flow
We want an expression for the ratio of viscous to gravity forces across the width or
height of a vug. The expression in field units becomes:
lbs in 2
p( ) 144 2
Rv =
in 2 ft h' ( feet )
lb H ( feet )
3 h( feet )
g
ft
fracture
Finely Finely
gridded, gridded, No fracture or
vug filled vug filled fracture with
matrix matrix low
permeability
Gravity Viscous
Dominated Dominated
Flow/Flooding Flow/Flooding
Direction Direction
Figure 2A Figure 2B
63
Numerical Study of Oil Recovery
from Vugs at Various Rv/g
Interested in the rate of oil recovery
from isolated vugs
Viscous to Gravity Ratio will affect
rate
Laboratory experiments difficult
Fine grid single porosity numerical
simulation to determine answer
similar to SPE 54042 (fractured
reservoirs)
September 06 Simulation of Naturally Fractured 127
Reservoirs Lectures 6,7
64
Numerical Study of Oil Recovery
from Vugs at Various Rv/g
Km = 5 mD
m = 0.1
Kf = varied from 5 to 50,000 mD to
create range of Rv/g
v= f = 1.0
Vug fraction = 15% - random located
in matrix block not connected with
fracture
65
Numerical Study of Oil Recovery
from Vugs at Various Rv/g
Fine Grid
14 x 14 x 14 blocks (2744 grid blocks)
169 blocks were vugs
Initially oil filled
Pc = 0
Straight line relative permeabilities
kv = 50,000
v = 1.0
66
Results of Numerical Study
Rv/g decreasing
67
Time for 90% Recovery of the Vug
Oil
100000
10000
Tim e (Days)
1000
100
10
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Fracture Perm eability (m D)
100
Viscous/Gravity Ratio
10
0.1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Fracture Permeability (mD)
68
Rv/g Vs. Pressure Gradient in the
Fracture System
35.00
30.00
Viscous to Gravity Ratio
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 5 10 15 20
Pressure Gradient (psi/foot)
69
The Process
Grid block of matrix rock One grid block represent
Grid block of representing a ting the fracture
vug
Fracture
grid
blocks
One grid
representing
the composite
matrix block
The process
x-z cross-section of fine grid single Two grid blocks in dual porosity model
porosity numerical representation of represent the fracture and composite
fractures, matrix and vugs matrix block
Saturation of Oil
Relative
Permeability
Saturation of Water
70
Initial Matrix Pcow
Capillary
Pressure
(Psia)
Saturation of Water
The Process 1 of 4
71
The Process - 2 of 4
The Process - 3 of 4
72
The Process - 4 of 4
Demonstration of Process
73
Rv/g = 1 Realization 1
Oil
Recovery
Single porosity fine grid simulation
Days x 1000
74
Final Match - Rv/g = 1 Realization
1
Oil
Single porosity fine grid and final
Recovery matched dual porosity
Days x 1000
Oil
Recovery
Log Days
75
Krow - Rv/g = 1 Realization 1
0.9
0.8
0.7 Krow-shift
Krow-match
0.6
Krow-original
Krow
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Saturation of Oil
Pcow-Original
10.000
1.000
0.100
0.010
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Water Saturation
76
Comparison of Oil Recovery - Rv/g
= 1 Realization 1 and 2
Oil
Recovery
Days x 1000
Oil
Recovery
Log Days
77
Comparison of Matched Pc from
Realization 1 and 2: Rv/g = 1
1000.000
100.000
Realization 1
Pcow (Psia)
10.000 Realization 2
1.000
0.100
0.010
0.001
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Saturation of Water
September 06 Simulation of Naturally Fractured 155
Reservoirs Lectures 6,7
Rv/g = 20 Realization 1
78
Rv/g = 20 Realization 1 and 2
Oil
Recovery
Days
Oil
Recovery
Days
79
Final Match - Rv/g = 20 Realization
1
Oil
Recovery
Days
Oil
Recovery
Log Days
80
Krow - Rv/g = 20 Realization 1
0.9
Krow-shift
0.8 Krow-match
0.7 Krow-original
0.6
Krow
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Saturation of Oil
1000.00
Pcow-shift
100.00 Pcow-match
Pcow (Psia)
Pcow-Original
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.01
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Water Saturation
81
Final Match - Rv/g = 20 Realization
2
Oil
Recovery
Log Days
1000
Realization 1
100 Realization 2
Pcow (Psia)
10
0.1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Saturation of Water
82
Recommendations and
Conclusions
Magnitude of Rv/g ratio in the
reservoir is key to rate of oil
recovery from vugs
If gravity forces dominate oil in
the vugs may not be a reserve
Laboratory experiments of
displacements of vuggy cores are
appropriate when the laboratory
conditions match the fields
September 06 Simulation of Naturally Fractured 165
Reservoirs Lectures 6,7
Recommendations and
Conclusions
Method is described and
demonstrated for simulating a triple
porosity reservoir with a dual
porosity model
A number of realizations of vug
distributions in the matrix rock must
be matched for proper composite
curves
83
Closing Thoughts
84
Golden Rule No. 1
Keep it Simple
Start and end with simplest model
Consistent with
the nature of the reservoir
Objective of study
Availability of data
Most sophisticated model available may
not serve your needs
Understand model limitations and
capabilities
85
Golden Rule No. 3
86
Golden Rule No. 5
87
Golden Rule No. 7
88
Golden Rule No. 9
89
END
References
1. K.H.Coats: "Implicit Compositional Simulation
of Single-Porosity and Dual Porosity Reservoirs,"
SPE 18427
2. B.Litvak,: "Simulation and Characterization of
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs," Reservoir
Characterization.
3. F.V. da Silva, P.Belery, : "Molecular Diffusion in
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: A Decisive
Recovery Mechanism", SPE 19672
90
References
4. J.E.Warren, P.J. Root, : "The Behavior of
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs," SPEJ Sept.1963.
5. L S.-K. Fung, : "Simulation of Block-to-Block
Process in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs," SPE
Reservoir Engineering, Nov. 1991
6. A.M. Saidi, D.H. Tehrani, K.Wit, : "Mathematical
Simulation of Fractured Reservoir Performance,
Based on Physical Model Experiments,"
'Developments in Reservoir Engineering', PD10.
References
7. A.Fritsen, T.Corrigan: "Establishment of a
Geological Fractured Model for Dual Porosity
Simulations on the Ekofisk Field," North Sea Oil
and Gas Reservoirs., NIT, 1990
8. R.H.Rossen, E.I.Shen: "Simulation of Gas/Oil
Drainage and Water/Oil Imbibition in Naturally
Fractured Reservoirs," SPE Reservoir
Engineering, Nov.1989
9. S. Festor, T.D. Van Golf-Racht: "Gas Gravity
Drainage in Fractured Reservoirs Through New
Dual Continuum Approach," SPE Reservoir
Engineering, Aug.1989
91
References
10. J.Gilman, H. Kazemi: "Improvements in
Simulation of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs",
SPE 10511.
11. J.N. Sicking: "Special Engineering Problems
in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs," Exxon
Advanced Reservoir Engineering School.
12. L.H.Reiss, "The Reservoir Engineering
Aspects of Fractured Formations," IFP
Publications, Gulf Publishing Comp.
References
13. T.D. Van Golf-Racht, "Fundamentals of
Fractured Reservoir Engineering," Developments
in Petroleum Science 12, Elsevier.
14. D.K.Ponting: "Corner Point Geometry in
Reservoir Simulation," Mathematics of Oil
Recovery Conference Series, June 1989.
15. R.Aguilera, :"Naturally Fractured Reservoirs"
PennWell Books,' 1983.
92
References
16. J.C.T. Tan, A. Firoozabadi, : "Dual-Porosity
Simulation Incorporating Reinfiltration and
Capillary Continuity Concepts, Part-I: Single
Gridcell", SPE 29113
17. A.Puliti, A. Francesconi, "Modeling of Sloping
Faults," Eclipse International Forum, Sept 1994.
18. S.Kocberber' " An Automatic Unstructured
Grid Generation System of Geologically Complex
Reservoirs," SPE 28245
19. Eclipse, Technical Description
93