Landmine detection using RADAR BULLET [2017-18]

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery used specially for detection of land mines. And
this was very important invention because around 85 countries having problem with landmine,
and approximately 20,000 peoples injured and kill every year by land mines accidents. In this
discussion, main concentrate is Radar this ultra wide band radar provides centimeter resolution to
locate even small targets.Radar bullet the mainly used to find land mines without setting foot into
the ground .This consists of firing a special bullet into ground from a helicopter which could
pinpoint buried land mines even though landmines which remains active for over 50 years after
its implementation. Radar bullet internally consists of microwave emitter. This microwave
emitter emits the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength The bullet emits a radar pulse as it
grinds to halt .This pulse strikes the mine and its image gets available on the computer in the
helicopter thus this method is safe and efficient for finding land mines.
Radar bullet specially designed and use for detection of landmines without setting foot
into ground. Internally it consists of microwave emitter. This microwave emitter emits the
electromagnetic waves whose wavelength are conventionally measured in small number of
centimeter called microwave. Microwave band having very large information carrying capacity
by means of which mines can be find.
As search and removal of buried land mines is serious and problem faced by many
countries, specially countries like Afghanistan, Ukraine, Cambodia and Iraq. Annually 20000
people injured and losing their lives only because of landmines accidents.
It is estimated that there 110 millions active buried landmines that means one landmines
for every 52 people. Landmines are found along roads, in fields and forest, near wells and river
bank so it causes serious economical problem for the countries. Clearing mines is very dangerous
as for every 5000 mines that are removed, one person is kill and two persons are injured because
main methods used for demining means removal of mines are mines detection using metal
detectors and biological method of detection by specially trained mine detection dog but these
methods are typically slow, expensive and dangerous but new technology of detection of
landmines using radar bullets is effective alternatives this technique is worthy for human being.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

The word ''mines'' is derived from the Latin word mina which means vein of ore and
was originally applied to the dug the hole in the ground. The term was then borrowed by military
engineers having the job to dig landmines in the ground during military operation. In order to
cause greater destruction experiments had been conducted in the use of landmines in Sicily and
southern Italy. This type of landmines was known as fougass mine. A fougasses were improved
mines constructed by making a hollow in the ground or rock and filling with explosives like
black powder. Firstly the gunpowder used in landmine was able to absorb moisture and water
from air which consequently losses it's explosive ability. Reference to these mines was made
during the Battle of Williamsburg in 1862, where they adapted shells so as to surprise the Union
vanguard. They consisted of a steel tank, 122 cm (4 feet) X 91.4 cm (3 feet) broad, and 25 cm
(10 inches) deep, which contain very small amount of metal. When the charge exploded, the light
sides of the case were blown out. The Americans are really the first nation to develop and use
operational landmines.

Fig.2 Fougasses Mine

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C. P. Gooneratne, S. C. Mukhopahyay and G. Sen Gupta presented a paper on A Review

of Sensing Technologies for Landmine Detection: Radar Bullets This paper illustrates the
existing and new technologies for landmine detection, such as metal detection and explosive
detection. These ways of detection are dangerous because they are done very close to the mine.
A safe method for detecting land mines is mine detection using radar bullets. The conclusion
drawn in this paper is that the conventional methods that are being used right now for mine
detection involves working in close proximity for the mines, so overall mine detection using
radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe and effective.
Prof. Atul Shire, Prof. Umesh Jawarkar, Mr. Sachin Chavhan presented a paper on
Overview of Buried Mines Detection Using Radar Bullet This paper illustrates the current
methods used for detection of land mines, such as Metal detector method, Biological method and
mechanical method. These methods are dangerous and risk is involved to life of solider. A safe
method for detecting land mines is mine detection using radar bullets. They concluded that the
safe method of detection is use of radar bullets and this can be used for detecting antipersonnel
as well as anti- tank mines and the mines used in sea for targeting the ship and submarines.
Gebremichael T.Tesfamariam and Dilip Mali presented a paper on GPR Technologies for
Landmine Detection This paper reviewed the development and applications of Ground
Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology to address the challenges of reliably detecting landmines.
They concluded that GPR shows a promise that is; it seems capable of accurately detecting
mines in various environments with few false alarms.
Patric Blagden in his paper Mine detection and the need for new technology has
discussed the need for new technology for landmine detection. He came to a conclusion that the
mine detection and clearance is currently slow, dangerous and inefficient. He also asserted that
the overall aim must be to speed up the demining process, and make it more reliable and cost-
effective.

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CHAPTER 3

LANDMINES

The purpose of a landmine is to disable, immobilize or kill. It is an explosive device

activated either by a person or vehicle or by command detonated by electric wire or radio
signals. Most land mines are laid on just below the surface of ground and are activated by
pressure or trip-wire. Usually most of the land mines will contain many metallic parts, which can
be made use of in their detection.

Fig.3A Landmine

Mines are typically placed in the ground by hand, but there are also mechanical mine
layers that can drop and bury mines at specific intervals. While more than 350 varieties of mines
exist; they can be broken into two categories: Anti-personnel (AP) mines and Anti- tank (AT)
mines. The basic function of both of these types of landmines is the same, but there are a couple
of key differences between them. Anti-tank mines are typically larger and contain several times
more explosive material than anti-personnel mines. There is enough explosive in an anti-tank
mine to destroy a tank or truck, as well as kill people in or around the vehicle. Additionally,
more pressure is usually required for an anti-tank mine to detonate. These devices are typically
found on or just below the surface of the ground. In order to prevent human life during detection
it is possible to employ radar bullet.

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Fig.3B Anti-Personal mine Fig.3C Anti-tank mine

We deal with buried anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP) landmines which require
close approach or contact to activate. AT mines range from about 15 to 35 cm in size. They are
typically buried up to 40cm deep, but they can also be deployed on the surface of a road to block
a column of machinery. AP mines range from about 5 to 15cm in size. AT mines which are
designed to impede the progress of destroy vehicles and AP mines which are designed to kill and
maim people
Mines only began to appear on a large scale in 1918, as new piece of weaponry the
assault antitank. To combat the growing number and effectiveness of American tanks, the
German needed to design new weapons. Initially they used large gun powder shells dug into the
ground and covered with wooden boards for the purpose to provide wide pressure plate. But
these mines proved to be unreliable and time consuming. In early 1918 the produced a mine that
could effectively be used against tanks.

Fig.3D A German anti-tank mine

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A pipe mine was made by packing dynamite into a T piece of ordinary 0.63 cm (1/4 inch)
water pipe. A glass tube in the cross piece held the detonating compound. A thin steel rod in the
long part of the T had one end resting on the glass tube; the other projected about a 1.27 cm (1/2
inch) above the ground. When someone lift foot and put it down on the rod broke the glass tube
and detonated the charge. This was first mines designed to main rather than to kill indirectly.

Fig.3E Inner view of mine

A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical limbs during there life time.
This cost in 3000 Dollars a huge sum to pay in countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar
a month. . Between 1979 of 1996 the red crores fitted over 70,000 Amputees with critical limbs
and the land mine problem in still growing. There for considering these factors the discovery of
radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we launches to 21st century.

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CHAPTER 4

CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES

There are various method for the detection of land mines these are as follows :
1) Metal detector method.
2) Biological methods.
3) Mechanical methods.
4) Acoustic/Seismic Methods.
5) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

4.1 Metal Detector Method:

Metal detector method measures the disturbances of an emitted electromagnetic field
caused by presence of metallic objects in the soil. The popular, basic metal detector is easy and
cheap to use and has an average success rate. However all metallic objects are identified while
the problem is heightened, when using more sensitive detectors for plastic mines

Fig. 4.1.1 Metal Detector

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There are three types of metal detection methods:

a. Induction Coil Imaging Sensor:

It creates an image of the object being detected instead of producing an audio signal. In
its current version it is able to detect and see metal parts of less than 1cm to a depth of 50cm. But
the system cannot be used on the newer plastic mines, and the prototype is quite heavy.
b. Magnetic Sensors:
Magnetic sensors measure a magnetic field. Sending a current through a wire wrapped
around a metal rod or loop produces a magnetic field that penetrates the ground. The ground
significantly disrupts the magnetic field, which is measured by the magnetometer.
c. Conductivity Meters:
They use a magnetic field to produce an eddy current in the object. By establishing a
baseline standard in a clean area prior to searching, changes in conductivity of the soil which
may result from conducting substances such as mines can be detected.

4.2. Biological Methods:

a. Use of Dogs and Rats:

Well trained dog can detect the smell of explosives in landmines which is hided under the
grounds. Dog clearly learn to detect mines using odour of explosives and other chemicals thats
leaks forms buried landmines. Dogs are able to discriminate up to ten odours without difficulties

Fig. 4.2.1 Dog and Rat Used For Landmine Detection

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b. Bees:
Entomologists trained bees that detects explosives and variety of landmines these bees
can search large area in short time. But the thing is to more needs to be understood about the fate
and transport of explosives in the surface before the full potentials of trained bees.
c. Bacteria:
In this method the process of spraying bacteria on the mine affected areas is done by
airborne system. The bacteria are allowed to grow for several hours. Then survey team would
return to search for fluorescent signal. This method can also cover large area of detection of
mines. But possibly have the environmental limitation.

4.3. Mechanical Methods:

a. Prodders and Probes:

The most basic approach to mine detection is prodding. Using prodders, rigid sticks of
metal about 25 cm long; the deminer scans the soil at a shallow angle of typically 30. Each time
he detects an unusual object, he assesses the contour, which indicates whether the object is a
mine. The probe operator learns through experience to feel or hear the difference between a mine
casing and other buried objects. Probing is an established step in manual demining. Improved
probes could decrease the risks to deminers by providing feedback about the nature of the object
being investigated. In addition, theoretically, a probe could deliver any of a number of different
detection methods (acoustic, electromagnetic, thermal, chemical, etc.), and the proximity of the
probe to the landmine could improve performance. But probing is dangerous. The deminer might
encounter mines that have been moved or have been placed so that they are triggered by
prodding

Fig. 4.3.1 Mine Detection Using Prodders

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b. Mine Clearing Machines:

When there is not a lot of time for an army to clear a minefield, it will often employ the
use of certain machines to roll through and clear a safe path. Military forces employ several
kinds of mine-clearing machines to clear out or detonate mines. Some machines are specifically
designed for the task of mine clearance, while tanks can also be fitted with certain mine-clearing
devices. There are several types of mine-clearing machines. New machines are remote
controlled, which minimizes the risk to personnel. Mine-clearing machine as shown in figure use
one of three techniques, including flailing chains to beat the ground, rollers to roll over and
detonate mines, and rakes or blades to plough through the minefields, pushing the mines to the
side. These methods are quick and efficient and there is less chance of people getting injured
during demining. However this leaves the area virtually destroyed. Plus land for farmers etc. will
be destroyed. The machines can easily miss mines

Fig. 4.3.2 Mine Clearing Machine

4.4 Acoustic / Seismic Methods:

Acoustic/seismic methods look for mines by vibrating them with sound or seismic waves
that are introduced into the ground. Materials with different properties vibrate differently when
exposed to sound waves as shown below in figure.

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Fig. 4.4.1 Amplitude of surface vibration of ground over a mine (solid line) and a blank
(dashed line) in response to sound waves.

These methods are complementary to existing sensors with low false alarm rates and are
unaffected by moisture and weather. Existing systems are slow and they do not detect mines at
depth, because the resonant response attenuates significantly with depth. An additional limitation
of existing systems is that moderate to heavy vegetation can interfere with the laser Doppler
vibrometers that are commonly used to sense the vibrations at the ground surface.

4.5 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR):

GPR emits pulses into the ground, through a wide band antenna, an electromagnetic wave
covering a large frequency band. Reflections from the soil caused by dielectric variations (such
as the presence of an object) are measured. Moving the wide band antenna reconstructs an image
that represents a vertical slice of the soil; further data processing allows the display of horizontal
slices or three-dimensional representations. Although promising, this technology has limitations.
In particular, the resolution needed to detect small objects involves GHz frequencies, which
decreases soil penetration and increases image clutter. Another constraint is that, it is expensive
as compared to other technologies.
The ones currently used GPR systems are beyond the budget of most demining
operations. High frequency GPR improves the resolution of the images of small landmine and

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decreasing the penetration capacity and therefore, deeply buried landmines may cause future
problems, as they are difficult to detect.

Fig. 4.5.1 Working Principle of GPR

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CHAPTER 5

RADAR BULLET

The radar bullet is a special type of bullet. The main use of radar bullet is to find
landmines without setting foot on the ground. This consists of firing a special bullet in to the
ground from a helicopter, which could pin point buried land mines.
The bullet units a radar pulse as it grounds to a halt. This pulse strikes the mine and its
image gets available on the computer in the helicopter, offering a safe and efficient way of
finding land mines. Landmines In this discussion we deal with buried anti-tank (AT) and anti-
personnel (AP) landmines which require close approach or contact to activate. AT mines range
from about 15 to 35 cm in size. They are typically buried up to 40cm deep, but they can also be
deployed on the surface of a road to block a column of machinery. AP mines range from about 5
to 15cm in size. AT mines which are designed to impede the progress of destroy vehicles and AP
mines which are designed to kill and maim people.
Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wounded coin of wire. As the
bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a magnetic field in the cylinder.

Battery bullet casing

Metallic cylinder

Fig 5. Radar Bullet

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CHAPTER 6
RADAR PRINCIPLE

Radar is Radio detection and ranging. Radar is a sensor. Radar makes use of radio waves
to detect and locate objects. The purpose is to provide estimates of certain characteristics of its
surroundings most commonly the presence, position and motion of aircrafts, ships and other
vehicles.
Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the surroundings and
detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow beam of this energy is transmitted by the
directive antenna, the direction from which reflections come and hence the bearing of object may
be estimated. The distance to the reflecting object in estimated by measuring the period between
the transmission of radar pulse and reception of echo. In radar bullet principle the change of
medium by the waves must be taken into consideration.

Fig 6 Principle of Radar

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Radars have generally from principal parts, the transmitter antenna receiver, and display.
The transmitter will transmit an electro magnetic signal through the antenna, which will hit the
target and reflects back. The same antenna and the time difference between the signal
transmission and reception is calculated, which will help up to measure the distance of the target
from the radar.

6.1 Fundamentals

Transmitter

Duplexer

Receiver

Fig 6.1. Block diagram of an elementary pulse radar set

Basic radar system: The block diagram of an elementary pulsed radar set is shown in
Fig. For each transmitted pulse, the cycle of events is as follows. Figure 1 Block diagram of an
elementary pulse radar set
In response to an internally generated trigger signal, the transmitter generates a short,
rectangular pulse. As soon as a small fraction of the pulse power is fed to the duplexer, this
device disconnects the receiver from the antenna and connects the transmitter to it. In most
radars, though by no means in all, the antenna moves in a predetermined pattern, i.e., it scans.
Either way, it is normally directional and sends out the generated pulse in the direction
in which it is pointing at the time. The scanning speed may be mechanically high, but it is
small compared with the time taken by pulses to return from a normal range of targets. Thus,
when such echoes are received, the antenna still points in the right direction to collect them.

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As soon as the transmitted pulse terminates, the duplexer disconnects the transmitter
from the antenna. The duplexer also reconnects the receiver to the antenna, allowing the
returning echoes to be correctly processed. The received pulses are amplified and demodulated
by the receiver. The pulses from the returning echoes (and noise, of course) are then fed to the
device on which they are to be displayed, as will be described. The cycle is complete, and the
set is once again ready for the transmission of the next pulse and the succeeding ones, while
the antenna scans along its predetermined path
The radar set is able to show the position of the target, because information about the
azimuth (horizontal direction) and the elevation (vertical direction) of the antenna is available.
In addition, the distance to the target may transmitter output tubes, and the first stage of the
receiver is often a diode mixer. The antenna generally uses a parabolic reflector of some form,
as will be mentioned in Sec.
Development of radar from its inception, radar has used a system of sending short,
powerful pulses of radio energy and then analyzing the returned echoes to determine the
position, distance and possibly velocity of the target. However, the methods of doing so have
evolved and become far more refined and sophisticated as time has gone by. The primary
incentive as in so many other things was the imminence of war. Radar was made possible by a
technology, which, at the time war broke out, was just beginning to show promise. This
technology itself took great strides forward to meet the new challenges imposed by war.
The first radars worked at much lower frequencies than present systems (as loq as
60MHz for the original British coastal air-warning radar because of a lack of sufficiently
powerful transmitting tubes at higher frequencies. This was changed in 1940 with the appearance
of the cavity magnetron, and the stage was then set for the development of modern radar. As can
be appreciated, one of the prime requirements of a radar system is that it should have a fair
degree of accuracy in its indication of target direction. This is possible only if the antennas used
are narrow beam ones, i.e., have dimensions of several wavelengths. That requirement cannot be
fulfilled satisfactorily unless the wavelengths themselves are fairly short, corresponding to the
upper UHF or microwave frequencies.

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6.2 Calculations

Fig 6.2. calculations of Parameters

T = time b/w signal transmission and reception .

2R = Total distance traveled.

c = Velocity of electromagnetic signals

= 3*108 m/sec.

Velocity = distance / time

i.e. C = 2R / T

OR

R = CT /2

So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from the radar.

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CHAPTER 7

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

The impulse radar bullet system developed in the International Research Centre for
Telecommunications-transmission and Radar (IRCTR). Impulse radar bullet system
comprises Impulse generator, Transmitter, Receiver, Pulse extender, A/D converter,
Processor and Visual display.

Fig 7. Block diagram

7.1 Impulse generator:

The pulse generator delivered by SATIS Co. produces 0.8 ns monocycle pulses.
The unique feature of this generator is its small trailing oscillations, which are below 2.4%
of maximum amplitude during the first 2 ns and below 0.5% afterwards. The advantage of a
monocycle in comparison with a mono pulse is that the frequency spectrum of the first one
decreases to zero at low frequencies, which cannot be efficiently transmitted via the antenna
system, while the frequency spectrum of the second one has a global maximum there. As a
result, the magnitude of the field radiated by an antenna system fed by a monocycle is
considerably larger than the magnitude of the field radiated by the antenna system fed by a
monopoles with the same magnitude.

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Fig 7.1: Output signal from the 0.8ns generator

The generator spectrum covers a wide frequency band from 500MHz till 2GHz on
3dB level. At frequencies below 1GHz, attenuation losses in the ground are small and
considerable penetration depth can be achieved. However, landmines detection requires down-
range resolution of the order of several centimeters, which can be achieved using frequencies
above 1GHz. It was found experimentally that the 0.8ns monocycle satisfies penetration and
resolution requirements. This output signal from 0.8ns generator is shown in figure. The
spectrum of this pulse has a maximum at frequencies where the attenuation losses in the
ground start to increase. So the spectral content of the monocycle below this maximum
penetrates deep into the ground and the spectral content above this maximum provides
sufficient down-range resolution.

7.2 Antenna system:

The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of radar bullet system, because
its performance depends strongly on the antenna system. The antenna system should satisfy
a number of demands. The antenna system contains transmitter and receiver. The transmit
antenna should:

Radiate short ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse with small ringing.

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Radiate electro magnetic energy within a narrow cone in order to filter out undesirable
back scattering from surrounding objects.

Produce an optimal footprint on the ground surface and below it.

The waveform of the radiated field on the surface and in the ground should be the
same.

The waveform of the radiated field in the ground should not depend on type of the
ground.

The receiver antenna should:

Allow time windowing to isolate the direct air wave from the ground reflection.

Provide sufficient sensitivity in order to receive very weak fields.

Receive the field in a local point; effective aperture should not be larger than 1cm2.

Be elevated at least 10cm above the ground surface.

Additionally a possibility to measure simultaneously backscattered field in two orthogonal
polarizations is desirable.

7.3 Pulse extender:

Pulse extender will amplify the ground reflection signal up to the maximum level
acquired by A/D converter.

7.4 A/D Converter:

The transmitter sends out a series of electromagnetic pulses then listens with the
receiver connected to high speed sampler which in turn feeds A/D Converter. A dielectric
anomaly in the soil may cause the signal to be reflected back to a separate receiver antenna.
This information is converted from nanoseconds to milliseconds so that it may be digitized by
a conventional A/D converter for processing and display. The center frequency and band
width of the transmitted pulse can be varied by changing the antenna and are chosen with
respect to the required depth of penetration, soil type and size of the object to be detected. In
this experiment, we used antennas with a center frequency 1.4GHz and 80% band width. The
precision of sampling converter is sufficiently high to do accurate measurements of scattered

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transient field. This A/D converter 12 bit accuracy. This provides 66 dB linear dynamic
ranges. A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor.

7.5 Processor:
A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor.
Processor filters the signal. This signal shows presence or absence of surrogate mine in the
soil. Processor allows passing the presence of mine detecting signal. Processor selects the
mine detecting signal and passes to the visual display.

7.6 Visual display:

Visual display helps to see the range of targets. It displays the exact position of landmine.
The advent of the magnetron also made possible the next steps in the evolution of radar, namely,
airborne radar for the detection of surface vessels and then airborne aircraft interception radar. In
each of these, particularly the former, tight beams are necessary to prevent the receiver from
begin swamped by ground reflections, which would happen if insufficient discrimination
between adjacent targets existed.
Microwave radar for antiaircraft fire control was quickly developed, of which the most
successful ground - based version was the U.S. Army's SCR-58. It was capable of measuring the
position of enemy aircraft to within 0.1, and the distance, or range to within 25m. Such radars
were eventually capable of tracking targets by locking onto them, with the aid of
servomechanisms controlling the orientation of the antennas. Anti-surface vessel (ASV) radars
became very common and quite accurate toward the end of the war. So aid airborne radar for
navigation, bombing or bomber protection electronic navigation systems were also developed.
Radar countermeasures were instituted, consisting mainly of jamming (transmission of confusing
signals at enemy radar) or the somewhat more effective dropping of aluminum foil, in strips of
about a half - wavelength, to cover approaching aircraft by producing false echoes. This
"chaff"(American) or "window"(British) proved very effective, but its use in the war was
considerably delayed. Each side thought that the other did not know about it and so it was kept
secret; however, it eventually came to be used on a very large scale. One of the indications of the
enormous growth in the importance of radar in World War 11 is the increase in the staff of the

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U.S Armys Radiation Laboratory. It started with about 40 people in 1941, and number
multiplied tenfold by 1945.
The advent of the magnetron also made possible the next steps in the evolution of radar,
namely, airborne radar for the detection of surface vessels and then airborne aircraft interception
radar. In each of these, particularly the former, tight beams are necessary to prevent the receiver
from begin swamped by ground reflections, which would happen if insufficient discrimination
between adjacent targets existed. Microwave radar for antiaircraft fire control was quickly
developed, of which the most successful ground - based version was the U.S. Army's SCR-58. It
was capable of measuring the position of enemy aircraft to within 0.1, and the distance, or range
to within 25m. Such radars were eventually capable of tracking targets by locking onto them,
with the aid of servomechanisms controlling the orientation of the antennas. Anti-surface vessel
(ASV) radars became very common and quite accurate toward the end of the war. So aid
airborne radar for navigation, bombing or bomber protection electronic navigation systems were
also developed. Radar countermeasures were instituted, consisting mainly of jamming
(transmission of confusing signals at enemy radar) or the somewhat more effective dropping of
aluminum foil, in strips of about a half - wavelength, to cover approaching aircraft by producing
false echoes. This "chaff"(American) or "window"(British) proved very effective, but its use in
the war was considerably delayed. Each side thought that the other did not know about it and so
it was kept secret; however, it eventually came to be used on a very large scale. One of the
indications of the enormous growth in the importance of radar in World War 11 is the increase in
the staff of the U.S. Army's Radiation Laboratory. It started with about 40 people in 1941, and
number multiplied tenfold by 1945.
The radar receiver is an ordinary radio receiver having the lowest possible noise figure,
High sensitivity, and a bandwidth appropriate for handling the pulses involved. The receiver
video output is usually displayed on a cathode-ray tube indicator in such a manner as to show the
time difference between the outgoing pulses and the returning echoes. To achieve this result, the
sweep voltage of the cathode-ray-tube display is synchronized with the transmitted pulses.

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CHAPTER 8

WORKING OF RADAR BULLET SYSTEM

In radar bullet principle, the change of medium by the waves must be taken into
consideration. Radar is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects that we
interested in or targets of which information is needed by sending electromagnetic waves
towards object to be detected and analyzing the echoes.

8.1 Experimental setup:

Fig 8.1.1 Experimental Setup

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Fig.8.1.2 system actual photograph

8.2 working:
First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground , from a gun mounted on a
helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground. The bullet in designed in such a way that it
gives out powerful blast of radio waves from under the ground. The bullet will produce a pulse
of radio waves as it pierces the ground and signal is reflected from any landmines within about a
15 meter radius will be detected by an antenna on the helicopter.
Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or there exact position are noted
so they can be destroyed at once on their exact positions are noted so that can be diploid later.
And if the bullet hits it, it would explode. The Radar pulse is generated from the bullets kinetic
energy by a process known as, Magnetic flux compression.

Fig. 8.2 Block Diagram of Radar Bullet System

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8.3 Magnetic flux compression:

Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wounded coin of wire. As the
bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a magnetic field in the cylinder. When the
bullet smashes into the ground, the sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the
coil. The sudden movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces a large
pulse of current in the coil. The coil thus acts like an antenna converting the pulse into a short
burst of high frequency radiation.

Fig 8.3 Magnetic Flux Compression

8.4 Field tests:

After the laboratory tests, tests where conducted at the Arizona desert. Using the same
experiment set up, the radar bullet as able to detect 35 cm anti tank mines and Val Mara 69 anti
personal mines, which are a particular problem in northern Iraq, where the mines have been laid
by Saddam Husseins forces in their confrontation with the Kurds .

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CHAPTER 9

COMPARISION BETWEEN LAND MINE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUE SENSOR COMPLEXITY COST SPEED SAFETY FALSE

ALARM

Biological Dog Low Medium Medium Medium Medium

Detection
A
B Rodent Low Low Low High High

C Bees Low Medium Low High High

D Bacteria Medium Medium High Low Low

Electro MD Low Low Low High High

Magnetic
Detection
A
B GPR Medium High Medium High Low

C IR Medium High Medium Medium Medium

D Radar Medium High High High Low

Bullets
Acoustic A/S Medium High Medium High Low
Detection
Mechanical Prodders Low Low Medium Low High
Detection
A
B Clearing Medium Medium High Low High
Machines

Table. 9. Comparison between the Landmine Detection Techniques

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CHAPTER 10

ADVANTAGES - DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

10.1 Advantages:
The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter i.e. the gun antenna computer
controllers.
Extremely small bullets can be used for detection. A 30 mm bullet gives out a 4 kW radar
pulse - almost 10 times more power than standard ground penetrating radar- from 20
centimetres down.
Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits more radio wave
into the ground. For ordinary ground penetrating radar little radiation penetrates the soil;
most is reflected by the ground because of the sudden change in density between the air
and the soil.
It has accurate measurements.
It locates even small targets.
It operates by detecting the dielectric soils which allows it to locate even no metallic
mines.
It has been successfully tested in different environmental conditions.
It assures 100% safety to the human life.

10.2 Disadvantages:
It is highly expensive.
It is more power hungry.
It can suffer false alarm rates as high as metal detectors.

10.3 Applications:
It can be used for detecting landmines.
It can be used for detecting buried pipes. For e.g. recently an illegal pipeline carrying
drugs between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan have been discovered. Such type of illegal
pipeline can be found out using radar bullets.

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CHAPTER 11

FUTURE PROSPECTS

A. As the UN has already implemented a worldwide ban on antipersonnel mines, the

invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction of the mines.
B. Ten thousands of anti - personal mines lied buried in the hilly regions of Cambodia /
north - Korea / Afghanistan etc. And according to UN it would take more than 100 years
to detect and destroy these, if worked out manually. Mine clearance or demining is
normally broken into three stages; Detection, Removal and Disposal. Current detection
methods range from high tech electronic [ground penetrating radar infrared, magnetic
resonance imaging] to biological detection schemes (dog snuffers and insect or bacteria )
to simple brute forces detection methods (Rails, Rollers and ploughs) and use of handheld
mechanical plodders .Most of these methods are very slow and/or expensive and suffer
from a high false alarm rate. So with helicopter and radar bullet, the mines can be cleared
easily.
C. It could help geologists surveying for oil, minerals and other buried natural resources.
Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in Combodia, Kosoro and in
same African nations can be detected using radar bullets.
D. This can be applied in future space travels, when we go to a different planet, in that case
we can shoot this bullet in to the ground and detect mineral deposits and other deposits.

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CHAPTER 12

CONCLUSION

This paper has described different method that used for detection of land mines. The safe
method of detection is use of radar bullets. This can be used for detecting antipersonnel as well
as anti- tank mines and the mines used in sea for targeting the ship and submarines. Since it can
also be used for exploring oil, minerals and other buried natural resources, thus radar bullet is
very important invenstion for the modern world .
Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and removal of mines is
very important as it is hazardous to both man and animals alike. The conventional methods that
are being used right now for mine detection involves working in close proximity for the mines.
So overall mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe and
effective.
With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using radar bullets will be
more used in detection of mine there by making the world safer place to live in.

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