()

x T = ~ 2 x
p = i~
2
= x
2m
= i~
p p = pT = p2
x 2m

1)(operator )()
2)()
3) ()

3.1

1. Hilbert

Hilbert

n

= n cn n |cn |2
HilbertA

|A|
A =
|

A(1 , 2 ) = 1 |2 = 1 2 d
operator
-n (x) =

2
a sin nx
a (n = 1, 2, ...)Hilbert

i (x)j (y)k (z)r = a1i + a2j + a3k

1) Hilbert n m dx = mn
2) ()

3) (1 , 2 ) = 1 |2 = 1 2 d
Hilbert

1
 Chapter III Representations

2.

1)

(A + B) = A + B

A + B = B + A

A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

2) ABAB

AB = A(B)

AB = B A

Example: xp pxT p pT
(x)

xp = x(i~ ) = i~x
x x

px = i~ (x) = xi~ i~
x x
xp px = i~

~2 2 i~3 3
T p = (i~ ) =
2m x2 x 2m x3
~2 2 3
i~ 3
pT = i~ ( ) =
x 2m x2 2m x3
T p pT = 0

(p)

xp = i~ (p) = i~ + i~p
p p

px = p(i~ ) = i~p
p p
xp px = i~

p2 p3
T p = (p) =
2m 2m
p2 p3
pT = p( ) =
2m 2m
T p pT = 0

2
 Chapter III Representations

E t tE = i~

E = i~ t t = t

3) AnAn

An A A...A

3.2

[A, B] = AB BA

[x, p] = i~[T , p] = 0[E, t] = i~[A, B] = 0AB

[A, BC] = [A, B]C + B[A, C]

[AB, C] = A [B, C] + [A, C] B

Heisenberg
Proof: [1 , 2 ] = 0

1
(1 )(2 )
|[1 , 2 ]|
2

1 = 1 d3 x = ( )2

A = (1 1 )B = (2 2 )

(1 )2 = ( )2 = A2 = A2 d3 x

= ( A)(A)d3 x = (A) (A)d3 x A2

A2 A
(1 ) = A

(2 ) = B

[A, B] = [1 1 , 2 2 ] = [1 , 2 ]

1 1
(1 )(2 ) = AB |[1 , 2 ]| = |[A, B]|
2 2

3
 Chapter III Representations

1
A B |[A, B]|
2
Cauchy-Schwarz
|(, )|

A B |(A, B)| = | (A) (B)d3 x| = | ABd3 x|

1 1 1 1
AB = (AB + B A) + (AB B A) = [A, B]+ + [A, B]
2 2 2 2
[A, B]+ AB + B A

([A, B]+ )+ = (AB + B A)+ = B + A+ + A+ B + = AB + B A = [A, B]+

([A, B])+ = (AB B A)+ = B + A+ A+ B + = B A AB = [A, B]

[A, B]+ [A, B]

1 1
(1 )(2 ) | ( [A, B]+ + [A, B])d3 x|
2 2

()()

|a + ib| = |a|2 + |b|2

1 1
(1 )(2 ) | ( [A, B]+ + [A, B])d3 x|
2 2

1
= {| [A, B]+ d x| + | [A, B]d3 x|2 }1/2
3 2
2

1
| [A, B]d3 x|
2

1
= | [1 , 2 ]d3 x|
2

1
(1 )(2 ) |[1 , 2 ]|
2

()

Heisenberg

1 ~
(x)(p) |[x, p]| =
2 2
1 ~
(E)(t) |[E, t]| =
2 2

4
 Chapter III Representations

3.3

: H = E

p2 1 2 2 ~ 1 2 m 2
H = + m x = [( p) + ( x) ]
2m 2 2 m~ ~

~ 1 ~d 2 m 2
= [( ) +( x) ]
2 m~ dx ~

m m
= x = x =
~ ~

d d d m d d
= = =
dx d dx ~ d d

~ 1 m d 2 ~ 2 d2
H = [( ~ ) + 2] = [ 2 ]
2 m~ ~ d 2 d

1 m 1 1 d
A = ( x + i p) = ( + )
2 ~ m~ 2 d

1 m 1 1 d
A+ = ( x i p) = ( )
2 ~ m~ 2 d
1 d 1
= (A + A+ ) = (A A+ )
2 d 2

~ ~
H= [(A + A+ )2 (A A+ )2 ] = (AA+ + A+ A)
4 2

[A, A+ ] = 1

1 m 1 m 1
+
[A, A ] = [ x + i p, x i p]
2 ~ m~ ~ m~

1 m 1 1 1 m
= [ x, i p] + [i p, x]
2 ~ m~ 2 m~ ~

i m 1
= ([x, p] [p, x])
2 ~ m~

i m 1
= 2i~ 1
2 ~ m~

AA+ A+ A = 1 AA+ = A+ A + 1
~ ~
H = (2A+ A + 1) = ~ A+ A +
2 2

N = A+ A

N + = (A+ A)+ = A+ A = N

N = (, N ) = (, A+ A) = (A, A) 0

5
 Chapter III Representations

N N |n = n|n [N , A] = [A+ A, A] = A

[N , A]|n = N A|n AN |n = N A|n nA|n = A|n .

N A|n = (n 1)A|n A|n N (n 1)N

|n |n ,A|n ,A2 |n ,...N
n,n 1,n 2,...AN A+ |n = (n + 1)A|n A+ A
(n + 1A+

A+ A 0
~
E0 =
2

~ ~
xp x
2 2p
(p)2 1 (p)2 1 ~2 1
E = + m 2 (x)2 = + m 2
2m 2 2m 2 4 (p)2
1 m~ 1 2 1
= [(p ) + m~] ~
2m 2 p 2

()

1 d
A0 () = 0 = ( + )0 ()
2 d

d0 () d0 ()
= 0 () = = d
d 0 ()
C0 e
2
/2
0 () =

x( ex dx = )
2

m 1/4
0 (x)0 (x)dx = 1 = C0 = ( )
~

:
()

~ ~
H = N ~ + = En = n~ + (n = 0, 1, 2, ...)
2 2

A+ n () n+1 ()

1 d C d
( )0 () = 0 ( )e /2
2
A+ 0 () =
2 d 2 d
c0 1
= 2e /2 = C0 ( )(2)e /2
2 2

2 2
1
= C0 ( )H1 ()e /2
2
with H1 () = 2
2

6
 Chapter III Representations

1 () = C1 H1 ()e
2
/2

1 C12
(H1 ()e /2 ) (H1 ()e /2 )d
2 2
1 = 1 (x)1 (x)dx = 1 ()1 ()d =


C12 2 C12 2
= ( A+
0 ()) ( A+
0 ())d = 0 ()AA+ 0 ()d
C02 C02

C12 2 C12 2 2 2
= 0 ()( A+
A + 1) 0 ()d = (1) 0 () 0 ()d = C1 2 (1) 0 (x)0 (x)dx
C02 C02 C0

C02 C0
C12 = = C1 =
2 2

1 1 d
A+ 1 () = C0 ( ) ( )[(2)e /2 ]
2
(A+ )2 0 () =
2 2 d
1 2
= C0 ( ) [2(2 2 1)]e /2
2

2
1 2
= C0 ( ) H2 ()e /2 with H2 () = 2(2 2 1)
2

2 () = C2 H2 ()e
2
/2

1
(A+ )n 0 () = C0 ( )n Hn ()e /2
2

n () = Cn Hn ()e
2
/2

Hn ()n(Hermite)

d n 2 /2
e
2
/2
Hn () = ( ) e
d

de Hn ()Hm () = n,m 2n n!
2

1:

dHn ()
= 2nHn1 ()
d
2Hn () = Hn+1 () + 2nHn1

2:
d2 Hn dHn
2 + 2nHn = 0
d 2 d

n () = Cn Hn ()e = cn Hn (x)e
2 2
/2 x2 /2

7
 Chapter III Representations

1 = dxn (x)m (x) = c2n n,m 2n n! /

1 1/2 m 1/4 1
cn = ( ) ( ) = ( n )1/2 C0
2n n! ~ 2 n!

cn Hn

1 d 1 d
( + )n () = ( + )Cn Hn ()e /2
2
An () =
2 d 2 d
de
2
/2
C dHn () 2 /2
n (Hn ()e /2 +
2
= e + Hn () )
2 d d
de
2
/2
C dHn () 2 /2
n (Hn ()e /2 + e
2 2
= e Hn () /2
)
2 d d
Cn dHn () 2 /2 Cn
= 2nHn1 ()e /2
2
= e
2 d 2
Cn
= n 2nn1 ()
Cn1

1
Cn = Cn1
2n
3

An () = nn1 ()

A+ n () = n + 1n+1 ()

A+ An () = nn ()

A+ A = N
DOS (density of state)0DOS

3.4
1.
A

A(a1 1 + a2 2 ) = a1 A1 + a2 A2

1 2 a1 a2

2.
AB

A = B =

8
 Chapter III Representations

AB
B = A1 A = B 1

AA1 = A1 A = I (A1 )1 = A
1 1
(A)1 = A (A1 A2 )1 = A1 1
2 A1


I

3.
A A
px = i~ x

= px = i~ x

= px
AAT

= ( , A )
(, AT )

T
d A = d A

pTx = px

(AB)T = B T AT

T
A11 A12 ... A1n A11 A12 ... A1n



A A21

(c1 , c2 , ..., cn )
21
T (c1 , c2 , ..., cn )T
(d1 , d2 , ..., dn ) = (d1 , d2 , ..., dn )
... ...

An1 Ann An1 Ann

AA+
(, A+ ) = (A, )

(, A+ ) = (, A) A+ = (A )T

(A+ )+ = A (A + B)+ = A+ + B +

(A)+ = A+ (AB)+ = B + A+

A+ = AAA

(, A) = (A, )

9
 Chapter III Representations

1)

A =

(, ) = (, ) = (, A) = (A, ) = (, ) = (, )

= ()

2)

A1 = 1 1 A2 = 2 2

(2 , A1 ) = 1 (2 , 1 )

(A2 , 1 ) = 2 (2 , 1 ) = 2 (2 , 1 )

(1 2 )(2 , 1 ) = 0

1 = 2
(2 , 1 ) 0

3)

4.
(x)(x)U

(U , U ) = (, )

U U 1 U U 1 = U 1 U = IU
AA+

(, A) = (A+ , )

U U

U U + = U + U = I

U + = U 1

: 1) 2)

5.

10
 Chapter III Representations

F (x)

F (n) (0) n
F (x) = x
n=0
n!

AF (A)

F (n) (0) n
F (A) = A
n=0
n!
F (x) = ex

d d
dx n d n
F( ) = e = ( )
dx n=0
n! dx

3.5
1. F

F = (, F ) = |F |

2.
F
()

(F )2 = (F F )2 = (, (F F )2 )

(F F )

(F )2 = ((F F ), (F F )) 0

(F )2 = 0F

(F F ) = 0

F =

F F

3.

n n {n }Hilbert

(x, t) = Cn (t)n (x)
n

11
 Chapter III Representations

Cn (t)
Cn (t) = (n (x), (x, t)) = n (x)(x, t)d

1 = ((x, t), (x, t)) = Cn (t)Cm (t)(m (x), n (x)) = |Cn (t)|2
nm n

1


F = ((x, t), F (x, t)) = Cn (t)Cm (t)(m (x), F n (x))
nm


= Cn (t)Cm (t)n (m (x), n (x))
nm

= n |Cn (t)|2
n

|Cn (t)|2

1)
A = A = (, A)/(, ) = |A|/|

2)

An = an n

3)A{n }Cn

= Cn (t)n (x)
n
Cn = (n (x), (x, t))

Example(x) = A cos x
2a
+ A sin x
a
+ A
4
cos 3x
2a
x [a, a]

0 |x| < a
V (x) = { .
|x| > a
[0, a]A sin nx
a

A sin n
(x + a) |x| < a
(x) = { 2a
.
0 |x| > a

n = 0, 2, 4, ...n = 1, 3, 5, ...

n2 2 ~2 n2 2 ~ 2
En = 2
= n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2m(2a) 8ma2

A
= A1 A2 + 3
4

12
 Chapter III Representations

Cn
2 ~2
1 E1 = 8ma2

|A|2 16
P1 = =
|A|2 + |A|2 + | A
4
| 2 33

2 ~2 9 2 ~2
E2 = 2ma2
16
33
E3 = 8ma2
1
33

3.6

1.
F G{n }

F n = fn n Gn = gn n

[F , G]n = (F G GF )n = (fn gn gn fn )n 0

[F , G] = 0F G

= n cn n {n }

[F , G] = 0[F , G] = n [F , G]n = 0

2. n F F n = fn n [F , G] = 0
1) n
F Gn = GF n = fn Gn

Gn F Gn = gn n (Gn cn n cn gn )
2) n L
F nj = fn nj j = 1, 2, 3, ..., L

nj ()nj G

F (Gnj ) = GF nj = fn Gnj

Gnj F fn

Gnj = gij ni
i

gij = (ni , Gnj )

= cj nj
j

F fn G

G = g

13
 Chapter III Representations

G = cj Gnj = cj gij ni
j ij

g = g ci ni
i

g ci = gij cj
j

L
(gij g ij )cj = 0
j=1

LLcj

det |gij g ij | = 0

G+ = Ggij = gji Lg
cj n

L
n = cj nj
j=1

n F G

F n = fn n

Gn = g n

[F , G] = 0

Example: ( r) = A exp( ~i px x) exp( ~i py y)[px , py ] = 0(

p) = A exp( ~i p p)
()px py (px , py )

3.7
A(A1 , A2 , A3 , ...)

(A1 , A2 , A3 , ...)
1.

2.

14
 Chapter III Representations

ny y
nx ny (x, y) = 2
ab
sin nxax sin b
2
2 ~2 nx n2y
Enx ny = 2m ( a2 + b2 )
xynx ny
Ai ni ni
(A1 , A2 , A3 , ...)(n1 , n2 , n3 , ...)

()
Sz Sz nx ny + (x, y)nx ny (x, y)
3.
1) Hilbert
2)
3)

3.8
x
1. x

(x x0 )(x x0 ) = 0
(x x0 ) = x(x x0 )
x

(x x0 )(x x0 )dx = (x0 x0 )


(x x0 )dx = 1

2. pp = i~
x

px (x) = px (x) = px (x) = c exp(ipx x/~)

|px (x)|2 dx =

1
(x x0 ) = eikx (xx0 ) dkx
2

(px px ) = 2~ ei(px px )x/~ dx

15
 Chapter III Representations

px (x)px (x)dx = |c| 2
ei(px px )x/~ dx = 2~|c|2 (px px )


c = 1/ 2~
1
px (x) = exp(ipx x/~)
2~

3.
1)
= r p()
L
 
 
 i j k 
 
= r p =  x y z 
L
 
 
 px py pz 

Lx = y pz z py Ly = z px xpz Lz = xpy y px

x = r sin cos y = r sin sin z = r cos

( zr ) 1 z
cos = z/r = sin = = = ( )
x x x sin x r

xz r2 sin cos cos 1

= = = cos cos
x r3
sin 3
r sin r
yz 1
= = cos sin
y r3 sin r
sin
=
z r

y 1 y
tan = = 2
= ( )
x cos x x x

y sin sin sin

= cos2 = cos2 2 =
x x2 2
r sin cos r sin
1 1 cos
= cos2 = cos2 =
y x r sin cos r sin

= 0
z

Lx = i~(y z ) = i~[y( + ) z( + )]
z y z z y y

= i~[ (y z )+ (y z )]
z y z y

= i~[sin + cot cos ]

16
 Chapter III Representations

Ly = i~(y z ) = i~[cos cot sin ]
z y

Lz = i~(x y ) = i~
y x

L2 = L2x + L2y + L2z

2
= ~2 [(sin + cot cos )2 + (cos cot sin )2 + ]
2

2 2 2
2 + 2 + cot (cos cos + sin sin )+


= ~2 (sin
cot cos
+ cot cos
sin )


(cos cot sin + cot sin cos )

2 2 2
2 + 2 + cot ( 2 sin cos + sin cos )+
2


= ~2 (sin cos
cot + cot cos 2

)

cot cot sin )
2
(cos sin
2 2 2
= ~2 [ + + cot 2
+ cot ]
2 2 2
1 1 2
= ~2 [ sin + ]
sin sin2 2

2) (L2 , Lz )

[y pz z py , z px xpz ] = ([y pz , z px ] + [z py , xpz ])

[Lx , Ly ] =

= ~2 (y z ) = i~Lz
z y

[Ly , Lz ] = i~Lx [Lz , Lx ] = i~Ly

[L , L ] = i~L

Lx Ly Lz

[L2 , Lx,y,z ] = 0

[L2 , Lx ] = [L2x + L2y + L2z , Lx ] = [L2y , Lx ] + [L2z , Lx ]

= Ly [Ly , Lx ] + [Ly , Lx ]Ly + Lz [Lz , Lx ] + [Lz , Lx ]Lz

= i~(Ly Lz Lz Ly + Lz Ly + Ly Lz ) 0

[L2 , Ly ] = 0 [L2 , Lz ] = 0

17
 Chapter III Representations

L2 Lx Ly Lz
(L2 , Lz )((L2 , Lx )(L2 , Ly ))
(L2 , Lz )lm
Lz = i~

i~ () = lz ()

() = C exp(ilz /~)

+ 2Lz
( + 2) = ()

lz = m~ m = 0, 1, 2, ...

Lz m

1
m () = eim
2

(L2 , Lz )Y (, )Lz Y (, )

Y (, ) = ()m ()

L2
L2 Y (, ) = ~2 Y (, )
1 1 2
~2 [ sin + ]()m () = ~2 ()m ()
sin sin2 2

1 d d m2
(sin ()) + ( )() = 0
sin d d sin2
~2 L2 [0, ]

= l(l + 1) l = 0, 1, 2, ...

|m| l

lL2

(2l + 1) (l m)! m
lm () = (1) m
P (cos )
2 (l + m)! l

Plm (cos )Legendre

(2l + 1) (l m)! m
Ylm (, ) = (1)m P (cos )eim
4 (l + m)! l

18
 Chapter III Representations

Ylm

L2 Ylm = l(l + 1)~2 Ylm l = 0, 1, 2, ...

Lz Ylm = m~Ylm m = l, l + 1, ..., l 1, l

2

d sin dYlm (, )Yl m (, ) = ll mm
0 0

L Lz lm
2

l(2l + 1)

3)
L+ L

L+ = Lx + iLy L = Lx iLy

L+ + L L+ L
Lx = Ly =
2 2i

[L+ , L ] = 2~Lz [L , Lz ] = ~Lz [L , L2 ] = 0

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
L , Lx = iLy , Lx = ~Lz L , Ly = Lx , Ly = i~Lz

Ylm L+ L (L L+ )

1
L2 = [L2z + (L+ L + L L+ )]
2
+
= L L + L2z ~Lz

L+ L Ylm = (L2 L2z + ~Lz )Ylm = [l(l + 1) m(m 1)]~2 Ylm

L L+ Ylm = (L2 L2z ~Lz )Ylm = [l(l + 1) m(m + 1)]~2 Ylm

L+ L m

L Ylm = l(l + 1) m(m 1)~Yl m1

3.9
F
n n{n }HilbertF {n }

19
 Chapter III Representations

1.

1).
x(
){(x, t)}
()(x, t)

(x, t) = dx (x , t)(x x ) = dx (x , t)c(x )

(x, t){(x, t)}()

c(x ) = (x x )

c(x ) = (x x ) = (x , t)(x, t)dx = ((x , t), (x, t))

p{(p, t)}Fourier


1
(x, t) = dp(p, t) eipx/~ = dp(p, t)c(p)
(2~)1/2

(x, t){(p, t)}()

1 ipx/~
c(p) = e = dx (p, t)(x, t) = ((p, t), (x, t))
(2~)1/2

F {n }( n =
1, 2, ..., N )F (x, t)

(x, t) = cn n
n

cn = (n , )

{cn }

1


2
(x, t) = (c1 , c2 , c3 , ...)



3

...
{cn } (n = 1, 2, ...)F
{n }

c1 1 0 0


c2 0 1 0

c =
= c1 + c2 + ... + cn
... ... ... ...

cn 0 0 1

20
 Chapter III Representations

1 0 0


0 1 0

,

, ...

cHilbert

... ... ...

0 0 1
F


c1


c2

=

...

cn

2) ()
()

F {n }L( = k ak k )

=
L

= k bk k

= =
L
b k k = L a l l = l al
L
k l l

j

bk j k d3 x = bj = al l d3 x =
j L l )
al (j , L
k l l

bj = Ljl al
l

(b1 , b2 , ...)T = (Ljl )N N (a1 , a2 , ...)T

Ljl LF

l )
Ljl = (j , L

2.

Fourier
Schrodinger Heisenberg

21
 Chapter III Representations

1)
F GF G{k }{k }

(k , k ) = kk (k , k ) = kk

F G

F k = fk k Gk = gk k

{k }{k }

= ai i = b j j
i j

ai = (i , ) bj = (j , )

{k }i

i = bj j = (j , i )j =
Sij j
j j j

Sij = (i , j )

|i = j

Sij |j = j |j j |i j |j j | = 1

GF Sij SG
F

j = ai i = (i , j )i = i Sij
i i i


i = Sij j = Sij l Slj = l = ( Sij Slj )l
j j l l l j

l = i


Sij Sij = 1
j

S

(X = SS + = S(S )T , Xij = k

Sik (Sjk ), i = j 0 Xii = 1
SS + = 1S)

2)
F {k }aG{k }b

N
N
= a k k = bm m
k=1 m=1

ak

ak = (k , ) = (k , bm m ) = (k , m )bm = Skm bm
m m m

22
 Chapter III Representations

GF Skm

a = Sb

N

bm = Smk ak Smk = (m , k ) = Skm
k=1

b = S +a

F G

= (a1 , a2 , ...)T

= (b1 , b2 , ...)T

= S

= S+

3)
AF GAA

Anm = (n , Am ) Aij = (i , Aj )

Anm = ( Sni i , Smj Aj ) = Sni Smj (i , Aj )
i j i,j

= Sni Aij Smj

= Sni Aij Sjm
+

i,j i,j

A = SA S +

A = S + AS

Example: J2 JZ {Yjm }()

J2 Yjm = j(j + 1)~2 Yjm JZ Yjm = m~Yjm

j = 1J2 JZ Jx Jy

23
 Chapter III Representations

j = 1m = 1, 0, 1Y11 Y10 Y11

(Yjm , J2 Yjm ) = j(j + 1)~2 mm

(Yjm , JZ Yjm ) = m~mm

1 = Y11 2 = Y10 3 = Y11

1 0 0 1 0 0

2
J = 0 1 0 Jz = 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 1

J Yjm = j(j + 1) m(m 1)~Yjm1


(Yjm , J Yjm ) = j(j + 1) m (m 1)~m,m 1

0 2 0 0 0 0


J+ = ~ 0 0 2 J = ~ 2 0 0

0 0 0 0 2 0

0 2 0

1 + ~
Jx = (J + J ) = 2 0 2
2 2
0 2 0

0 2 0

1 + i~
Jy = (J J ) = 2 0 2
2i 2
0 2 0

1 0 0


Problem: 1 2 3 Hamiltonian H = ~0 0 2 0

0 0 2

1 0 0


= 12 1 + 12 2 + 12 3 (1) E(2) A = a 0 0 1 A(3) HA

0 1 0

(1)
Hi = Ei i

HE1 = ~0 E2 = 2~0 E3 = 2~0 E2 = E3

i
( )T
1 = 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1


H1 = ~0 0 2 0 0 = ~0 0 = ~0 1

0 0 2 0 0

24
 Chapter III Representations

3
3
H = H cn n = cn En n
n=1 n=1

E = ~0 ( 12 )2 E = 2~0 ( 12 )2 + ( 12 )2

3
~0 2~0 3~0
E = (, H) = |cn |2 En = +2 =
n=1
2 4 2

1/ 2


= 1/2

1/2

1 0 0 1/ 2

3~0
E = (, H) = ( 1
1 1 ) 0 2 0 1/2 ~0 =
2 2 2 2
0 0 2 1/2

(2) A
A
T
= ( x1 x2 x3 )

A = a

1 0 0 x1 x1 1 0 0 x1


0 0 1 x2 = x2 = 0 1 x2 =0

0 1 0 x3 x3 0 1 x3

1 0 0
| 0 1 | = 0 = (1 )( 1) = 0
2

0 1

= 1, 1, 1 ( = 1)x1 , x2 , x3
= 1: x1 = 0x2 = x3 (3 )

= 1: x2 = x3 x1 x1 = 1, x2 = x3 = 0x1 = 0, x2 = x3 = 1/ 2

1 0 0

1 1
1 = 0 2 = 1 3 = 1
2 2
0 1 1
1 2 3 c1 c2 c3

3
= cn n cn = (n , )
n=1

25
 Chapter III Representations

1/ 2

1
c1 = ( 1 0 0 ) 1/2 =
2
1/2

1/ 2

1 1
c2 = ( 0 1 1 ) 1/2 =
2 2
1/2

1/ 2

1
c3 = ( 0 1 1 ) 1/2 = 0
2
1/2

HA

Sij = (i , j )

1 0


S11 = ( 1 0 0 ) 0 = 1 S12 = ( 1 0 0 ) 1 = 0 S13 = 0

0 0

0

1 1 1
S21 = 0 S22 = ( 0 1 1 ) 1 = S23 =
2 2 2
0
1 1
S31 = 0 S32 = S33 =
2 2

c1 1/ 2 1 0 0 1/ 2 1/ 2


c2 =S 1/2 = 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/2 = 1/ 2

c3 1/2 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/2 0

(3)

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0


H = S HS = ~0 0 1/ 2
+
1/ 2 0 2 0 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 = 0 2 0

0 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 0 2 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 0 2

3.10 Dirac
DiracDirac1)
2)
B......
()A
B
A B
A

26
 Chapter III Representations

1) (bra)(ket)
Hilbert|A A
(|lm)(
)|lm|lm
p |r(|
|lm (t)|r| p )r(
p )
p = p |
r|r = r|r(p| p )
|AA|

A| = (|A)+ |A = (A|)+

2)
|A|B|A
B|

B|A = |A|B

B|A = B (r)A (r)dr

|AB|

B|A = A|B

|A(A|)A|A()
1()

{|}{|}

i |j = ij

| = ( )

lm|l m = ll mm r |r = (r
r )
p |
p = (
p p
)

27
 Chapter III Representations

|i i | = I
i

|d| = I

|i i |

|i i | + | d | = I
i

|A

|A = ai |i + a()|d
i

j |

j |A = ai j |i = aj
i

|
|A = a( )

|A = i |A|i + |A|d = |i i |A + ||Ad
i i

3)
B|A|A|B

r|A = A (r)

ArA (r)

eipr/~ eipr/~
r|
p = p =
p|r = r|
(2~)3/2 (2~)3/2

1
r|r = r|
pd p|r =
p peip(rr )/~ = (r r )
d
(2~)3

HilbertDirac

Dirac,
r)
(p
|ADirac

A||A
= = A||A (|A)
A|A

28
 Chapter III Representations

|A

Schrodinger Dirac

|(r, t) p2
i~ ={ + V (r)}|(r, t)
t 2m

Example:

r |p
= i~ r |
r

|r
p = i~ |r
r

|Ar |p |A|A

r |p
|A = r |p p
| p |Ad
p = p r |
p
p |Ad
p

eipr /~
=
p A ( p )d
p
(2~)3/2

p
d
= i~ eipr /~ A (p )
r (2~)3/2

= i~ A (r ) = i~ r |A
r r

|Ar

r |p
= i~ r |
r

p


r
|r r

p
r| = i~ |
p
p


p |r
= i~ p |

p

29