Intro (PLS REWORD THANK YOU):

The equation below gives us the probability of heads per flip of coins

= (0.5 ( )) + (1 ( ))
20 20

Where X is the number of unbiased chips and Y is the number of biased chips.

To get the number of unbiased chips from the equation we use the relation that X+Y = 20 and using the
systems of two equations with two unknowns we get:

= 40 40

Results and Discussion:

The data can be interpreted in two ways. For the first interpretation as seen in the first table, given N
number of biased chips, the average number of heads up chips per flip was obtained. Theoretically the
average per flip when N = 0, 5, 10, 15 is 10, 12.5, 15 and 17.5 respectively. By getting the mean of the
100 trials done by the experimenters results show that the average is 10.64, 13.29, 14.86, and 17.5
respectively. The percent difference was low at around 6.4%, 6.32%, 0.9333%, and 0% respectively. It is
seen that as the number of biased chips increase the percent difference decrease. This is due to the
biased chips having a probability of 1 therefore lessening the ones that have the 0.5 probability making
less room for errors to arise.

For the second interpretation of the data, as seen in Table 2, given the mean of the data the number of
biased and biased chips was obtained from the systems of equation discussed in the introduction. The
number of biased chips obtained from the experiment was 1.28, 6.58, 9.72 and 15 for N = 0, 5, 10, and
15 respectively. This method showed a higher percent difference but showed the same trend as well.
The percent difference for N = 0 cannot be obtained because the real value is zero. For N = 5, 10 and 15
the percent differences were 31.6%, 2.8% and 0% respectively.

The histogram was shown below in Figures 1 to 4. These data show the number of times that a certain
number of heads appeared. Figure 5 shows the compiled normalized version of the histograms.
Tables and figures:

Table 1. Statistical results of the probabilities per case (N = 0, 5, 10, and 15)
Unbiased Probability 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Biased Probability 1 1 1 1
Number of flips 100 100 100 100
Biased 0 5 10 15
Unbiased 20 15 10 5

Probability of getting heads 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875

Probability of getting heads for 20 chips 10 12.5 15 17.5
Probability of getting heads for 100 flips for 20 coins 1000 1250 1500 1750
total 1064 1329 1486 1750
mean 10.64 13.29 14.86 17.5
Percent difference 6.4 6.32 0.9333 0

Table 2. Number of chips obtained from the mean of the data

Total Number of flips 1064 1329 1486 1750
Number of heads per flip 10.64 13.29 14.86 17.5
probability 0.532 0.6645 0.743 0.875
Number of unbiased chips
(from the equation) 18.72 13.42 10.28 5
Number of biased chips
(from the equation) 1.28 6.58 9.72 15
Actual number of biased
chips 0 5 10 15
Percent Difference #DIV/0! 31.6 -2.8 0
 Normalized Graph
2.5
Number of times X happened

1.5
(Normalized)

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Number of face up black chips

N=0 N=5 N = 10 N = 15

Figure 5. Compiled Normalized

Histogram
 N = 0 (control) N=5
19 23
18 22
21
Number of times X happened

Number of times X happened

17 20
16 19
15 18
14 17
13 16
12 15
11 14
13
10 12
9 11
8 10
7 9
6 8
7
5 6
4 5
3 4
2 3
1 2
1
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Number of face up black chips Number of face up black chips

Figure 1.Number of appearances vs Figure 2. Number of appearances vs

Number of face up chips Histogram Number of face up chips Histogram
of the experiment with N = 0 of the experiment with N = 5

N = 10 N = 15
31
30 37
36
29 35
34
28
Number of times X happened

Number of times X happened

27 33
32
26
25 31
30
24 29
28
23
22 27
21 26
25
20 24
23
19
18 22
17 21
20
16
15 19
18
14 17
16
13
12 15
11 14
13
10
9 12
11
8 10
9
7
6 8
5 7
6
4 5
4
3
2 3
1 2
1
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Number of face up black chips Number of face up black chips

Figure 3. Number of appearances vs Figure 4. Number of appearances vs

Number of face up chips Histogram Number of face up chips Histogram
of the experiment with N = 10 of the experiment with N = 15