Microstructural characterization and wide temperature

range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded

joint with heavy section
Fenggui Lua)
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modication, School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Peoples Republic of China
Xia Liu
Shanghai Turbine Plant of Shanghai Electric Power Generation Equipment Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200240,
Peoples Republic of China; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,
Peoples Republic of China
Peng Wang
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modication, School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Peoples Republic of China; and Shanghai Turbine
Plant of Shanghai Electric Power Generation Equipment Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200240, Peoples Republic of China
Qingjun Wu and Haichao Cui
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modication, School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Peoples Republic of China
Xin Huo
Shanghai Turbine Plant of Shanghai Electric Power Generation Equipment Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200240,
Peoples Republic of China

(Received 29 March 2015; accepted 18 May 2015)

NiCrMoV steels used in nuclear rotor with heavy section were successfully fabricated by
ultra-narrow gap submerged arc welding method. In this study, the mechanical properties
including the tensile and impact toughness of the welded joints (WJs) with a wide temperature
range were systematically investigated. Microstructural characterization indicated that the
high-temperature tempered martensite and tempered bainite, as the main microstructure in WJ,
were responsible for the improved comprehensive mechanical properties of the WJ. Microhardness
across the WJ was measured as well, showing that the highest value of hardness occurred at the
heat-affected zone which represents the appropriate lowest impact toughness of WJ. However,
compared with the base metal, the ultimate tensile strength of the WJ displayed approximately
equivalent values, while the yield strength was increased with increasing temperature. All the
fracture of the WJ specimens occurred on the weld metal. In addition, the Charpy impact energy
of weld metal was obtained at various temperatures, and the transition temperature (Tt) of welded
metal was determined as 5 C, which helps for the application design. The fractography indicated
that the ductile fracture modes changed to quasi-cleavage ones gradually with decreasing
temperature, and also the dimples became smaller and shallower.

I. INTRODUCTION requirements of the nuclear rotor materials.4,5 However,

The nuclear power with high efciency, environment
friendly, and economic benets gradually attracts much
more attention and produces urgent necessities all over
the world.13 Nuclear power rotor as the key component
to run the nuclear power plant requires materials with
high toughness without losing strength. NiCrMoV steel is
thus proved to be a candidate material to meet the design
Contributing Editor: Jrgen Eckert
a)
Address all correspondence to this author.
e-mail: Lfg119@sjtu.edu.cn
DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2015.162
being limited by the large size and heavy section of
nuclear rotor, it is difcult to manufacture high quality
and uniform rotor by forging directly. On the contrary,
the practical production to manufacture the combined
rotor via appropriate joining method is considered to be
an effective approach to meet the necessity.
Generally, some common fusion welding methods,610
advanced friction stir welding techniques,1114 and other
particular welding methods15 can be used to join steels with
large thickness at appropriate ller metals (FMs)16 and
welding parameters.1719 In particular, the characterization
and analysis of the microstructure of welded joint (WJ)
attracted extensive attention. Beidokhti et al.20 carried out

2108 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 30, No. 13, Jul 14, 2015 Materials Research Society 2015
 F. Lu et al.: Microstructural characterization and wide temperature range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded joint
the submerged arc welding method with single pass to weld
the API 5L-X70 steel plates with 19.8 mm thickness and
found that the titanium in the ux could avoid the
formation of harmful manganese sulde and rene the
grains. Arivazhagan et al.21 studied modied 9% Cr
steel plate manufactured by ux-cored arc welding with
various shielding gas compositions and discovered that
95% argon and 5% CO2 could improve the toughness of
the WJ. Villaret et al.22,23 characterized a modied AISI
444 ferritic stainless steel welded by gas metal arc welding
and indicated that the fatigue strength was highly en-
hanced. Among all the welding methods, ultra-narrow gap
submerged arc welding (UNG-SAW) using multilayer
and multipass techniques24 could be chosen to
fabricate a large scale rotor attributing to its advantages
such as small weld deformation, less ller wire con-
sumption, and high efciency.2528
Besides, as for the WJ operated at different temper-
atures and stresses, various mechanical properties such as
tensile strength, impact toughness, and fatigue properties
are necessary to be taken into account to qualify the
performance.2932 When the WJ runs at higher tempera-
ture, tensile strength and fatigue properties must be
guaranteed in the service condition, and when the WJ
works at lower temperature, impact toughness must be
concerned. Zhu and Xuan33 investigated the tensile and
impact toughness of 23CrMoNiWV88 and 26NiCr-
MoV145 dissimilar welded rotor and found that the
strength decreased with increasing temperature, and also
the multilayer welding process could improve the impact
toughness of the WJ. Our previous study34,35 reported the
fatigue property of the WJ in turbine rotor, and the
inclusion size was more signicant at higher temperature.
Among all the mechanical properties, tensile and impact
TABLE I. Chemical composition of BM and FM (wt%).
Elements Cr Mo V Ni
BM 2.152.45 0.600.68 ,0.20 2.002.50
FM 0.400.60 0.300.50 ,0.01 1.502.20
FIG. 1. Schematic of the specimens prepared for tensile and impact test from the NiCrMoV WJ: (a) different locations in the cross section of the
WJ and the specimen location, (b) shape and size of the tensile specimen, and (c) shape and size of the impact specimen.
J. Mater. Res., Vol. 30, No. 13, Jul 14, 2015
toughness of engineering materials are of great im-
portance to ensure security design for their structural
applications.36 Hence, appropriate investigation on
tensile and impact toughness should be performed to
evaluate the performance of the WJ at various temper-
atures.
To qualify the reliability and feasibility of the WJ,
the microstructure and mechanical properties at a wide
temperature range of NiCrMoV WJs are investigated
systematically in the present study. First, the UNG-
SAW method is carried out to weld the NiCrMoV
steels based on appropriate FM and welding parame-
ters. Subsequently, post weld heat treatment (PWHT)
will be applied to stabilize the microstructure and
release the stress. The tensile and impact toughness
tests were carried out at different temperatures to
evaluate the strength and toughness of the whole WJ.
The microstructure and fractography of the samples
after the test were observed by optical microscopy
(OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
relationship between mechanical properties and micro-
structure will be discussed in detail to provide helpful
reference to design and produce qualied welded rotor
with heavy section.
II. EXPERIMENT
A. Experimental materials
The base metal (BM) materials used in this study was
NiCrMoV steels with large thickness used in making
rotor for nuclear rotor. The chemical composition of BM
and FM is listed in Table I. In view of the extremely large
size of the rotor to be welded, 1500 mm in diameter,
UNG-SAW process was performed with appropriately
Cu C Si Mn P S
,0.17 ,0.30 ,0.12 0.100.30 ,0.15 ,0.15
,0.10 ,0.12 ,0.15 ,1.50 ,0.01 ,0.01
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 F. Lu et al.: Microstructural characterization and wide temperature range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded joint

selected welding parameters. Multilayer and two-pass The obtained width of the weld seam was about 20 mm.
techniques were used to ll the ultra-narrow gap, the The WJ was then experienced a PWHT at 590 C holding
welding current, voltage, and welding speed for each pass 30 h and then cooled down in the furnace to release the
were around 500 A, 30 V, and 0.6 m/min, respectively. stress and get stable microstructure.

FIG. 2. Structure of the NiCrMoV WJ: (a) the overall macrostructure of the whole weld joint, (b) HAZ consisted of coarse to ne grains in the
direction from the fusion line to BM, and (c) microstructure of the columnar and ne grain zones of WM.

FIG. 3. The OM images with typical microstructure of the NiCrMoV WJ: (a) BM consisted of high-temperature tempered martensite, (b) FG-HAZ
contained ne tempered martensite, (c) CG-HAZ was tempered lath-martensite structure, and (d) WM comprised of tempered martensite and
granular bainite duplex microstructure.

2110 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 30, No. 13, Jul 14, 2015
 F. Lu et al.: Microstructural characterization and wide temperature range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded joint

B. Tensile and impact tests
Tensile specimens are prepared with a gage length of
35 mm and a diameter of 5 mm (shown in Fig. 1).
Standard specimens adopted in the tensile experiments
are tested using the Zwick testing machine at the constant
rate 1  10 3 s 1, and the test was carried out at both
room and elevated temperatures according to ASTM E8/
E8M-13a standard. At each temperature, the tensile speci-
mens of the WJ and BM are comparatively tested. Charpy
V-notch impact specimens are machined with a dimension
of 55 mm  10 mm  10 mm according to ASTM E23-
12c standard. The V type notch perpendicular to weld
surface locates in the middle of the welded metal (WM).
C. Microstructural characterization
Before the test, the specimens are taken from the WJ and
prepared for the microstructural characterization in the
cross section of the WJ. The surface of the specimens for
optical observation is mechanically polished and then
chemically etched with 4% Nital and Picric acid solution.
Microhardness is measured by a hardness tester (Zwick/Roell)
with a constant load of 9.8 N for 10 s. Optical microscope
(OM, Zeiss Image A2 m, Germany) and scanning
electron microscope (SEM, JSM 7600F, Japan) are also
used to observe the microstructure and fracture mor-
phology of the WJ.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Microstructural analysis
The macrostructure of the whole WJ with multilayer
and two pass is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2(a) clearly
displays the detailed macrostructure characteristics of the
WJ including BM, WM, and heat-affected zone (HAZ).
The WM, comprised of two passes and multilayer
structure, is around 20 mm in width. In addition, there
exists a welding center zone formed by welding thermal
cycle due to the two passes in the center of WM. The
detailed microstructure of HAZ and WM is presented
in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c). Figure 2(b) displays the overall
microstructure of the HAZ, which is signicant for the
reliability of the whole WJ due to its complex micro-
structure resulted from thermal cycle in the welding
process.34 It is revealed that the HAZ, over 2 mm in
width, consisted of coarse grains to ne grains and
transformed in the direction from the fusion line to
BM. In Fig. 2(c), coarse columnar and ne grain zones
in WM distributed alternatively due to multilayer welding
process. The inhomogeneous microstructure of the NiCrMoV

FIG. 4. The SEM images with typical microstructure of the NiCrMoV WJ: (a) BM, (b) FG-HAZ, (c) CG-HAZ, and (d) WM.

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 F. Lu et al.: Microstructural characterization and wide temperature range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded joint
WJ could cause complex properties in different zones
of WJ.37 Therefore, it is essential to characterize the
microstructure of the WM and HAZ in WJ.
Figure 3 illustrates the OM images with typical micro-
structure of the BM, ne grain heat-affected zone
(FG-HAZ), coarse grain heat-affected zone (CG-HAZ),
and WM of NiCrMoV steels WJ. In Fig. 3(a), the main
microstructure of BM is high-temperature tempered
martensite (arrowed), which is benecial to improve the
strength and also toughness. Figure 3(b) presents the
microstructure of the FG-HAZ, tempered martensite
(arrowed) with ne grains, formed because of the
quenching process in welding and PWHT, and that
contributes to the mechanical properties for the high
toughness and strength. Adjacent to the ne grain zone, CG-
HAZ displays coarser structure of tempered lath-martensite
[as arrowed in Fig. 3(c)], which can obviously improve the
strength and hardness. It is deemed that the tempered
lath-martensite is resulted from the overheating and
quenching process under the effect of the thermal cycle
in the welding process.4 The typical microstructure of
the WM is shown in Fig. 3(d). It is observed that the
microstructure is comprised of tempered martensite and
granular bainite duplex microstructure (arrowed). As is
reported, the martensite/bainite structure in this kind of
steel is benecial to the comprehensive properties of
toughness and strength performance.5
FIG. 5. Microhardness prole across the NiCrMoV WJ: The image
(a) shows the hardness distribution across WJ, and the image (b) shows
the corresponding locations of the microhardness measurement (the
line is the boundary of BM and HAZ).
2112 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 30, No. 13, Jul 14, 2015
Figure 4 displays the corresponding SEM images with
typical microstructure of the BM, FG-HAZ, CG-HAZ, and
WM of NiCrMoV steels WJ. As is shown in Fig. 4(a),
tempered martensite, together with a large number of
carbides, is observed in the BM. The carbides are
distributed uniformly on the matrix and along prior
austenite grain boundaries, which contribute to the strength
of the matrix. Figures 4(b) and 4(c) present the micro-
structure details of the FG-HAZ and CG-HAZ, respec-
tively. The tempered martensite in the FG-HAZ is ner
than that in the CG-HAZ and BM. Meanwhile, a large
amount of carbides are observed too, which indicates that
the comprehensive properties of FG-HAZ is better than
other locations of WJ. In the case of the WM, as indicated
in Fig. 4(d), the microstructure is mainly determined as
tempered martensite and tempered bainite. The amount of
carbides decreased dramatically compared with other
locations due to the lower carbon content in the FM.5
The inhomogeneous microstructure of the NiCrMoV steels
WJ could signicantly affect the microhardness and other
FIG. 6. The tensile results obtained at 25, 100, 200, 300, and 350 C
for BM and WJ: The image (a) shows the corresponding yield strength
and ultimate tensile strength, and the image (b) presents the percentage
of total elongation at fracture.
 F. Lu et al.: Microstructural characterization and wide temperature range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded joint
FIG. 7. Tensile test failure location determination of the WJs tested at (a) 25 C and (b) 100 C, 200 C, 300 C, and 350 C.
related mechanical properties, especially in the condition
of various service temperatures.
B. Microhardness test
Vickers microhardness proles over the cross section
of the UNG-SAW WJ is presented in Fig. 5(a), and the
corresponding test location near BM is shown in Fig. 5(b),
where the line is the boundary between BM and HAZ.
As is shown in Fig. 5(a), the original microhardness of
the NiCrMoV BM is about 260 HV because of the
high-temperature tempered martensite. When it comes
to the HAZ, a soft zone (indicated by the ellipses),
where hardness drops dramatically, occurs due to
overtempering in welding process causing large
amounts of precipitates.38 Similar result is reported
in our previous study.4,34 However, a signicant highest
value of hardness is observed in the coarse grain zone of
HAZ due to the formation of coarse martensite structure.
The microhardness of the HAZ can be demonstrated by
the size of the indentation (larger indentation means lower
microhardness) shown in Fig. 5(b). In the WM, the
microhardness is approximately 260 HV, except an
obvious decrease in the weld center with the microhard-
ness only 230 HV. The weld center is the cross part of
two welding passes during NG-SAW, becoming a soft
zone in the WM by multiheating in welding.
C. Tensile performance
Figure 6 shows the tensile strength and elongation at
25, 100, 200, 300, and 350 C for both BM and WJ tested
at a strain rate of 1  10 3 s 1. The yield strength (Rp0.2)
and ultimate tensile strength (Rm) are further obtained and
presented in Fig. 6(a). Increasing the temperature, the
yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of BM and WJ
decrease gradually, while the percentage of total elonga-
tion at fracture (At) uctuates [Fig. 6(b)]. It is clearly seen
that the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the
BM and the WJ are approximately equivalent, which can
J. Mater. Res., Vol. 30, No. 13, Jul 14, 2015
FIG. 8. Absorbed energy and percentage of brittle fracture appearance
at various temperatures from 60 to 25 C.
also be explained by hardness test result. However, the
percentage of total elongation at fracture of the BM is
larger than that of WJ, which is contributed to the more
uniform deformation of BM compared with WJ.
The WJs were etched by 4% HNO3 1 CH3CH2OH to
observe the fracture location. Regarding the failure loca-
tion displayed in Fig. 7, all the tensile samples of the WJs
failed by the localized necking at the weld center. Careful
observations during tensile tests showed that the yielding
started from the weld center and the subsequent plastic
deformation accumulated in this zone until nal failure.
Zhu and Xuan33 reported that fracture located in WM
when the temperature is below 200 C, while when the
temperature is higher than 300 C, the fracture
location in tension is transferred to BM. However,
no obvious transition is observed for the fracture
location in the present experiments. The competition of
these soften zones by hardness test determines the fracture
location of WJ.
D. Impact toughness and fracture morphology
The impact toughness of WM, HAZ, and BM was
tested in light of the ASTM E23-12c standard procedure.
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 F. Lu et al.: Microstructural characterization and wide temperature range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded joint

The absorbed energy of WM, CG-HAZ, and BM at room
temperature is 55.7, 41.0, and 166.9 J, respectively,
which all meet the requirements of the service condition.
And also, the toughness of WM at various temperatures
was investigated due to the nonuniform casting structure
caused by welding process, shown in Fig. 8. With
decreasing temperature, it can be expected that the
absorbed energy of the WM will continue to decrease,
indicating that the impact toughness becomes worse. As
reported by Zhu and Xuan,33 the microstructure in the

FIG. 9. SEM images of impact fracture morphologies at various temperatures: (a) 10 C, (b) 0 C, (c) 10 C, (d) 20 C, (e) 30 C, (f) 40 C,
(g) 50 C, and (h) 60 C.

2114 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 30, No. 13, Jul 14, 2015
 F. Lu et al.: Microstructural characterization and wide temperature range mechanical properties of NiCrMoV steel welded joint
WM is likely to form separated areas of cleavage fracture
surface for impact test specimens, which can improve
impact behavior by reducing the fracture appearance
transition temperature (Tt). Figure 8 illustrates the absorbed
energy and brittle fracture percentage to temperature curve,
there is no distinction between the upper-shelf zone,
transition zone, and the lower-shelf zone in this experi-
mental test. The transition temperature (Tt) is dened by
a particular portion of 50% of the brittle fracture occurring
in this case, 5 C is determined according to this curve.
Figure 9 displays the impact fracture morphologies at
various temperatures. As the temperature decreased from
10 to 60 C, the dimple number decreased and the
dimples size became shallower, especially at 60 C
there is no dimple existing and totally cleavage fracture
remains. Figure 9(a) shows the fracture surface at 10 C,
exhibited nearly 100% ductile fractured morphology with
dimples, which indicated that the specimens possess good
ductility. In Figs. 9(b) and 9(c), some particles in the
dimples were observed. It was deemed that the impact
toughness has been found to be reversely correlated with
the square root of average dimple size, and the particle
size was the controlling factor to affect the dimple size.39
Therefore, the large dimple size and rened particles
would improve the impact toughness. When tested
from 20 to 50 C, the fracture surfaces of the impact
specimens indicated a mixture of brittle and ductile
fracture. A zone of cleavage fracture was usually found
in the fracture surface. Figure 9(h) shows the cleavage
fracture tested at 60 C. It is proposed that the cleavage
fracture can be dominated by the fracture facet size, since
the fracture facet size dominates the critical condition for
the propagation of microcracks.40,41 The small cleavage
facet size, enhanced the impact toughness signicantly, is
predominately attributed to the formation of the tempered
martensite and bainite in WM. It can be reasonably
concluded that the impact toughness of WM had been
improved by UNG-SAW using multilayer and two-pass
techniques at appropriate parameters, whereas the tough-
ness still needed to be enhanced compared to the BM.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, NiCrMoV welded rotor was successfully
fabricated by UNG-SAW using multilayer and two-pass
techniques. Based on the present study of the microstruc-
ture, microhardness prole, tensile and impact behaviors
of WJ, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) The extremely large-size rotor with heavy section,
1500 mm in diameter and 20 mm in width of the WM
was successfully manufactured by UNG-SAW. The WJ
contains FG-HAZ, CG-HAZ, and WM, with microstruc-
ture of tempered martensite, tempered bainite, and an
amount of carbides. This microstructure contributes to the
improved comprehensive mechanical properties of WJ.
J. Mater. Res., Vol. 30, No. 13, Jul 14, 2015
(2) The microhardness test indicated that peak hard-
ness occurred in CG-HAZ due to the microstructure of
coarse lath-martensite. The intersection of two weld
passes is responsible for the soften zone in the weld
center, and overtempering microstructure leads to the
other soften zone in the HAZ of BM.
(3) With increasing temperature, the tensile strength of
WJ is almost equivalent to that of BM. And the fracture
location of all samples exists in weld center, which is
determined by the competition of these two soften zones.
(4) The impact toughness of WM becomes worse with
decreasing temperature, and the transition temperature
is determined around 5 C. The fracture morphology
indicated that ductile fracture modes changed to quasi-
cleavage modes gradually with decreasing temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial support
by Shanghai Science and Technology Committee
(Nos. 12DZ1101000, 13DZ1101504, and 13DZ1101502).
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