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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Lithosphere
Rocks
Definition
Types of rocks
Igneous Rocks
Types of Igneous Rocks
According to Composition
Acidic /Felsic Igneous Rocks
Basic / Mafic Igneous Rocks
According to Location
Extrusive
Intrusive
Hypabyssal
Plutonic
According to Shapes or Forms
Sill
Dyke
Laccolith
Lapolith
Phacolith
Batholith
Sedimentary Rocks
Process
Sedimentation
Compaction
Cementation
Page28
Lithification

CLASSIFICATION..
Organically..calcareous SR..Carbonaceous SR
Inorganically...Mechanically..Chemically
Metamorphic Rocks
Process of Metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
Examples of Metamorphic Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift Theory

Introduction
Evidences
Jisaw Like Fitting
Fossils
Rock Samples
Dynamics proposed by different Scientists

Wegner
Taylor
Arthur Holmes
Plate Tectonics
Types of Plates
Continental Plates
Oceanic Plates
Page28
Types of Plate Movements

Convergence

Divergence
Lateral Plate Contact
Types of Convergence
Oceanic-Continental Convergence
Continental-Continental Convergence
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
Types of Divergence
Continental Divergence
Oceanic Divergence
Distribution of Plates
Volcanism
Definition
Sketch of a Volcano
Causes of Volcanism
Plate Movements
Continental- Oceanic Plate Convergence
Oceanic- Oceanic Plate Convergence
Oceanic Plate Divergence
Percolation of Water
Types of Volcanoes
According to Activity
Active
Dormant
Extinct
According to Composition
Acidic Lava Dome
Page28
Basic Lava Shield


Cinder Cone
Salient features of Cinder Cone
Size
Symmetry
Angle of slope
Composite/ Strato Volcanoes
Associated Phenomena Related to Volcanic Eruption

Lahar
Nue Ardente
Pyroclasts
Associated Landforms
Secondary Cone
Cone-in Cone
Caldera
Crater Lake
Neck/Plug/Greeva
Distribution of Volcanoes
Circum Pacific Belt/ Pacific Ring of Fire
Mid Atlantic Ridge
Trans Eurasian Belt
Earthquakes
Definition
Elastic Rebound Theory
Causes of Earthquakes
Plate Tectonics
Volcanism
Page28
Isostatic Adjustment

Atomic Tests
Traffic
Terminology of Earthquakes
Focus/Hypocentre
Epicentre
Seismic Waves
Surface Waves
Love or L Waves
Releigh or R Waves
Body Waves
Primary or P Waves
Secondary or S Waves
Measurement of Earthquake
Seismograph
Modified Mercalli Scale of 1905
Richter Scale of 1935
Distribution of Earthquakes
Circum Pacific Belt / Pacific Ring of Fire
Mid Atlantic Ridge
Trans Eurasian Belt
Internal Structure of Earth
Evidence leading to discovery of Internal Structure

Characteristics of P and S waves
Wave Refraction and Reflection
Paths of Body waves through interior of Earth
Layered Structure of Earth

Solid Inner Core
Page28
Liquid Outer Core


Solid Lower Mantle
Semi Liquid Upper Mantle
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
Agents of Denudation
Weathering
Mass Wasting
Erosion
Weathering
Definition
Types of Weathering
Mechanical or Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Biological Weathering
Processes of Mechanical or Physical Weathering

Repeated Heating and Cooling / Expansion and Contraction
Repeated Wetting and Drying/ Swelling and Shrinking
Repeated Freezing and Thawing/ Frost Wedging and Frost Heaving
Development of Salt Crystals
Pressure Release
Processes of Chemical Weathering

Oxidation
Carbonation
Solution
Hydrolysis
Processes of Biological Weathering

Flora based weathering
Fauna based weathering

Page28
Mass Movement
Definition

Angle of slope and Movement Speed
Types of Mass Movement
Creep Movement
Soil Creep
Solifluction
Flow Movement
Earth Flow
Mud Flow
Slumping
Slide Movement
Land Slide
Fall Movement
Rock Fall
Landforms Made by Under Ground Water/ Karst landforms/ Landforms of

Limestone Region
Erosion by underground water
Erosional/ Degradational Landforms

Clint and Grike
Lappies
Sinkholes
Swallow Holes
Doline
Uvala
Polje
Cave
Gorge
Karst Tower
Depositional Landforms/ Aggradational Landforms

Stalactite
Stalagmite
Page28
Column/ Cavern Pillar


Curtain
Tufa
Landforms made by Wind/ Eolian Landforms/ Landforms of Arid Region
Erosion by Wind
Deflation
Abrasion
Attrition
Transportation by Wind
Surface Creep
Saltation
Suspension
Erosional/ Degradational Landforms

Deflation Hollow or Blow Out
Playa Lake
Salt Pan
Desert Pavement
Rock Pedestal
Demoiselle
Mushroom Rock
Zeugen
Yardang
Inselberg
Dreikanter/ Ventifact
Depositional Landforms
Dunes
Features of Sand Dune
Types of Dunes
Barchan
Parabolic Dune
Page28
Transverse Dune

Longitudinal Dune
Loess
Landforms made by Running Water/ Landforms made by River/ Fluvial

Landforms
Erosion by River
Hydraulic Action
Abrasion or Corrasion
Solution or Corrosion
Attrition
Transportation by River
Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution
Profile of a River
Upper Course/ Mountain Stage/ Youth
Middle Course/ Valley Stage/ Maturity
Lower Course/ Delta Stage/ Old
Landforms of Upper Course

V Shaped Valley
Gorge
Canyon
Rapids
Waterfall
Pot Hole
Interlocking Spurs
Landforms of Middle Course

Meander
Oxbow lake or mort lake or Cut Off

Page28
Flood Plain and Natural Levee


Landforms of Lower Course
Braided Stream and Mid Stream Bars
Delta
Landforms made by Glacier/ Landforms made by Moving Ice
Types of Glaciers
Valley/ Mountain/ Alpine Glacier
Continental Glacier/ Ice Sheet
Erosion by Glacier
Plucking
Abrasion
Striation
Plumbing
Grinding
Features of Ice
Firn/ Neve
Crevasses
Bergschrund
Moulin
Erosional Landforms/ Degradational Landforms

Cirque
Tarn
Arete
Pyramidal Peak or Horn
Glacial Trough or U Shaped Valley
Truncated Spurs
Paternoster or Ribbon Lake
Hanging Valley
Roche Moutonnee
Page28
Crag and Tail


Fjord
Depositional/ Aggradational Landforms

Glaical Deposition
Moraines
Types of Moraines
Terminal or End Moraine
Recessional Moraine
Ground Moraine
Lateral Moraine
Medial Moraine
Drumlin
Erratic
Fluvio-Glacial Deposits
Esker
Kame
Out wash Plain
Kettle Lake
Cycle of Erosion
Introduction
Details about the Cycle of Erosion
Criticism
Hydrosphere
Profile of Ocean Floor

Continental Shelf
Continental Rise
Continental Slope
Deep Sea Plain or Abyssal Plain
Trench
Page28
Sea Mount

Oceanic Ridge
Guyot
Salinity in Oceans
Source of Salts in Oceans
Types of Salts
Factors affecting the Amount of Salinity

Temperature
Evaporation
Rainfall
Melt water from Ice
Fresh Waters of Rivers
Distribution of Salinity
Salinity in Open Seas
Low Salinity at Equator
High Salinity in Tropics
Low Salinity at Poles
Salinity in Partially Enclosed Seas
Salinity in Inland Seas
Movements of Ocean Water
Waves
Tsunami
Tides
Currents
Tides
Introduction
Relationship of gravity with mass and distance
Solar Day
Lunar Day
Phases of moon
Page28

Types of Tides
Spring Tides
Neap Tides
Geographical variations in the height of Tides
Currents
Definition
Types of Currents
Warm Current
Cold Current
Origin of Ocean Currents

Temperature
Salinity
Prevailing Winds
Configuration of Coastline
Corriolis Effect/ Rotation of Earth
Seasonal Changes
Current Pattern of Atlantic Ocean
Currents of North Atlantic Ocean

North Equatorial Current
Florida Current
Gulf Stream
North Atlantic Drift
Norwegian Current
Canary Current
East Greenland or Irmminger Current
Labrador Current
Sargasso Sea
Currents of South Atlantic Ocean

South Equatorial Current
Page28
Antilles Current

Brazilian Current
West Wind Drift or South Atlantic Drift
Benguela Current
Falkland Current
Current Pattern of Pacific Ocean
Currents of North Pacific

North Equatorial Current
Japan or Kyushio Current
North Pacific Drift
Alaskan Gyre
California Current
Kamchatka Current
Currents of South Pacific

East Australian Current
West Wind Drift or South Pacific Drift
Peru or Humboldt Current
Currents of Indian Ocean
Currents of North Indian Ocean
Currents in Summer Season

Summer Monsoon Drift
North Equatorial Drift
Currents in Winter Season

Winter Monsoon Drift
Counter Equatorial Current
Currents of South Indian Ocean

Madagascar Current
Mozambique Current
Page28
Agulhas Current

West Wind Drift/ South Indian Drift
West Australian Current
Effects of Currents on Surrounding Areas

Temperature
Rainfall
Fog
Hazard for Shipping
Fishing Ground
ATMOSPHERE
Structure and Composition
Definition
Composition of Atmosphere
Constant Gases
Variable Gases
Impurities
Layered Structure of Atmosphere

Layers according to Composition
Homosphere
Heterosphere
Layers according to Temperature Characteristics
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Layers according to Functions
Ozonosphere
Ionosphere
Insolation and Heat Balance

Global Heat Balance
Page28
Insolation

Solar Constant
Shortwave and Longwave Radiation
Processes of Energy Flow
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Radiation from Sun
Losses Through Reflection by Atmosphere
Losses through Absorption by Atmosphere
Reflection by Earth
Angle of Sun Rays
Albedo
Radiation from Earth
Counter Radiation
Latitudinal Heat Balance

Excess in Tropical Region
Deficit in Polar Region
Horizontal Distribution of Temperature

The Temperature Zones
Torrid/ Tropical/ Winterless Zone
Temperate Zone
Warm Temperate
Cool Temperate
Frigid/ Polar/ Summerless Zone
Factors Affecting the Horizontal Distribution of Temperature

Latitude
Altitude
Distance from Sea
Ocean Currents
Prevailing Winds
Page28
Slope of Surface/ Aspect of Land


Nature of Surface
Rainfall and Cloud Cover
Vertical Distribution of Temperature

Adiabatic Processes
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR)
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)
Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR)
Temperature Inversion
Surface Inversion
Radiation Inversion
Advection Inversion
Drainage Inversion
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Concept of Pressure
Definition
Temperature Pressure Relationship
Movements of Air
Air Current
Wind
Factors affecting the Winds

Pressure-Gradient Force
Frictional Force
Corriolis Force
Slope and Gravity
Global Pressure Belts

Equatorial Low Pressure Belt (Doldrum)
Page28
Sub Tropical High Pressure Belt (Horse Latitude)


Sub Polar Low Pressure Belt (Polar Front)
Polar High Pressure Belt
Global Wind Belts/Permanent Winds/ Planetary Winds

Easterlies (Trade Winds)
Westerlies
Polar Easterlies
Shifting of Pressure and Wind Belts

Thermal Equator
Northern Summers (June Solstice)
Northern Winters (December Solstice)
Seasonal Winds/ Monsoon Winds

Summer Monsoons
Winter Monsoons
Local Winds
Land and Sea Breeze
Mountain and Valley Breeze
Humidity: Moisture in Atmosphere

Concept of Humidity
Definition
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Temperature Humidity Relationship
Saturation
Dew Point Temperature
Absolute Humidity
Relative Humidity
Specific Humidity/ Mixing Ratio

Page28

Condensation
Types of Condensation
On Ground Surface
Dew
Frost
Above the Ground

Mist
Fog
Types of Fog
Advection Fog
Radiation Fog
Clouds
Types of Clouds
Low Clouds
Nimbus
Stratus
Middle Clouds
Cumulo-Nimbus
High Clouds
Cirrus
Precipitation
Forms of Precipitation
Drizzle
Rain
Sleet
Hail
Snow
Types/ Modes of Occurrence for Precipitation

Convectional Precipitation
Page28
Orographic/ Relief Precipitation


Cyclonic/ Frontal Precipitation
Convergent Lifting Precipitation
Air masses and Fronts

Air Mass
Definition
Source Region
Types of Air Masses on Basis of Temperature (Location)

Tropical (T)
Polar (P)
Types of Air Masses on Basis of Humidity (Underlying Surface)

Maritime (m)
Continental (c)
Principal Types of Air Masses

Continental Tropical (cT)
Maritime Tropical (mT)
Continental Polar (cP)
Maritime Polar (mP)
Dynamic Modification of an Air Mass

Relatively Cold (k)
Relatively Warm (w)
Stable
Unstable
More Types of Air Masses

1. cTws Continental Tropical Warm Stable
2. cTwu Continental Tropical Warm Unstable
3. cTks Continental Tropical Cold Stable
4. cTku Continental Tropical Cold Unstable
5. mTws Maritime Tropical Warm Stable
6. mTwu Maritime Tropical Warm Unstable

Page28
7. mTks Maritime Tropical Cold Stable


8. mTku Maritime Tropical Cold Unstable
9. cPws Continental Polar Warm Stable
10. cPwu Continental Polar Warm Unstable
11. cPks Continental Polar Cold Stable
12. cPku Continental Polar Cold Unstable
13. mPws Maritime Polar Warm Stable
14. mPwu Maritime Polar Warm Unstable
15. mPks Maritime Polar Cold Stable
16. mPku Maritime Polar Cold Unstable
Fronts
Definition
Types of Fronts
Stationary Front
Warm Front
Weather Associated with Warm Front
Cold Front
Weather Associated with Cold Front
Occluded Front
Weather Associated with Occluded Front
Weather Disturbances: Tropical and Temperate Cyclones

Tropical Cyclone
Definition
Regional Names of Tropical Cyclone

Hurricane
Cyclone
Typhoon
Willy Willy
Naming a Cyclone
Page28
Origin of Tropical Cyclone

Intense Heating of Atmosphere

Calm
Saturated Air
Corriolis Effect
Structure of Tropical Cyclone

Size and Shape
Speed
Track of Cyclonic Movements
Weather Associated with Tropical Cyclone
Mid Latitude/Wave/Frontal/Temperate Cyclone

Frontal Zone
Life Cycle of Mid Latitude Cyclone

Early Stage
Open Wave Stage
Occluded Stage
Dissipating Stage
Weather Associated with Temperate Cyclone
Classification of Climates
Koppens Classification of Climate
Types of Plants according to Temperature Requirements
Megatherms
Mesotherms
Microtherms
Types of Plants according to Water Requirements
Hydrophytes
Hygrophytes
Mesophytes
Xerophytes
A Type Climate
Page28
Af
Aw

Am
C Type Climate
D Type Climate
E Type Climate
B Type Climate
H Type Climate
Hot Wet Equatorial Climate

Characteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
Vegetation
Human Occupations
Monsoon Climate
Characteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
Vegetation
Human Occupations
Mediterranean Climate
Characteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
Vegetation
Page28
Human Occupations

Tropical Desert Climate
Characteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
Vegetation
Human Occupations
Maps and Map Projections

Maps and their types
Definition
Types of Maps
Types according to Scale

Cadastral Maps
Topographical Maps
Wall Maps
Atlas Maps
Types according to Purpose
Physical Maps
Astronomical maps
Climatic maps
Relief maps
Soil maps
Geological maps
Vegetation maps
Oceanic maps
Man Made/ Cultural Maps

Political maps
Population maps
Page28
Historical maps

Language maps
Religion maps
Industrial map
Agricultural map
Transportation map
Aerial Photographs
Photograph
Types of Photographs
Landscape Photograph
Aerial Photograph
Types of Aerial Photographs

Oblique Photograph
Advantages of Oblique Photograph
Disadvantages of Oblique Photograph
Vertical Photograph
Advantages of Vertical Photograph
Disadvantages of Vertical Photograph
Distribution Maps
Definition
Qualitative Distribution Maps
Dot Method
Line Method
Shade Method
Quantitative Distribution Maps
Dot Method
Isopleths
Choropleths
Weather Map/synoptic chart

Introduction
Auxiliary maps
Page28

Information on a weather map
Temperature
Pressure
Winds
Velocity
Direction
Clouds
Types of Clouds
Amount of Cloud or Cloudiness
General Weather Conditions
Sea Conditions
Topographical Map/ Ordnance Survey Map

Introduction
Marginal Information
Scale
Words and Figures or Statement of Scale
R. F. Representative Fraction
Linear or Graphic Scale
Direction
True or Geographical North
Magnetic North
Conventional Signs
Man made Features
Water Bodies
Vegetation
Letters and Abbreviations
Height on a Topographical Map

Spot Height
Bench Mark
Contours
Page28
4 Digit Grid Reference


MAP PROJECTIONS
Cylindrical Map Projections
Simple Cylindrical Map Projection
Cylindrical Equal Area Map Projection
Cylindrical Orthomorphic (Mercators) Map Projection
Conical Projections
Conical Projection with one standard parallel
Conical Projection with two standard parallels
Modified Conical (Bonnes) Projection
Zenithal Projections
Zenithal Gnomonic Projection
Zenithal Stereographic Projection
Zenithal Orthographic Projection
Human and Economic Geography
Man Environment Relationship

Environmental/ Physical Determinism
Maxim Statement
Scholarly Views
Aristotle
Ibne Khuldun
E C Semple
Darwin
Examples
Long term Regular Changes in Physical Environment
Short Term Regular Changes
Rapid Unpredictable Changes
Possiblism
Page28
Maxim Statement

Ideas of Febvere and Vidal de la Blache
Examples
POPULATION GROWTH
Malthus theory of population Growth
Introduction
Growth of Population and Resources

Geometric Progression of Human Population
Arithmetic Progression of Food Resources
Checks on Population Growth

Natural or Positive Checks
Preventive Checks
Indicators of population
CDR Crude Death Rate or Mortality Rate
CBR Crude Birth Rate or Fertility Rate
TFR Total Fertility Rate
IMR Infant Mortality Rate
NI Natural Increase
PC Population Change
GR Growth Rate
Life Expectancy
Doubling Time
Exponential Growth
Population Growth Patterns in MDCs and LDCs

CDR and CBR in MDCs
CDR and CBR in LDCs
Age-sex Pyramids of MDCs and LDCs
DTM Demographic Transition Model
Timeline of Population Growth

Year Population
Page28
1 AD 250 Million

1650 500 Million
1820 1 Billion
1930 2 Billion
1975 4 Billion
2000 6 Billion
2010
World Population Distribution

Introduction
Factors affecting the Population Distribution

Climate
Physiography
Soil
Vegetation
Minerals
Pattern of Population Distribution

High Density Regions
South, South East Asia and East Asia
Western Europe
Nile Valley and Delta
North Eastern USA and South Eastern Canada
Moderate Density Regions

Prairies or Great Plains of North America
Pampas of Argentina
Steppes of Russia
Downs of Australia
Areas of Low Density Regions

Deserts
Cold Areas
High Rainfall Areas
Highlands
Page28
Equatorial Rainforests

Migration
Definition
Catalysts of Migration
Economic Conditions
Political Circumstances
War and Conflict
Environmental Conditions
Culture and Tradition
Transportation
Information Flow
Retarders of Migration
Absolute Distance and Relative Distance
Distance Decay
Intervening Opportunity
Step Migration
Types of Migration
On the Will of Migrant

Forced Migration
Voluntary Migration
On the Basis of Duration of Displacement

Cyclic
Periodic
Permanent
On the Basis of Geographical/Spatial Scale

External
Internal
Rural Urban Migration
Inter Urban Migration
Intra Urban Migration
Settlements
Page28
Definition

Types of Settlements
On the Basis of Location of Dwellings

Dispersed
Nucleated
On the Basis of Infrastructure and Construction Material

Rural
Urban
Hierarchy of Settlements
Isolated Dwelling
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
Metropolis
Megalopolis
Urbanization
Definition
Processes of Urbanization
Evolutionary Growth
Rural Urban Migration
Nucleation
History of Urbanization
Early Civilizations
Rural Urban Migration after Industrial Revolution
Rural Urban Migration after decentralization of Industry
Current Scenario of Urbanization
Problems Caused by Urbanization
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Page28
Economic Activities
Definition

Types of Economic Activities
Primary Activities Procurement Red Collar Workers
Secondary Activities Manufacturing Blue Collar Workers
Tertiary Activities Tangible Services Pink Collar Workers
Quaternary Activities Intangible Services White Collar Workers
Quinary Activities Decision Making Gold Collar Workers
Agriculture
Definition
Types of Agriculture
Cultivation
Primitive Shifting Agriculture or Slash and Burn
Intensive Subsistence Farming
Extensive Mechanized or Commercial Grain Farming
Mixed Farming
Plantation Farming
Truck Farming or Market Gardening
Livestock
Nomadic Herding
Dairy Farming
Animal Ranching
Major Crops
Wheat
Introduction
Physical Requirements
Temperature
Rainfall
Soil
Areas of Production
Trade
Page28
Exporters

Importers
Rice
Introduction
Temperature
Rainfall
Soil
Areas of Production
Trade
Exporters
Importers
Cotton
Introduction
Temperature
Rainfall
Soil
Areas of Production
Trade
Exporters
Importers
Power Resources
Coal
Introduction
Areas of Production
Page28
Trade

Exporters
Importers
Petroleum
Introduction
Areas of Production
Trade
Exporters
Importers
Natural Gas
Introduction
Areas of Production
Trade
Exporters
Importers
Hydro Electricity
Introduction
Areas of Production
Trade
Exporters
Importers
Major Industries
Iron and Steel

Factors affecting the Location of Iron and Steel Industry
World Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry
Japan
Western Europe
U.S.A
Page28

Textile Industry
World Organisations
UN
NATO
SAARC
EU
ASEAN
OPEC
Page28

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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Acidic /Felsic Igneous Rocks

Basic / Mafic Igneous Rocks

According to Shapes or Forms

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Examples of Metamorphic Rocks

The Rock Cycle

Continental Drift Theory

Dynamics proposed by different Scientists

Types of Plate Movements

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Lateral Plate Contact

Continental- Oceanic Plate Convergence

Oceanic- Oceanic Plate Convergence

Oceanic Plate Divergence

Basic Lava Shield

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Salient features of Cinder Cone

Composite/ Strato Volcanoes

Associated Phenomena Related to Volcanic Eruption

Mid Atlantic Ridge

Trans Eurasian Belt

Elastic Rebound Theory

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Modified Mercalli Scale of 1905

Richter Scale of 1935

Mid Atlantic Ridge

Trans Eurasian Belt

Internal Structure of Earth

Evidence leading to discovery of Internal Structure

Wave Refraction and Reflection

Paths of Body waves through interior of Earth

Layered Structure of Earth

Liquid Outer Core

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Semi Liquid Upper Mantle

Processes of Mechanical or Physical Weathering

Repeated Wetting and Drying/ Swelling and Shrinking

Repeated Freezing and Thawing/ Frost Wedging and Frost Heaving

Development of Salt Crystals

Processes of Chemical Weathering

Processes of Biological Weathering

Fauna based weathering

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Types of Mass Movement

Landforms Made by Under Ground Water/ Karst landforms/ Landforms of

Erosion by underground water

Erosional/ Degradational Landforms

Depositional Landforms/ Aggradational Landforms

Column/ Cavern Pillar

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Landforms made by Wind/ Eolian Landforms/ Landforms of Arid Region

Erosional/ Degradational Landforms

Features of Sand Dune

SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasirusman@yahoo.com www.facebook.com/syed.y.usman

Landforms made by Running Water/ Landforms made by River/ Fluvial

Upper Course/ Mountain Stage/ Youth

Middle Course/ Valley Stage/ Maturity

Lower Course/ Delta Stage/ Old

Landforms of Upper Course

Landforms of Middle Course

Oxbow lake or mort lake or Cut Off

Flood Plain and Natural Levee