Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED TO
GM SNGPL Islamabad
SUBMITTED BY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .. 5
PREFACE...............................................................................................................................................6
Internship Objectives..................................................................................................................7
1. An Introduction to (SNGPL)..... 8
1.1 Vision Statement . 9
1.3 Services. 9
Gas Sources.... 10
3. GENERAL... 12
3.1Gas Network.. 12
4.1 Development.. 14
4.1.1 Sizing.... 15
4.2 U.F.G.C .. 18
B. Inferential Meters .. 27
4.6.1 Mission.... 32
COMMENTS. 35
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all thanks to ALLAH Almighty. We have taken efforts in this project;
however, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals of SNGPL.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted
to HR department Lahore, and Admin Officer (ISB), who permitted our training
program in Islamabad.
We would like to express our gratitude towards the members of [SNGPL (D)
Islamabad] for their kind co-operation. We extend our special regards to the
Heads of all the four departments under whom we completed our training. We
thank them for providing us with necessary information regarding their respective
department and also for their kind support in completing this report.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to our Parents and University Administration
for helping us in availing this Internship program.
PREFACE
In our four week internship at Sui Northern Gas Pipe Lines Limited (SNGPL)
Islamabad, we were sent to Distribution Headquarters where we visited different
departments under Distribution and observed their working procedures.
We were taught a lot of new things mainly how to deal with professionals. We got
acquaintance with their professional dealing. We also learned the applications of
Chemical Engineering regarding the flow properties of Natural Gas, the main fluid
of SNGPL.
This report includes a brief introduction to the departments of [SNGPL (D)]. We
have thrown light to their objectives and responsibilities.
Internship Objectives
To solidify the ideal concepts of
chemical Engineering
To observe and learn
managerial aspects of
Professional life
1. An introduction to SNGPL:
Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) is the largest integrated gas company,
built in 1963.
It has 46 years of experience in operation and maintenance of high-pressure
gas transmission and distribution systems.
Serving more than 3.4 million consumers in North Central Pakistan (Punjab
and Khyber Pakhtoon khwa)
It has undertaken planning, designing and construction of pipelines, both for
itself and other organizations
The distribution activities covering1,624 main towns along with adjoining
villages in Punjab & Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa are organized through 8
regional offices.
1.1 Vision Statement
1.3 Services
Construction of transmission and distribution pipeline networks
Compressor station design / planning and installation
Project planning and permissions
Preliminary cost and design estimates
Surveying
Mapping
Station automation & control, SCADA
Construction of gas pressure reduction and custody transfer meter stations
Development
U.F.G.C
Operation/Maintenance
Metering
Metering workshop
Corrosion
3. GENERAL
(1000-3000 psi) ----200km----- > Compressor Station ---------- > SMS (100-200 psi)
------------- > Distribution Lines (100-200 psi) ------------- > TBS --------- > DRS ----------
4.1 Development
4.1.1 Sizing
Gas Mains are sized for the gas loads provided by the Sales Department
using standard gas Flow Formulas, and the standard pressure drops for
various categories of mains. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 nominal dia,
will be used.
Load estimation
3
For domestic line 1 house = 35 ft
3
1 commercial (industries and CNG) = 150 ft
if there are 100 houses in a town then the load will be estimated as;
= 3.5 mcf
Where,
3
SNGPL defines one cu-ft as a volume of gas which occupies 1 cuft space at a
pressure of 14.65 psia and 60F called base condition.
4.1.2 Pre-Treatment Before Installations of Pipe Lines
Cleaning of pipe
Prior to installations, Pipe surface should be free from all loose mill scale,
welding residue, corrosion products, dirt oil, grease, old coatings, paint,
moisture and other foreign materials.
Cleaning is done either manually by using wire brushes or by sand blasting
machine.
Priming
Pipeline primer shall be applied immediately after the cleaning of the pipe
surface just prior to the coating wrapping.
The pipe surface shall be dry at the time the primer is applied.
Primer may be applied by spray type or brush.
Welding
Proper night cap shall be installed on the welded pipe lengths on the close
of the work at site daily.
All distribution lines should be tested with air at 1.5 time the maximum
operating pressure of the line i.e.
o Supply main to be tested at 250 psig (op pressure is 150 psig)
o Distribution lines to be tested at 100 psig (op pressure is 60psig)
After successful completion of the test, the lines shall be purged with air for
removal of any foreign material.
Before introduction of gas a slug of inert gas (N2 or CO2) shall be introduced
into the pipe to avoid formation of explosive air gas mixture.
Commissioning
Before turning on gas into piping, all openings from which gas can escape should
be closed. Immediately after turning gas into piping the system shall be checked
as follows: -
Checking for leakage can be done by carefully watching the test dial of the
meter with test hand on the upstroke for a sufficient length of time when it
should NOT indicate any movement.
If the houseline test proves to be O.K. then the piping shall be purged and a
small gas burner lighted on it. If the meter dial hand does not move nor the
meter does not register flow of gas through the meter then the meter is
defective and should be replaced.
4.1.3 Installations
U.F.G.C stands for Unaccounted for Gas Control, it is the loss of gas which can
be stated as
This department deals with the possible control over the losses of Natural Gas,
Which are mainly caused by:
i. Leakages
iii. Theft
i. Leakages
This type of loss is caused by error in noting down the reading of meters,
owing to the un-awareness of meter readers, or some technical error in
mechanical counter of the meter.
iii. Thef
Theft is the major and an increasing cause of Gas losses in many regions
of the country. The common way of gas theft is tempering of meters.
Here are listed some of the theft anomalies through which a consumer
can be suspected, these are:
Miss match between the reading of EVC (Electronic Volume Corrector) and
mechanical counter of the meter.
Non-zero fault volume (it is the volume on which T,P factors are not
accommodated by disturbing the T,P probes of EVC)
Running load of consumer is more than the reported load to company.
Sealed wires of meters in a non-rigid of flexible state.
Miss match between last 3-digits of Seal on meter and Insert.
Lose wires passing through oil plugs of meters as these places are most
likely to use for tempering of meters.
The CMS inside the consumer premises is also suspected.
In addition to this, on industrial CMSs solar panels are installed which provide
online monitoring of EVC data through GPRS.
4.3 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Department has its welding section and welding teams which deals with
emergency rectification of complaints
Usually the complaints are about leakages (on or underground leakages)
Laser detectors are used to identify underground leakages
Meter replacements and disconnection of suspected meters is also done
Maintenance of valves , shifting of meters and service lines form old lines to
now lines is also dealt
Help line number is 1199
The minimum rectification limit is 24 hours.
4.4 METERING
To know the volume of gas being consumed by each consumer for the
purpose of billing (revenue collection)
Standardize the measurement for each customer, everybody should be
treated equally
For the reconciliation of the system
To minimize the measurement losses
4.4.1 Methods Used for Gas Measurement
i. Diaphragm Meters
These are most common meters.
These meters do not directly measure the volume of gas but uses some property
of fluid flow to inference the gas volume. Usually velocity of fluid stream is
measured through the fixed Area and volume is computed by using formula
Q = VA
i. Turbine meters
Gas turbine meters are velocity sensing devices
A turbine meter introduces a restriction (called a nose cone) of known
cross-sectional area into the gas stream
The direction of flow through the meter is parallel to a turbine rotor axis
The speed of rotation of the turbine rotor is nominally proportional to
the rate of flow
Gas volumes are inferred from the rotations of the turbine rotor
ii. Orifice Meters
An orifice gas meter consists of a straight length of pipe inside which a
precisely known orifice creates a pressure drop, thereby affecting the
flow.
Orifice meters infer the rate of gas flow by measuring the pressure
difference across a deliberately designed and installed flow disturbance.
i. Remus meters
ii. G 4 meters
Repairing of Remus meter is easy, but in the case of error in a G4 meter the
whole internal body needs to be replaced.
Flow proving is employed for the standardization of new and faulty meters
Five meters in series are connected with the standard meter (calibrated)
A known flow of Air is passed through standard meter and then in series to
all the connected meters and the reading of every meter is noted down
A tolerance of +2 is acceptable between the reading of a testing and
standard meter
leakage is checked by putting all the meters in a soapy water bath, if any
kind of leakage is present then bubbles are produced in water.
Galvanic Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion
Crevice Corrosion
High temperature Corrosion
Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes
preferentially to another when both metals are in electrical contact and immersed
in an electrolyte.
One way is to electrically insulate the two metals from each other.
Unless they are in electrical contact, there can be no galvanic couple set
up. This can be done using plastic or another insulator to separate
pipelines of different metals.
Pitting Corrosion
The driving power for pitting corrosion is the depassivation of a small area,
which becomes anodic while an unknown but potentially vast area becomes
cathodic, leading to very localized galvanic corrosion. The corrosion penetrates
the mass of the metal, with limited diffusion of ions
Crevice Corrosion
Surface treatments
Reactive coatings
Cathodic protection
Surface treatments
Plating, painting, and the application of enamel are the most common
anti-corrosion treatments.
They work by providing a barrier of corrosion-resistant material between
the damaging environment and the structural material.
Reactive coatings
Cathodic protection
The experience at SNGPL distribution office was very delightful. We were taught
managerial aspects and also learnt the engineering applications.
With this note we once again pay our regards to SNGPL and wish it a BEST
TOMORROW rather the better.