Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SNGPL Faisalabad.
Submitted to
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In The Name Of ALLAH
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Table of contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .. 5
PREFACE ................................................................................................. 6
Internship Objectives.............................................................................. 7
1. An Introduction to (SNGPL)..... 8
1.1 Vision Statement . 9
1.3 Services. 9
Gas Sources.... 10
3. GENERAL... 12
3.1Gas Network.. 12
4.1 Development.. 14
4.1.1 Sizing.... 15
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4.1.3 Installations .. 17
4.2 U.F.G.C .. 18
B. Inferential Meters .. 27
4.6.1 Mission.... 32
COMMENTS. 35
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all thanks to ALLAH Almighty. We have taken efforts in this project;
however, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals of SNGPL.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted
to HR department Lahore, and Admin Officer (Fsd) Sir Zahid Rasheed, who
permitted our training program in Faisalabad.
We would like to express our gratitude towards the members of [SNGPL (D) Fsd]
for their kind co-operation. We extend our special regards to the Heads of all the
six departments under whom we completed our training. We thank them for
providing us with necessary information regarding their respective department and
also for their kind support in completing this report.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to our Parents and University Administration
for helping us in availing this Internship program.
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PREFACE
In our six week internship at Sui Northern Gas Pipe Lines Limited (SNGPL),
Faisalabad, we were sent to Distribution Headquarters where we visited different
departments under Distribution and observed their working procedures.
We were taught a lot of new things mainly how to deal with professionals. We got
acquaintance with their professional dealing. We also learned the applications of
Chemical Engineering regarding the flow properties of Natural Gas, the main fluid
of SNGPL.
This report includes a brief introduction to the departments of [SNGPL (D)]. We
have thrown light to their objectives and responsibilities.
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Internship Objectives
To solidify the ideal concepts of
chemical Engineering
To observe and learn managerial
aspects of Professional life
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1. An introduction to SNGPL:
Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) is the largest integrated gas
company, built in 1963.
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1.1 Vision Statement
1.3 SERVICES:
Construction of transmission and distribution pipeline networks
Compressor station design / planning and installation
Project planning and permissions
Preliminary cost and design estimates
Surveying
Mapping
Station automation & control, SCADA
Construction of gas pressure reduction and custody transfer meter stations
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2. SNGPLS Distribution Department:
SNGPL's Distribution department is responsible for the safe, reliable and efficient
distribution of natural gas through the utility pipes to customers,
(Domestic/Commercial/Industrial/Special Domestic). The department has
Development
U.F.G.C
Operation/Maintenance
Metering
Metering workshop
Corrosion
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3. GENEREL
Lines (1000-3000 psi) ----200km----- > Compressor Station ---------- > SMS (100-
200 psi) ------------- > Distribution Lines (100-200 psi) ------------- > TBS --------- >
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Consumer Metering Station (CMS)
It is the installation designed to reduce/control the pressure of gas and measure the
quantity of gas being fed into a consumers houseline. These are Terminal points
of the Companys distribution system
Supply Main S/M
These are gas mains installed for the purpose of transporting gas from a source of
supply (SMS or another supply main) to one or more large volume consumers or to
interconnect supply mains. Operation pressure limits are 60-150 psig.
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4. Working of Distributions Departments
4.1 Development
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The jobs of Development department are given below
4.1.1 Sizing
Gas Mains are sized for the gas loads provided by the Sales Department
using standard gas Flow Formulas, and the standard pressure drops for
various categories of mains. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 nominal
dia, will be used.
Load estimation
if there are 100 houses in a town then the load will be estimated as;
= 3.5 mcf
Where,
SNGPL defines one cu-ft as a volume of gas which occupies 1 cuft 3 space at a
pressure of 14.65 psia and 60F called base condition.
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4.1.2 Pre-Treatment Before Installations of Pipe Lines
Cleaning of pipe
Prior to installations, Pipe surface should be free from all loose mill scale,
welding residue, corrosion products, dirt oil, grease, old coatings, paint,
moisture and other foreign materials.
Cleaning is done either manually by using wire brushes or by sand blasting
machine.
Priming
Pipeline primer shall be applied immediately after the cleaning of the pipe
surface just prior to the coating wrapping.
The pipe surface shall be dry at the time the primer is applied.
Primer may be applied by spray type or brush.
Welding
Proper night cap shall be installed on the welded pipe lengths on the close of
the work at site daily.
All distribution lines should be tested with air at 1.5 time the maximum
operating pressure of the line i.e.
o Supply main to be tested at 250 psig (op pressure is 150 psig)
o Distribution lines to be tested at 100 psig (op pressure is 60psig)
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After successful completion of the test, the lines shall be purged with air for
removal of any foreign material.
Before introduction of gas a slug of inert gas (N2 or CO2) shall be introduced
into the pipe to avoid formation of explosive air gas mixture.
Commissioning
Before turning on gas into piping, all openings from which gas can escape should
be closed. Immediately after turning gas into piping the system shall be checked as
follows: -
Checking for leakage can be done by carefully watching the test dial of the
meter with test hand on the upstroke for a sufficient length of time when it
should NOT indicate any movement.
If the houseline test proves to be O.K. then the piping shall be purged and a
small gas burner lighted on it. If the meter dial hand does not move nor the
meter does not register flow of gas through the meter then the meter is
defective and should be replaced.
4.1.3 Installations
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4.2 U.F.G.C
U.F.G.C stands for Unaccounted for Gas Control, it is the loss of gas which can
be stated as
This department deals with the possible control over the losses of Natural Gas,
Which are mainly caused by:
i. Leakages
iii. Theft
i. Leakages
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Gas leakages are detected by its odor (the smell of added odorant). Leakages
are caused when the pipe joints are damaged or there are holes on pipe
surface due to the pressure of sewerage pipes lying along or above them or
when they are corroded or eroded.
This type of loss is caused by error in noting down the reading of meters,
owing to the un-awareness of meter readers, or some technical error in
mechanical counter of the meter.
These losses can be minimized by arranging proper training programs for the
meter readers, and by replacing the suspected meters.
iii. Theft
Theft is the major and an increasing cause of Gas losses in many regions
of the country. The common way of gas theft is tempering of meters.
Here are listed some of the theft anomalies through which a consumer
can be suspected, these are:
Miss match between the reading of EVC (Electronic Volume Corrector) and
mechanical counter of the meter.
Non-zero fault volume (it is the volume on which T,P factors are not
accommodated by disturbing the T,P probes of EVC)
Running load of consumer is more than the reported load to company.
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Sealed wires of meters in a non-rigid of flexible state.
Miss match between last 3-digits of Seal on meter and Insert.
Lose wires passing through oil plugs of meters as these places are most
likely to use for tempering of meters.
The CMS inside the consumer premises is also suspected.
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Dresser and EL-gas are more common, their hourly, weekly and monthly data can
be retrieved on laptops by connecting data cable to data output port of EVC and
thus analyzed for suspected consumers to check and report for gas thefts.
In addition to this, on industrial CMSs solar panels are installed which provide
online monitoring of EVC data through GPRS.
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4.3 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Department has its welding section and welding teams which deals with
emergency rectification of complaints
Usually the complaints are about leakages (on or underground leakages)
Laser detectors are used to identify underground leakages
Meter replacements and disconnection of suspected meters is also done
Maintenance of valves , shifting of meters and service lines form old lines to
now lines is also dealt
Help line number is 1199
The minimum rectification limit is 24 hours.
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4.4 METERING
To know the volume of gas being consumed by each consumer for the
purpose of billing (revenue collection)
Standardize the measurement for each customer, everybody should be
treated equally
For the reconciliation of the system
To minimize the measurement losses
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4.4.1 Methods Used for Gas Measurement
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4.4.3 Gas Meters
A. Positive Displacement Meters
These meters measures the known volume of gas in the fixed chamber and
displaces this volume. The number of fixed volumes displaced is calibrated to
provide volume of gas passed through the meter on its index. These meters have
deformable chamber walls in which volume of gas fills and displaces out. Their
types are:
i. Diaphragm Meters
These are most common meters.
Within the meter there are two or more chambers
formed by movable diaphragms.
With the gas flow directed by internal valves, the
chambers alternately fill and expel gas, producing a
near continuous flow through the meter.
As the diaphragms expand and contract, levers
connected to cranks convert the linear motion of the
diaphragms into rotary motion of a crank shaft
which serves as the primary flow element.
This shaft can drive a counter mechanism or it can
produce electrical pulses for a flow computer.
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ii. Rotary Meters
Rotary meters are highly machined precision instruments
capable of handling higher volumes and pressures than
diaphragm meters.
Within the meter, there are, two figure "8" shaped lobes, the
rotors (also known as impellers or pistons), spin in precise
alignment.
With each turn, they move a specific quantity of gas through
the meter.
The rotational movement of the crank shaft serves as a primary flow element
and may produce electrical pulses for a flow computer or may drive an
odometer-like counter.
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B. Inferential Meters
These meters do not directly measure the volume of gas but uses some property of
fluid flow to inference the gas volume. Usually velocity of fluid stream is
measured through the fixed Area and volume is computed by using formula
Q = VA
i. Turbine meters
Gas turbine meters are velocity sensing devices
A turbine meter introduces a restriction (called a nose cone) of known cross-
sectional area into the gas stream
The direction of flow through the meter is parallel to a turbine rotor axis
The speed of rotation of the turbine rotor is nominally proportional to the
rate of flow
Gas volumes are inferred from the rotations of the turbine rotor
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ii. Orifice Meters
An orifice gas meter consists of a straight length of pipe inside which a
precisely known orifice creates a pressure drop, thereby affecting the
flow.
Orifice meters infer the rate of gas flow by measuring the pressure
difference across a deliberately designed and installed flow disturbance.
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iii. Sonic Meters
The Sonic meters are based on ultrasonic and electronic platform.
They are more complex than meters that are purely mechanical, as they
require significant signal processing and computation capabilities.
Ultrasonic meters measure the speed of gas
movement by measuring the speed at which
sound travels in the gaseous medium within
the pipe.
Ultrasonic meters are high-cost and work best
with no liquids present at all in the measured
gas.
Primarily used in high-flow, high-pressure
applications such as utility pipeline meter
stations, where the gas is always dry and lean.
Meter stations.
Meters.
Valves.
Filters.
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4.5 Metering workshop
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There are two types of meters which are used at domestic level.
i. Remus meters
ii. G 4 meters
Repairing of Remus meter is easy, but in the case of error in a G4 meter the whole
internal body needs to be replaced.
Flow proving is employed for the standardization of new and faulty meters
Five meters in series are connected with the standard meter (calibrated)
A known flow of Air is passed through standard meter and then in series to
all the connected meters and the reading of every meter is noted down
A tolerance of +2 is acceptable between the reading of a testing and
standard meter
leakage is checked by putting all the meters in a soapy water bath, if any
kind of leakage is present then bubbles are produced in water.
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4.6 Corrosion Control
Galvanic Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion
Crevice Corrosion
High temperature Corrosion
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Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes
preferentially to another when both metals are in electrical contact and immersed
in an electrolyte.
One way is to electrically insulate the two metals from each other. Unless
they are in electrical contact, there can be no galvanic couple set up. This
can be done using plastic or another insulator to separate pipelines of
different metals.
Pitting Corrosion
The driving power for pitting corrosion is the depassivation of a small area, which
becomes anodic while an unknown but potentially vast area becomes cathodic,
leading to very localized galvanic corrosion. The corrosion penetrates the mass of
the metal, with limited diffusion of ions
Crevice Corrosion
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4.6.3 Corrosion Protection
Surface treatments
Reactive coatings
Cathodic protection
Surface treatments
Plating, painting, and the application of enamel are the most common anti-
corrosion treatments.
They work by providing a barrier of corrosion-resistant material between the
damaging environment and the structural material.
Reactive coatings
If the environment is controlled corrosion inhibitors can often be added to it. These
form an electrically insulating and/or chemically impermeable coating on exposed
metal surfaces, to suppress electrochemical reactions. Such methods obviously
make the system less sensitive to scratches or defects in the coating, since extra
inhibitors can be made available wherever metal becomes exposed.
Cathodic protection
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COMMENTS
With this note we once again pay our regards to SNGPL and wish it a BEST
TOMORROW rather the better.
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