ICS 29.160.

20

K 21

NATIONAL STANDARD
GB
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

GB/T 7409.2-2008
Replace GB/T 7409.2-1997

Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines -

Models for Power System Studies

(IEC 60034-16-2: 1991, Rotating electrical machines Part 1 6: Excitation systems
for synchronous machinesChapter 2: Models for power system studies, MOD)

Issued on June 18, 2008 Implemented on March 01, 2009

Jointly issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection
and Quarantine and the Standardization Administration of
the People's Republic of China
 Contents

Foreword .................................................................................................................................... I
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. III
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative References ......................................................................................................... 1
3 Exciter Categories: Graphical Representation and Mathematical Models for Stability
Studies ....................................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 DC Exciter ................................................................................................................ 1
3.2 AC Exciter ................................................................................................................ 2
3.3 Potential Source Static Exciter.................................................................................. 4
3.4 Compound Source Static Exciter .............................................................................. 6
3.5 Mathematical Models for the Control Function........................................................ 6
3.6 Model of Excitation System ....................................................................................11
4 Nomenclature .................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Parameters............................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Variables.................................................................................................................. 17
Appendix A (Normative) Per Unit System ........................................................................... 18
Appendix B (Normative) Rectifier Regulation Characteristics............................................ 19
Appendix C (Normative) Saturation Function ..................................................................... 20
Appendix D (Normative) Representation of Limits ............................................................. 21
Appendix E (Informative) Comparison Between Clauses of This Part and IEC 60034-16-2:
1991-02 By Numbers .............................................................................................................. 22
Appendix F (Informative) Technical Differences of This Part over IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02
and the Reasons ....................................................................................................................... 23
 Foreword

GB/T 7409 "Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines" comprises three parts:
Part 1: GB/T 7409.1 "Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines-Definitions";
Part 2: GB/T 7409.2 "Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines-Models for
Power System Studies";
Part 3: GB/T 7409.3 "Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines-Technical
Requirements of Excitation System for Large and Medium Synchronous
Generators"
This part is the second part of GB/T "Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines",
which was firstly developed in 1987 and firstly revised in 1997, and this edition is the section
revision.
GB/T 7409.2-1997 is identical to IEC 60034-16-2: 1991 "Rotating Electrical
Machines--Part 16: Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines--Chapter 2: Models for
Power System Studies".
This part was revised by amending IEC 60034-16-2: 1991. This part has made reference
to the domestic existing realistic model of generator excited system, the domestic current
generator excited system computational model used in the stability analysis of power system
and the standard IEEE Std.421.5, proposes the general and practical generator excited system
computational model that can meet the requirements of the stability analysis of power system.
There have been some significant changes in this part over GB/T 7409.2-1997 as
follows:
The model of excitation system is described specifically, the established model for
generator excited system is able to meet the requirement for the main domestic
generator excited system to have power system stability analysis;
The regulation link and the model for power system stabilizer are supplemented;
The mode of the limiter and power system stabilizer to act on voltage regulator is
described.
Appendix E provides the summary list of a comparison between this part and the clauses
of IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02, Appendix F provides the summary list of the technical
differences of this part and IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02 and the relevant reasons for your
guidance.
Appendixes A, B, C and D in this part are normative and Appendixes and F are
informative.
This part was proposed by China Electrical Equipment Industry Association.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee 26 on Electric
Rotating Machinery of Standardization Administration of China.
Zhejiang Electric Power Test & Research Institute is in charge of the drafting of this
parts, and China Electric Power Research Institute, Harbin electric machinery Co., Ltd.(HEC),
North China Electric Power Research Institute Co. Ltd., Shanghai Turbine Generator Co.,
Ltd., Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd., Nanjing Automation Research Institute,
Guangzhou Electric Apparatus Research Institute, Shandong Jinan Power Equipment Factory,
Beijing BEIZHONG Steam Turbine Generator Co., Ltd., Hydropower and Water Resources

I
Planning and Design General Institute and other organizations participate in drafting this part.
Chief drafting staffs of this part: Zhu Shizhang, Liu Zenghuang, Li Guoliang, SuWeimin,
Xu Fuan, Wu Tao, Liu Mingxing, Wang Dawei, Lv Hongshui, Xu Jingtao, Yin Guoji, Zhang
Yuhua, Liu Guoyang, Pu Jun and Chen Xinqi.
The previous editions of the standards replaced by this part are as:
GB 74091987;
GB/T 7409.21997.

NOTE: The English version hereof has been translated directly from the openly-published Chinese
standard GB/T 7409.2-2008. In the event of any discrepancy in the process of implementation, the
Chinese version shall prevail.

II
 Introduction

When the behaviour of synchronous machines is to be accurately simulated in power

system stability studies, the excitation system of these machines shall be modeled adequately.
Since expenditure of data acquisition, programming and computation has to be limited in so
far as is permissible, it is necessary to use simplified models that provide reasonable accuracy.
The models shall adequately represent the actual excitation system performance:
During the steady-state conditions prior to occurrence of the fault studied;
During the time interval from application to clearing of fault;
During the oscillations following fault clearing.
The excitation modeling does not account for the frequency deviations. It is assumed that
in stability studies, the frequency deviations of up to 5% from the rated frequency can be
neglected as far as the excitation system is concerned.
The excitation system models shall be valid for the steady-state conditions and for the
natural oscillation frequency of the synchronous machine. The oscillation frequency range to
be covered will typically be from 0Hz to 3Hz.
The operation of protective functions and field discharge or overvoltage suppression
equipment is beyond the scope of these models.
The excitation system modeling methods and standard models may also be used for
studies of other dynamical problems regarding synchronous machines, for example, studies of
out-of-step operation, sub-synchronous resonance or shaft torsional effects. However, the
models shall then be checked to determine their suitability for that purpose.
The general functional block diagram in Figure 1 indicates the various excitation system
components which have to be considered in the power system stability studies. These
components include:
Voltage control elements;
Limiters;
Power system stabilizer (if used);
Exciter.
The main distinctive feature of an exciting power unit is the manner in which the
exciting power is supplied and converted.

III
Figure 1 General Functional Block Diagram of Excitation Systems (within the dotted block) for
Synchronous Machines

IV
 Excitation Systems for Synchronous MachinesModels for
Power System Studies

1 Scope

The excitation system simulation block diagram and the corresponding mathematical
models, as well as the terms and definitions of parameters and variables included thereinto
specified in this part of GB/T 7409 apply to the power system stability studies.

2 Normative References

The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this part of GB/T
7409, constitute provisions o this part. For dated reference, subsequent amendments to
(excluding correction to), or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, the
parties whose enter into agreement according to these specifications are encouraged to
research whether the latest editions of these labels are applied or not. For undated references,
the latest editions of the normative documents are applicable to this part.
GB/T 7409.1-2008 ""Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines-Definitions" [IEC
60034-16-1: 1991; MOD]

3 Exciter Categories: Graphical Representation and Mathematical

Models for Stability Studies

3.1 DC Exciter

Although not frequently used on new machines in recent years, DC exciters are
considered because many synchronous machines presently in service are equipped with this
type of exciter. Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of the type with one separately
excited field winding and Figure 3 shows the corresponding model of this exciter. The term
KE has been introduced in model to account for the characteristics of exciters having
self-excitation. Note: KE=1 in case of separately-excited exciters.

1
 Synchronous machine

Feedback for stabilizing of the control

(Where used)

DC exciter with field winding

Input of excitation control

Figure 2 Exciter of DC Exciter with One Separately-excited Winding

Figure 3 Model Corresponding to Figure 2

Excitation control adopts with mechanical, electromagnetic and electronic control

devices.
Considering the winding percentage and importance of units equipped with DC exciters,
the simple model of Figure 3 shall prove adequate for these cases.

3.2 AC Exciter

AC exciters employ an AC exciter with static or rotating rectifier to produce the field
current for the synchronous machines. The rectifiers may be controlled or uncontrolled. In
case of uncontrolled rectifiers, control is effected via one or one field windings of the AC
exciter.
It is essential to know the source of supply for the AC exciter field current in order to
simulate this exciter. This power supply may be an auxiliary exciter or a potential or
compound static power supply.
Figure 4 shows the graphical representation of an AC exciter with an uncontrolled
stationary rectifier. The stationary rectifier is fed from the AC exciter and delivers DC current
to the field winding of the synchronous generator via electrical brushes and slip-rings. The
connection of the rotating field winding of the exciter to the excitation control equipment is

2
also made by slip-rings and electrical brushes.
Figure 5 shows the graphical representation of an AC exciter (brushless exciter) with an
uncontrolled rotating rectifier and permanent magnet auxiliary exciter for supply of the
excitation control equipment. The rectifier rotates on a shaft common to the synchronous
machine and the rotating armature of AC exciter. The output of rotating rectifier id connected
without slip-rings or electrical brushes directly to the field winding of the synchronous
machine.

Synchronous machine

Feedback for stabilizing of the control

AC exciter

Input for excitation control

Figure 4 AC Exciter with Uncontrolled Stationary Rectifier

Synchronous machine

Rotating rectifier

AC exciter

Input for excitation control

Permanent magnet auxiliary exciter

for supply of the excitation control equipment

Figure 5 Rotating Exciter with Uncontrolled Rotating Rectifier (Brushless Exciter)

The AC exciter can be modeled as shown in Figure 6. This model is used to account for
both the steady-state and transient exciter loading effects (In certain cases, an even detailed
model may be used to take in account the effects of transient loads).Depending on the data
completeness of exciter, a model for exciter not representing the phase inversion function may

3
be made, where XE is zero.
A simplified model for AC exciter is shown in Figure 7. Although it accounts only for
the steady-state load effects by use of load saturation curve, it may be adequate for most
studies. The use of the simplified model may also be indicated where complete data are not
complete data are not available.

Figure 6 Detailed Model of an AC Exciter

Figure 7 Simplified Model of an AC Exciter

3.3 Potential Source Static Exciter

Potential source static exciters use rectifier transformers which can be supplied from an
auxiliary generator mounted on the same shaft as the synchronous machine, from an auxiliary
bus bar not independent on the main generator voltage or from the synchronous machine
terminal voltage. The latter is called a self-shunt static exciter and the voltage variations of
this self-shunt static excitation system shall be taken into account for the performance and
modeling. Figure 8 shows the potential source static exciter. The mathematical models of
potential source static exciter may be represented as Figure 9 or Figure 10.

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 Synchronous machine Rectifier transformer

Controlled rectifier

Alternatives

Figure 8 Potential Source Static Exciter

The controlled rectifying device adopts fully controlled bridge or may also adopts the
semi-controlled bridge with a half thyristor and a half diode. The output voltage is limited
frequently by controlling the triggering corner, which is expressed with UP + and UP- . The
route of semi-controlled bridge can not be inversed, and the value of UP- is equal to zero.
The most commonly-used controlled rectification bridge only allows the passage of field
current in positive direction. When the disturbance at ends of synchronous machine causes
negative field current, the mathematical model in Figure 9 thereby will be invalid, in this case,
the voltage of the synchronous machine field winding will be no longer controlled by the
regulator but depends on other factors, this is beyond this part.

Figure 9 Model of Potential Source Exciter (I)

Figure 10 Model of Potential Source Exciter (II)

Only in particular cases where the equipment is required to allow the passage of positive
and negative field current, the mathematical model shown in Figure 9 will be valid.

5
3.4 Compound Source Static Exciter

Compound source static exciters use rectifier transformers supplied from both current
and voltage sources (from synchronous machines). There are a number of designs possibilities,
including: current source and voltage source are of parallel connection at the DC side, in
series at the DC side, of parallel connection at the AC side and in series at the AC side, and
others. The compound source static exciters are rarely used, and those in series at the AC side
is illustrated only.
Figure 11 illustrates the concept of addition of voltage from two sources in series on the
DC side of the rectifier. The reactors with air space will convert the current source into
voltage source, or the current source transformers with air space may be used to directly
convert the current source into voltage source. The corresponding model of which is given in
Figure 12.
Current source transformers

Reactors

Synchronous machine Rectifiers

Current source transformers

Figure 11 Compound Source Static Exciter with Addition of Voltages in Series on the AC Side

Figure 12 Model Corresponding to Figure 11

3.5 Mathematical Models for the Control Function

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 A considerable part of the effort required to prepare large scale system stability studies is
in collecting and determining date for the mathematical model related to this system study.
The use of simplified mathematical models to reduce this effort may be restricted sometimes.
For example, the use of simplified model will bring many difficulties when studies extend
beyond the first rotor angle swing as the determination of the power system stability of
modern power grid generally requires the simulation to be continued for many seconds and
many swing oscillations. Thus simplification will be ruled out in some instances.
3.5.1 Models for voltage measurement and load current compensation units
Generally, modeling of generator terminal voltage sending is common to all voltage
regulators. Figure 13 shows voltage sensing combined with load current compensation on the
AC side. In this case the input variables (generator voltage and current) are entered in phasor
form and the resulting signal is then rectified. Load current compensation is normally used in
one of the following forms:

Figure 13 Terminal Voltage Signal and Load Current Compensation

When units are paralleled with no impedance between them, the current
compensation is used to create an artificial coupling impedance so that the units will
share reactive power reasonably. For this case, Xc shall have a positive value.
When a single unit is connected through a significant impedance to the system, or
when two or more units are connected through individual transformers, it may be
desirable to regulate voltage at a point beyond the machine terminals. For example,
it may be desirable to compensate for a portion of the transformer impedance. For
these cases, Rc and Xc take on negative values.
In most cases of load current compensation, the Rc component is negligible and only a
value of Xc is required. In this case, it is sufficient to reduce the load current influence to the
reactive component, the element with this reducing function is designated as reactive current
compensator.
When compensator is not employed, only the filter for the rectified terminal voltage
remains in Figure 13. While the filtering link may be complex, for modeling purposes, it can
usually be reduced to the single time constant. For many systems, this time constant is rather
small and provision shall be made set it to zero
The terminal voltage after adding load compensator influence and filtering is compared
with a reference which represents the desired terminal voltage setting value. The equivalent
voltage regulator reference signal, UREF, is chosen to satisfy the initial operating conditions.
When compensator is sued, it has to be noted that it may add positive or negative
damping in case of power oscillations.
3.5.2 Models for regulation link
The regulation link of excitation control realizes the field adjustment and stable control
functions. Generally, the regulation link includes the following several forms: serial PID

7
regulation link, parallel PID regulation link, transient feedback regulation link and exciter
time constant compensation link. Moreover, several types of regulation links may be
combined.
a) Serial PID regulation link
Model for the serial PID regulation link is given in Figure 14. This regulation link is
composed of two stages of lead-lag links when Kv is set to be 1.The regulation link has pure
integrating element and realizes isochronous control when Kv is set to be zero.

Figure 14 Serial PID Regulation Link

b) Parallel PID regulation link
Model for the parallel PID regulation link is given in Figure 15.

Figure 15 Parallel PID Regulation Link

c) Transient feedback regulation link
Model for the transient feedback regulation link is given in Figure 16. The input signal of
transient feedback link is the output Ur of regulator in the static excitation system and may be
the current signal Uie of exciter field in the exciter excitation system, or the voltage Uf of
generator field. The output signal of the transient feedback link is added to the addition point
of voltage or the output of PID regulation link.

Or

8
 Figure 16 Transient Feedback Regulation Link
d) Exciter time constant compensation link
The exciter time constant compensation link is used to reduce the equivalent time
constant of exciter. The input signal of this link is the generator field voltage signal or exciter
field current signal, and is fed back to the output of PID regulation link, as shown in Figure
17.

or

Figure 17 Exciter Time Constant Compensation Link

3.5.3 Limitation
Attentions shall be paid to separate the wind-up limitation and non-wind-up
limitation. Representations of wind-up limitation and non-wind-up limitation are given in
Appendix D.
3.5.4 Models for power system stabilizers
Generally, the input signals of power system stabilizer include the generator active power,
frequency of machine terminal voltage, generator speed or their combination. The power
system stabilizer may be used to operating conditions of generator and motor, however, the
parameters shall be calibrated respectively.
Generally, the output signals of power system stabilizer are superposed to the voltage
addition point of voltage regulator. The output quantity of power system stabilizer superposed
to the voltage addition point has the same reference value as the generator voltage. The
reference value of the output quantity of power system stabilizer superposed to other points is
the reference value of that superposed to the voltage addition point multiplied by the dynamic
gain from the voltage addition point to the delivery phase addition point of power system
stabilizer under the oscillation frequency requiring key suppression. The input quantity of
power system stabilizer has the same reference value as generator.
a) Model for single input signal power system stabilizerPSS1 Type
PSSl type model for single input signal power system stabilizer comprises signal
measuring link, two-stage separate straight link, shaft torsional oscillation filter, three-stage
lead-lag link, gain adjustment link and output limitation link, as shown in Figure 18.The Input
signal may be generator active power machine terminal voltage frequency or generator speed.

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 Figure 18 Model for Single Input Signal Power System StabilizerPSS1 Type
b) Model for combined accelerating power system stabilizerPSS2 Type
PSS2 type model for combined accelerating power system stabilizer is given in Figure
19.PSS2 type models use generator speed (or frequency) and active power as the input signals
US11 and US12, the mechanical power variation sign is gained via calculation, this sign is
subduced by the active power variation sign is the accelerating power variation sign which is
input into the lead-lag link, gain adjustment link and limitation link as the power system
stabilizer correction signal.

Figure 19 Model for Combined Accelerating Power System StabilizerPSS2 Type

c) Model for double input signal power system stabilizerPSS3 Type
PSS3 type model for double input signal power system stabilizer comprises signal
measuring link, two-stage separate straight link, three-stage lead-lag link and output limitation
link, as shown in Figure 20.Generally, the generator active power and frequency are used as
the input signals and in such cases the torsional oscillation suppression link may not be
considered.

Figure 20 Model for Double Input Signal Power System Stabilizer--PSS3 Type
3.5.5 Action mode of limiter and power system stabilizer on voltage regulator
Limiters include underexcitation limiter, overexcitation limiter, overexcitation instant
limiter, stator current limiter and V/Hz limiter, etc.
The mode of limiter acting on the voltage regulator may adopt the superposition mode or
comparison gate mode. When adopting superpositon mode, the voltage regulation is still
effective after the limitation action. When adopting the comparison gate mode, the voltage
regulation is interrupted after the limitation and the closed-loop control of the limited quantity
is realized.

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 The limiter and power system stabilizer can act on voltage regulator in two modes: the
power system stabilizer is off line and on line after limitation. Combining with specific power
grid, different action modes have different influences on the stability of small disturbance,
and the relevant parameters are to be regulated sometimes.
Figure 21 shows the general modes of underexcitation limiter, overexcitation Instant
limiter and power system stabilizer acting on the voltage regulator.
The stability calculation model of Leakage system may be selected with action point and
action mode according to the realistic model or the equivalent modes.

Lowest
Voltage Highest value value
Highest value
regulation link selection gate selection or
selection gate
gate

or

Figure 21 General Modes of Limiters and Power System Stabilizers Acting on the Voltage Regulator

3.6 Model of Excitation System

The excitation system models listed in this part apply to many generator excited systems
presently operated in China power Grid and meeting the standard requirements, and also
include many models used in the electric power system stability studies in China. Limiters
will be set for the models according to 3.5.5 if necessary. If the offered models can not meet
the application, new and practical excitation system models shall be established.
Links of the excitation system models given in this part are not required being wholly
used. If a portion of links is not used, they will not act by setting the parameter being equal to
the specified value of model.
3.6.1 Model of AC exciter excitation system
This kind of excitation systems produces the direct current for generator field via AC
exciter and stationary rectifier or rotating rectifier. The models account for the
demagnetization of generator field current on the AC exciter and the phase inversion and
voltagedrop functions of rectifier.
a) EXl models of AC exciter excitation system
EXl models as shown in Figure 22 represent the uncontrolled rectifier AC exciter
excitation system with excitation regulator supplied by the auxiliary exciter.
EXl models include serial PID regulation and transient feedback regulation,
overexictation transient limitation and maximum output voltage limitation for excitation
system. They are divided into A type and B Type according to the sources of feedback signals.
A type models apply to the brushless excitation system and B type models apply to the
excitation systems with or without brushes. COMP is of the comparison gate link.

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 EX1-A type: U1N1 and U1N2 are Uie. EX1-B type: U1N1 is If and U1N2 is Uie

Figure 22 EX1-A and EX1-B Models of AC Exciter Excitation System

b) EX2 models of AC exciter excitation system
EX2 models as shown in Figure 22 represent the uncontrolled rectifier AC exciter
excitation system with excitation regulator supplied by the terminal transformer of generator.
They are divided into A Type and B Type according to the sources of feedback signals. A type
models apply to the brushless excitation system and B type models apply to the excitation
systems with or without brushes. The only difference with EX1 models is that the regulator
output is subject to the influence of generator voltage. The output voltage limit value of
excitation regulator is proportional to the terminal voltage of generator, which is UtUrmax and
UtUrmin. Other parts of the EX2 models are same as EXl type.

EX2-A type: U1N1 and U1N2 are Uie. EX2-B type: U1N1 is If and U1N2 is Uie

Figure 23 EX2-A and EX2-B Models of AC Exciter Excitation System

c) EX3 models of AC exciter excitation system
EX3 models are different from EXl models by that they adopt parallel PID, and the other
parts are same as EXl models. EX3 models of AC exciter excitation system are as shown in
Figure 24.

EX3-A type: U1N1 and U1N2 are Uie. EX3-B type: U1N1 is If and U1N2 is Uie
Figure 24 EX3-A and EX3-B Models of AC Exciter Excitation System
d) EX4 models of AC exciter excitation system

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 EX4 models are different from EX3 type by that the field power supply is related to the
generator voltage. EX4 models of AC exciter excitation system are as shown in Figure 25.

EX4-A type: U1N1 and U1N2 are Uie. EX4-B type: U1N1 is If and U1N2 is Uie
Figure 25 EX4-A and EX4-B Models of AC Exciter Excitation System
e) EX4 models of AC exciter excitation system
EX5 models as shown in Figure 26 represent the AC exciter excitation system of
controlled rectifier and also may represent other steady controlled rectifier excitation systems
with controlled rectifiers supplied by power source. This system has no auxiliary exciter and
normally employs AC exciter self-excitation constant-voltage system.
EX5 models have serial PID regulation and transient negative feedback regulation with
input from regulator output.

Figure 26 EX5 Models of Excitation System

f) EX6 models of AC exciter excitation system
EX6 models are different from EX5 models by that they adopt parallel PID, and the
other parts are same as EX5 models. EX6 models of AC exciter excitation system are as
shown in Figure 27.

Figure 27 EX6 Models of Excitation System

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3.6.2 Models of DC exciter excitation system
Models of DC exciter excitation system are those EX1~EX4 models of AC exciter
excitation system of uncontrolled rectifier, the KC and KD values are set to be zero commonly,
but KD shall be determined according to the noload characteristics and load characteristics of
DC exciter when these two kinds of characteristics are with significant differences.
3.6.3 Models of static excitation system
a) STl models of static excitation system
STl models of excitation system as shown in Figure 28 represent the potential source
static exciter systems. Potential source static exciter systems obtain excitation source from the
generator terminal via exciting transformer and output excitation voltage via controlled
rectifier. Output voltage of regulator also is the field voltage of generator. The output voltage
limit is proportional to the generator voltage, which is UtUrmax and UtUrmin. The models have
the transient limitation for overexictation current.
ST1 models have serial PID regulation and transient negative feedback regulation with
input from regulator output.

Figure 28 STl Models of Static Excitation System

b) ST2 models of static excitation system
Figure 29 shows a ST2 model of static excitation system. ST2 models are different from
ST1 type by that they adopt constant excitation source, and the other parts are same as STl
type.

Figure 29 ST2 Models of Static Excitation System

c) ST3 models of static excitation system
Figure 30 shows a ST3 model of static excitation system. ST3 models are different from
STl type by that they adopt parallel PID regulation, and the other parts are same as STl type.

14
 Figure 30 ST3 Models of Static Excitation System.
d) ST4 models of static excitation system
Figure 31 shows as ST4 model of static excitation system. ST4 models are different from
ST3 type by that they adopt constant excitation source, and the other parts are same as ST3
type.

Figure 31 ST4 Models of Static Excitation System

e) ST5 models of static excitation system
Figure 32 shows a ST3 model of static excitation system. ST5 models have excitation
voltage feedback and transient overexictation limitation.

Figure 32 ST5 Models of Static Excitation System with Excitation Voltage Feedback

4 Nomenclature

15
4.1 Parameters

TETime constant associated with rotating AC and DC exciters; time constant

associated with saturating winding of static exciter; equivalent time constant associated with
controlled thyristor bridge control
SESaturation function associated with AC and DC exciters, see Appendix C
KEConstant associated with the self-excitation field of AC and DC exciters. For
separately excited exciter, KE=1
KDDemagnetizing factor, a function of AC exciter reactance
XERectifier loading factor, proportional to commutating reactance of voltage source,
current source, or equivalent combined voltage and current source
FeCommutating drop factor, see Appendix B
XrCommutating reactance
KtConstant associated with current circuit input
KPConstant associated with voltage circuit input
Ufmax, UfminMaximum and minimum output voltage of excitation system
Utmax, UtminMaximum and minimum output of regulator
UP+, UP-Maximum and minimum unloaded output voltage of potential source
exciter with rated generator voltage
KGFeedback gain of the inner loop field regulator
TRTime constants associated with the terminal voltage transducer and load current
compensator
XPRectifier loading factor of potential source converters
KA, KA1, KFF, KV, KAP, KAD, KAI, KB, KBP, KBI, KF, KHGain constants associated
with voltage regulator.
TB1, TB2, TC1, TC2, TA, TB, TF, TAD, TGTime constants associated with voltage
regulator.
XC, RCGain constants associated with current and power compensators.
UAmax, UAmin, UAlmax, UAlmin, UBmax, UBmin, UDmax, UDmin, UImax, UIminMaximum and
minimum limits associated with voltage regulator.
KL1Gain of transient limit of overexictation.
ULIRTransient overexictation setting value.
KS, KS1, KS2, KS3Gain of power system stabilizers.
TS1, TS2Time constants associated with the signal measuring link of power system
stabilizers.
TW1, TW2, TW3, TW4Time constants associated with the separate straight link of
power system stabilizers.
TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6, TP7, TP10, TP11Time constants associated with power
system stabilizers.
A1, A2, M, N, TP8, TP9Parameters of the filter of power system stabilizer.
USSmax, USSminLimits of output of power system stabilizer.
US11max, US11min, US12max, US12minLimits of input of power system stabilizer.
UfB, IfB, RfB, UefB, IefB, RefBRespectively the reference values of the generator field
voltage, field current and field winding resistance as well as the reference values of the

16
exciter field voltage, field current and field winding resistance.

4.2 Variables

UrOutput of regulator.
UfGenerator field voltage, output of excitation system (in per unit of generator air
gap field voltage).
IfGenerator field current (in per unit of generator air gap field current).

U t , UtPhasor and scalar values of generator terminal voltage (in per unit of rated
value).

I t , ItPhasor and scalar values of generator stator current (in per unit of rated value).
IefExciter field current.
UeExciter voltage behind commutating reactance (in per unit of generator air gap
field voltage).
UREFVoltage regulator reference (determined to satisfy the initial conditions).
USSPower system stabilizer output.
UERRError signal of the voltage control channel.
UieSignal proportional to the exciter field current.
UCVoltage measurement and compensator output.
UAOutput of voltage regulation link.
US11, US12Power system stabilizer input signal.
UUELLimited underexcitation output.

17
 Appendix A

(Normative)

Per Unit System

Voltage and currents of generator and exciter in the power system studies are represented
by per unit values of the input and output quantities of regulator.
a) The per unit value is equal to the actual value divided by the reference value.
b) The reference generator voltage value is the rated generator voltage, the reference
generator current value is the rated generator current, the reference generator power
value is the rated generator apparent power and the reference generator frequency
value is the rated generator frequency.
c) The reference generator field current value IfB is the field current required for
producing rated voltage on the noload characteristic air gap line of generator, the
reference generator field winding resistance value RfB is the rated generator field
voltage divided by the rated generator field current, in some cases the influence loop
resistance shall be taken into account, and the reference generator field voltage
value UfB is the reference field current value multiplied by the reference field
winding resistance value.
d) The reference exciter output current and voltage values respectively take the
reference generator field current and voltage values.
e) The reference exciter field current value IefB is the exciter field current value
required for producing one per unit of generator field voltage on the noload
characteristic air gap line of exciter, the reference exciter field winding resistance
value RefB is the resistance of excitation circuit under the rated generator conditions,
the reference exciter field voltage UefB is the reference exciter field current
multiplied by the reference exciter field winding resistance.
f) The reference input voltage, current and power of regulator are equal those of the
generator. When controlling the generator field voltage, the reference regulator
output voltage is equal to the reference generator field voltage; when controlling the
exciter field voltage, the reference regulator output voltage is equal to the reference
exciter field voltage.

18
 Appendix B

(Normative)

Rectifier Regulation Characteristics

All AC supplies which supply rectifier circuits have internal impedance which is
predominantly inductive. The effect of this impedance alters the process of commutation and
causes a very non-linear decrease in rectifier average output voltage as the rectifier load
current increases. The three-phase full wave bridge circuits commonly employed have three
distinct modes of operation. The equations characterizing these three modes are determined
by the rectifier load current.
Figure B.1 shows the load voltage versus load current characteristic curve and the
corresponding equations. The rectifier loading factor of AC exciter is XE.

Mode 1
Slope

Mode 2

Slope

Mode 3

If then

then
If
then
If

Figure B.1 Rectifier Regulation Characteristics and Corresponding Equations

For small values of XE, only mode 1 operation need be modeled, as shown by the model
of Figure 9.The rectifier loading factor of static exciter using three-phase fully controlled
bridge rectifier, as shown by the models of Figure 9 and Figure 10, is XP.
3X r I f B
XP
U fB

19
 Appendix C

(Normative)

Saturation Function

The exciter saturation function Se reflects the increase in exciter excitation requirements
due to saturation. At a given exciter output voltage, the quantities A, B and C are defined as
the exciter excitation required to produce that output voltage on the constant-resistance-load
saturation curve, on the air gap line, and on the no-load saturation curve respectively (Figure
C.1).
For AC exciters, when the load-independent effects are not separately modeled (model in
Figure 7), and for DC exciter (model in Figure 3):
A-B
SE
B
For AC exciter, when the load independent effects of synchronous reactance and
commutation reactance are separately modeled (model in Figure 6):
C-B
SE
B
In general, the saturation function can be defined adequately by two points, usually
chosen at 1.0 times and 0.75 times the ceiling value of the exciter output voltage.
Exciter output voltage (pu)

Air gap line

No-load saturation

Constant resistance load saturation

Exciter field current (pu)

Figure C.1 Exciter Saturation Characteristic

20
 Appendix D

(Normative)

Representation of Limits

In control circuit and exciter modeling, two sorts of limits must be considered. The
"wind-up" limitation allows the output Y to go beyond the limits, but allows the quantity X to
change only inside the limits (Figure D.1).The "non-wind-up" limitation (Figure D.2) does
not allow the limited quantity Y to go beyond the limits, which in the hardware may require
some form of feedback. The mathematical description of the non-wind-up limitation given in
Figure D.2 does not apply for the delay function shown.
If the non-wind-up limitation is applied to more complex functions, the full
not-simplified representation depends on the function.

Figure D.1 Wind-up Limiter

Figure D.2 Non-wind-up Limiter

21
 Appendix E

(Informative)

Comparison Between Clauses of This Part and IEC 60034-16-2:

1991-02 By Numbers

Table E.1 gives the summary list of the comparison between the clauses of this parts and
IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02 by numbers.
Table E.1 Comparison Between Clauses of This Part and IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02 By Numbers
Clause number of this part Number of corresponding clause of international standard

1 1

3 2

3.1 2.1

3.2 2.2

3.3 2.3

3.4 2.4

3.5 2.5

3.5.1 Paragraphs 7~11 and paragraph 13~14 in 2.5

3.5.2

3.5.3

3.5.4

3.5.5

3.6

3.6.1

3.6.2

3.6.3

4 3

4.1 3.1

4.2 3.2

Appendix A Appendix A

Appendix B Appendix B

Appendix C Appendix C

Appendix D Appendix D

Appendix E

Appendix F

22
 Appendix F

(Informative)

Technical Differences of This Part over IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02 and

the Reasons

Table F.1 gives the technical differences of this part over IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02 and
the relevant reasons.
Table F.1 Technical Differences of This Part over IEC 60034-16-2: 1991-02 and the Reasons
Clause number
Technical difference Reason
of this part

"Analysis of out-of-step operation, of sub-synchronous resonance or

of shaft torsional effects is beyond the scope of these models" is
replace by "for example, studies of out-of-step operation,
Introduction Adopting IEEE Std .421.5 standard
sub-synchronous resonance or shaft torsional effects. However, the
models shall then be checked to determine their suitability for that
purpose".

"Excitation source and excitation power converter" is replaced by

Figure 1 In accordance with GB/T 7409.1
"exciter"

"Definitions for terms used are given in IEC 60034-16-1" is included

Changed in the format of China
1 in Chapter 2 "Normative References" and is replaced by "GB/T
national standards
7409.1-2008".

"Several forms of excitation control are in use" is replaced by

Quantity of DC exciter is reduced
3.1 "Excitation control adopts with mechanical, electromagnetic and
and control mode is modified
electronic control devices"

"Depending on the data completeness of exciter, a model for exciter

3.2, Paragraph 5 not representing the phase inversion function may be made, where Practical application requirement
XE is zero" is added

Definitions of excitation system and

3.3 static exciter Replace "excitation system" with "exciter" exciter are confused in the original
text

Simplified model is of no
Figure 9 Delete the "simplified model of potential source excitation system"
serviceability

In accordance with the definition of

Figure 9 Replace Ut/UtN with Ut
Article 3

Model commonly used in power

Figure 10 Add Figure 10 "model of IEEE static exciter"
system analysis program

Replace the narration on parallel on the DC side, serial on the DC Adopt the model of presently
3.4 side, parallel compound source on the AC side of the original text, operated serial compound source on
modify the narration on the serial compound source on the AC side the AC side in China

Figure 11, Replace the original figures 11~15. Adopt the model of presently

23
 Figure 12 operated serial compound source on
the AC side in China

Former
Deleted. Correspondingly delete the original Figure 16, Figure 17 Representation with concrete
paragraphs 2, 3,
and Figure1 8 models
4, 5 and 6 in 3.5

Provide the model of voltage

3.5.1 Added measurement and current
compensation unit

Represent with a kind of models as

shown in Figure 13 by combining
Delete the original Figure 20 and Figure 21 as well as the relevant
3.5.1 with the actual voltage
contents
measurement and current
compensation unit in China

Obtain the power with voltage and

Figure 14 Namely the original Figure 21. Replace Ut with Ut current phasor

3.5.2 Added Provide the regulation link

Provide the limitation link and

3.5.3 Added
corresponding to Appendix D

3.5.4 Added Provide the power system stabilizer

Specify the mode of the restrainer

3.5.5 Added and power system stabilizer to act
on voltage regulator

Added. Delete the former Appendix E "examples of building Specify the concrete excitation
3.6
computer models for specialized excitation systems" system models

Specify the models of AC exciter

3.6.1 Added
excitation system

Specify the models of DC exciter

3.6.2 Added
excitation system

Specify the models of potential

3.6.3 Added
source static excitation system

Delete KM, TM, XL, UBmax, UGmax, UGmin, KR, K1, K2, K3, K4, T2, TF1,
TF2, TR1, TR2, TR3, , ', , '.
Add Xr, Ufmin, KA1, KFF, KV, KAP, KAD, KAI, KB, KBP, KBI, KH, TF, TB, Code numbers of the deleted parts
TAD, TG, XC, RC, UAmax, UAmin, UA1max, UAlmin, UBmax, UBmin, UDmax, also shall be deleted. Code numbers
4.1
UDmin, UImax, UImax, KL1, UL1R, Ks, KS1, KS2, KS3, TS1, TS2, Twl, Tw2, TW3, of the newly added parts shall be
TW4, TPl, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP6, TP7, TP10, TP11, Al, A2, M, N, TP8, TP9, added
USSmax, USSmin, US11max, US11min, US12max, US12min, UfB, IfB, RfB, UefB, IefB,
RefB

Code numbers of the deleted parts

also shall be deleted. Code numbers
4.2 Delete UB. Add Ief, UC, UA, US11, US12, UUEL.
of the newly added parts shall be
added

Replace the explanation of Uie with "Signal proportional to the

4.2 Uie Adopt IEEE definition
exciter field current"

24
 Define the per unit values of input
Appendix A Replace the former Appendix A and output variables of generator,
exciter and regulator

Appendix B Add the equations of XE and XP Describe completely

Delete "The PI-regulator of Figure 16, for example, in effect has

non-wind-up limitation, as shows the regulator symbol in same
Appendix D, Represent not using the original
figure. In the detailed model, the non-wind-up limitation results from
Paragraph 2 Figure 16
wind-up limitation in the proportional part of the forward path with
gain KR and feedback around this component"

Add "Comparison Between Clauses of This Part and IEC

Appendix E As required by GB/T 20000.2-2001
60034-16-2: 1991-02 By Numbers"

Add "Technical Differences of This Part over IEC 60034-16-2:

Appendix F As required by GB/T 20000.2-2001
1991-02 and the Reasons"

25