Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and

World Languages

Faculty of Translation and Philology

The place of philology in the system of sciences

Dune by: 1st year student,

118 group, Aibat Anar
Checked: Suleimenova A. B.
 Tutorial 1
The place of philology in the system of sciences

1. What is philology?

Philology
It is a science that Analyzes their In details grasp Collects the
Studies the spirituality writing the characteristics acquired
of different peoples of a language knowledge
into a single
whole

The term "philology" derived from the Greek terms philos, meaning love or
affinity, and logos, a word with no single equivalent in English, but which means
such things as "argument", "articulation", "logic", "reason", and "word". In modern
usage, the term "philology" is most accurately defined as "an affinity toward the
learning of the backgrounds as well as the current usages of spoken or written
methods of human communication". The commonality of studied languages is more
important than their origin or age (that is, their etymology), though those factors are
important as well. In a sense, to understand a language, philology seeks to
understand the origins of that language, and so it is often defined as "the study of
ancient texts and languages", although this is a rather narrow view and is not
entirely accurate.
In the academic traditions of several nations, a wide sense of the term
"philology" describes the study of a language together with its literature and the
historical and cultural contexts that are indispensable for an understanding of the
literary works and other culturally significant texts. Philology thus comprises the
study of the grammar, rhetoric, history, interpretation of authors, and critical
traditions associated with a given language. In its more restricted sense of "historical
linguistics", philology was one of the 19th century's first scientific approaches to
human language but gave way to the modern science of linguistics in the early 20th
century due to the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure, who argued that spoken
language should have primacy. Philology corn mends the ability to recognize the
words of one language from the roots of another, by recognition of common
(shared) roots and grammar.
One branch of philology is historical linguistics. Similarities between Sanskrit
and European languages were first noted in the early 18th century and led to the
discovery of Proto-Indo-European. Philology's interest in ancient languages led to
the study of what were in the 19th century "exotic" languages for the light they could
cast on problems in understanding and deciphering the origins of older texts.
Philology also includes textual criticism, which tries to reconstruct an ancient
author's original text based on manuscript copies. Higher criticism is the study of the
authorship, date, and provenance of texts.
Classical philology is the philology of Greek and Classical Latin. Classical
philology is historically primary, originating in European Renaissance Humanism,
but was soon joined by philologies of other languages both European (Germanic,
Celtic, Slavistics, etc.) and non-European (Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Chinese, etc.).
Indo-European studies involves the comparative philology of all Indo-European
languages.
Any classical language can be studied philologically, and indeed describing a
language as "classical" is to imply the existence of a philological tradition associated
with it.
Because of its focus on historical development (diachronic analysis), philology
came to be used as a term contrasting with linguistics. This is due to a 20th-century
development triggered by Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of
synchronic analysis, and the later emergence of structuralism and Chomskyan
linguistics with its emphasis on syntax.
The term philology is derived from the Greek (philologia), from the
terms (philos), meaning "love, affection, loved, beloved, dear, friend" and
(logos), meaning "word, articulation, reason", describing a love of learning, of
literature as well as of argument and reasoning, reflecting the range of activities
included under the notion of . The term changed little with the Latin
philologia, and later entered the English language in the 16th century, from the
Middle French philologie, in the sense of "love of literature".

2. What does it study?

Philology is the study of changes over time in a particular language or language
family. (A person who conducts such studies is known as a philologist.) Now more
commonly known as historical linguistics and the study of language in written
historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics. It
is more commonly defined as the study of literary texts and written records, the
establishment of their authenticity and their original form, and the determination of
their meaning. A person who pursues this kind of study is known as a philologist.
Philology includes many subjects, and each of them is engaged in its industry.
Romano-Germanic philology, for example, is the most common in the world, as it
analyzes the Romance and Germanic languages.

In this case, the Romance languages include:

 French Italian Spanish and others

3. Name the main notions used in this sphere. Are there any differences in the
interpretation of the term philology in Western and Russian science?
There is a significant difference in the understanding of Philology in Russian and
Western traditions. In the Western sense, philology is usually reduced to the study
of the history of languages and literatures, the interpretation of written testimonies
of bygone centuries and civilizations, contrasting with synchronous linguistics.
Thus, in the Merriam-Webster explanatory dictionary, philology, on the one hand, is
defined as "the study of literature and related disciplines, as well as the use of
language in the literature," and, on the other hand, it is treated as a partial synonym
for the term "linguistics" referring to the comparative-historic linguistics, or to the
study of language as a means of creating literary works and a source of information
on the history of culture.

4. What place does it take among other sciences?

Philology as a science and pedagogical discipline in the modern world
The subject of philology as a science is not defined with sufficient clarity,
although this requires the interests of both fundamental science and pedagogical
practice. It is obvious that the reduction of the subject of philology to the "Union
of Linguistics and Literary Studies", as it is done in the system of disciplines
taught at the philological faculty, only confuses the matter, for each of these
disciplines has its rather limited object of study, the same philology can not be
blurred among "The totality" of other disciplines, which often have technology,
stylistics, rhetoric, poetics, paleography, and semiotics.
Indeed, philological work is carried out everywhere, where there is a need for
an accurate understanding of monuments in inaccessible languages; Thus, in the
ancient world during the Hellenistic period, the commentary work of philologists
around the texts of Homer and the tragedians unfolds; in ancient India
philological work arises from the need for an accurate understanding of the
Vedas; among medieval Arabs and Jews it develops in connection with the
interpretation of the Koran and the Bible. However, in all these cases, we are
more likely to speak of the origins of physics as a science.
In the system of knowledge, F. grows in European science during the
Renaissance, when the study of the ancient world, and a little later, and the
interpretation of the bible become a political weapon, a tool to combat the feudal
worldview. XVI-XVIII centuries. - the heyday of the classical F. in European
science (the biggest figures are Julius Caesar Scaliger, 1484-1558) and his son
Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), Robert and Henri Etienne-Stefannos (Robert
Estienne, 1503-1559, Henri Estienne, 1528-1598), Kazaubon (Isaac Casaubon,
1559-1614), Melanchthon (Philipp Melanchton, 1497-1560), Just Lipsius and
many other humanists); It coincides with the beginning of the development of
eastern France (firstly Semitology - the largest figures of the Reichlin (Iohann
Reuchlin, 1455-1522), later Buxtorf (Iohannes Buxtorf, 1564-1629, Iohanne
Buxtorf, 1599-1664), Ludolf (Hiob Ludolf, 1624- 1704) and many others). At the
same time, the growth of national self-consciousness associated with the
formation of European nations during the initial accumulation is, first of all, in
the most advanced economically European countries: Italy, Spain, France, the
Netherlands, England, much later in Germany, in the Slav countries - on the one
hand , the philological processing of national languages (the beginning of
neophilology - the work of P. Bembo (Pietro Bembo, 1470-1547), Fr. Fortunio
(Gianfrancesco Fortunio, XVI century), Lodovico Dolce (1508-1568) - in Italy;
Dubois (Jacques Dubois, 1478-1555) or Silvius, L. Me (Pierre de la Ramee,
1515-1572), Robert and Henri Etienne - in France, Antio de Nebricha - in Spain,
Dryden (J. Dryden, 1631-1700) and Johnson (Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784) - in
England, Sottelius (JG Schottelius, 1612-1676), Leibniz (GW Leibniz, 1646-
1716), Gottsheda JC Gottsched, 1700-1766) - in Germany; Lomonosov,
Trediakovsky, Sumarokov - in Russia), on the other - the growth of interest in
national antiquities and in connection with this the development of national F. - in
particular Germanic F. (major figures - F. Junius (1589-1677) - in The
Netherlands and England, Lambert Hermans ten Kate (1674-1731) in the
Netherlands, George Hickes (1642-1715) in England, etc.) and the Slavic F. (the
work of Vuk Karadzic, 1787 -1864, Dobrovsky, 1753-1829, Vostokov, 1781-
1864, the flowering of the last F., however, is already under the sign of
comparative-historical linguistics (early XIX century - active the Grimmians).
Expanding so. arr. almost to infinity, his field of study, F. XVI-XVIII
centuries. due to the lack of differentiation of most of the social sciences during
this period, appears as a complex of all historical disciplines, including elements
and histories, and ethnography, and archeology, and linguistics, and the history of
literature as a system of "knowledge aggregation" (as Hegel put it).
The development of the listed historical disciplines into independent
sciences, especially the emergence in the early nineteenth century. Comparative-
historical linguistics (see), it was natural to lead to a narrowing and a clear
restriction of the field of philological research; True, during the XVIII and XIX
centuries. there is a dispute about the scope and methods of FA itself (in the
eighteenth century, between the school of Hermann (Gottfried Hermann, 1772-
1848), which reduced F. to criticism of the text, and the "real direction", claiming
encyclopedism and represented by Wolff, and later - Bck (August Bockh, 1785-
1867)); but still F. gradually gives way to the actual linguistic research - first in
the field of new European languages, and later also in the field of Eastern and
classical languages - see Linguistics.
In the middle and the end of the XIX century. The term F. is applied to those
areas of knowledge where a complex method of work is necessary because of the
specific nature of the monuments themselves (the study of ancient and medieval
realities, myths, literatures and languages). This term is also used in Soviet
science; discarding as unscientific all claims of F. to become a discipline
fundamental to the historical sciences, revealing the purely subjective and
idealistic nature of the supposedly "specific" method of F. - hermeneutics, Soviet
science continues to critically use the genuine achievements of philological
technique - technology, analyzing and interpreting the huge material collected
 facts on the basis of special disciplines, working dialectically- materialistic
method.
On the contrary, in the West in the XX century. and especially in the postwar
period, the disintegration of the bourgeois scientific world outlook is marked by a
series of attempts to revive the encyclopaedism of France, to establish F. as a
discipline essential for the historical sciences, to defend and expand the sphere of
application of idealistic hermeneutics (compare the revival of Schleiermacher's
ideas in Dilthey (1833-1911) ) and his school, the construction of Simmel (Georg
Simmel, 1858-1918), etc.).