Ser

TH1
~21d National Research Comeil national
no. 910
cop 2
I$ Council Canada de recherches Canada

E3Llb~.

A "MODIFIED" BIN METHOD FOR ESTIMATING

ANNUAL HEATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF
RESIDENTIAL AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS

by RLD. Cane

Published in
ASHRAE Journal
VoL 21, No. 9, September 1979
p. 60.63

* DBR Paper No. 910

Division of Building Research

Price $1.00 OTTAWA NRCC 18354

 7

SOMMAIRE,
- -

L'auteur dgcrit une mEthode de compartimentation modifige pour la

prgdiction des besoins gnerggtiques des pompes 5 chaleur
rgsidentielles 5 source agrienne. A l'aide d'un exemple, il
compare la mEthode proposge 2 celle recomrnandee par llASHRAE.
L'auteur compare ensuite les rgsultats avec les besoins GnergGtiques
rGels enregistrgs dans une habitation identique 5 celle consid6rse
dans l'exemple. La msthode modifige donne des rgsultats beaucoup
plus proches de la consommation observEe que la methode normalisge
de 1'ASHRAE.

- -

- -
-

L
 REQUIREMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS

R.L.D. Cane*

ABSTRACT

This article outlines a "modified" bin method for predicting

heating energy requirements of residential air-source heat
pumps. An illustrative example compares the proposed method
with that recommended by ASHRAE. The results are then compared
with the actual monitored heating energy requirement of a house
identical to the one considered in the example. The "modified"
bin method prediction is much closer to the observed con-
sumption than the result of the standard ASHRAE method.

The bin method outlined in the ASHRAE Handbook (Systems 1976 - Chapter
43) overestimates the amount of purchased heating energy needed in
reasonably well insulated dwellings because it erroneously assumes that
purchased heat is needed whenever the outside temperature is below 18.3OC
(6SF). The "modified" bin method presented here treats internal and
solar heat gains separately from heat loss and thereby determines the
"break even" temperature below which the heating system needs to operate
This will automatically lead to elimination of the bin hours that occur
in the non-heating months of the year.

"Research Officer, Energy and Services Section, Division of Building

Research, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada KIA OR6
Estimating Heat Loss

A recent publication1 out lined a technique for estimating the "net"

seasonal heat loss of the various components of a building's outer shell.
The "net" heat loss values were determined by using a computer to evaluate
the annual heating requirements of a "standard" and a "modified"
bungalow exposed to "testf1year weather cycles for several locations
across Canada. The consequence of increasing the area of windows and
walls and varying the orientation of various components was examined in
detail. The effect of exterior colour of walls and roofs was also
evaluated.

Rather than applying a single degree day correction factor, CD, to

the total heat loss rate, it was thought that each building component
could be modified by a reduction factor derived from Ref. 1. To
quantify the reduction factors, it was necessary to estimate the heat loss
in the absence of solar effects on external surfaces. For example, in
the case of walls, solar absorptivity (a ) values of 0.45 and 0.90 were
S
used in Ref. 1 for light and dark surfaces respectively. The heat loss
factor for the case as = 0 could be found by extrapolation. The result is
illustrated in Fig. 1. The north-facing vertical surface was used as it
was thought that the correction would be small and hence reduce the error
in the estimate. The heat loss factors obtained in this manner could
then be compared with the values for cases of non-zero a . The ratio of
S
the heat loss factor for any other surface color to the value for a
perfectly white opaque surface (aS = 0) is referred to as the seasonal
heat loss reduction factor (SHLRF). This same procedure was applied to
ceilings and windows. The SHLRF values are then multiplied by the design
heat loss rate for the various components to obtain the adjusted heat
loss rate as follows:
 QL (i) = [Hwall0SHLRF + H SHLRF
w ceiling C

+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l o ( At,) -1
.(Tindoor-Tmean (i) 1
The SHLRF applies to all above-grade portions of walls including doors
W
and foundation. For below-grade portions of walls and the basement
floor the SHLRF is assumed equal to 1. The seasonal heat loss reduction
factors for walls, windows and ceilings are shown in Fig. 2.

One component of heat loss that remains to be included in Q (i) is

L
the infiltration heat loss. In calculating design heat loss, infiltration
2
is typically assumed to be between 0.75 and 1.25 air changes per hour.
However, at other than design conditions it is highly unlikely that the
air change rate is greater than 0.5 in reasonably tight construction.
There is evidence to suggest that a more representative average value
(particularly new electrically heated homes) might be anywhere from 0.2
to 0.5 air changes per hour.3 The choice of a design infiltration rate
and a seasonal rate must be made after careful examination of the
2
experimental data now available.

The final equation for the adjusted heat loss rate is:

QL (i! = [ (Hwall *SHLRFW + Hwal l2 *SHLRFw + .............a

1 1 2

..... + Hfloor -1 + H
cei1ing
*SHLRF
c
+ H
window
1

Estimating Heat Gains

In the previous section, the SHLRF for windows was set equal to 1
for the purpose of calculating the total heat loss rate. In this
s e c t i o n , t h e s o l a r h e a t g a i n w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d s e p a r a t e l y .

The d i f f e r e n c e between t h e n e t h e a t l o s s and t h e h e a t l o s s f o r a

p e r f e c t l y white opaque window ( i . e . , =1) r e p r e s e n t s t h e t o t a l
SHLRFwindow
u s e f u l s o l a r h e a t g a i n p e r u n i t a r e a of window f o r t h e h e a t i n g s e a s o n .
T h i s ' u s e f u l ' s o l a r h e a t g a i n (from Fig. 2) i s summed o v e r a l l f e n e s t r a -
t i o n areas a s follows:

--
"g a i n
S
a l l wiidows ( gain
S
A window 1
j
j

The f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d be noted when c o n s i d e r i n g i n t e r n a l h e a t g a i n s

from household e l e c t r i c i t y u s e and occupancy.

(1) A l l e l e c t r i c a l energy consumed by a p p l i a n c e s and l i g h t s w i t h i n t h e

h e a t e d s p a c e , d u r i n g t h e h e a t i n g s e a s o n , i s assumed t o c o n t r i b u t e an
e q u i v a l e n t amount o f h e a t f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g . T h i s does n o t apply
t o a l l c a s e s , a s , f o r example, when w a t e r i s h e a t e d on t h e element
o f a cooking range and s u b s e q u e n t l y poured down t h e d r a i n , b u t it
should be s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e f o r e s t i m a t i o n p u r p o s e s .

(2) For domestic h o t w a t e r h e a t e r s (assumed e l e c t r i c ) and a s s o c i a t e d

plumbing, standby l o s s e s r e p r e s e n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20% o f t h e t o t a l
4
e l e c t r i c a l energy consumption f o r h e a t i n g t h e w a t e r a c t u a l l y used.
Half o f t h e remaining 80% i s assumed t o be l o s t down t h e d r a i n .
Thus approximately 60% o f t h e energy used f o r domestic h o t water
heating i s u s e f u l h e a t gain t o t h e space during t h e h e a t i n g season.

(3) The occupany p a t t e r n f o r t h e household must be assumed. For

example, based on an a v e r a g e occupancy o f 2, f o r 12 h o u r s , a t 65
w a t t s p e r occupant, t h e r e s u l t i n g h e a t g a i n i s approximately
 The information regarding household electricity use for appliances,
lights and domestic hot water heating is available from electric utility
5
surveys. One survey indicated the following average consumption data:
2 so
46 4
(a) Domestic hot water heating = 5000 kW*h/yr -
2 7P

(b) Appliances and lights = 7500 kW-h/yr (Muu;XhJi 197

A~WRM) + L'b
I?-\3 klyL/t..

If it is assumed that electricity consumption is uniform over an

n
entire year, the heat gain would be 875 kW*h/month based on the data
from Ref. 5 . Combining this with the occupancy gain of 50 kW*h/month
yields an internal heat gain of 925 kW-h/month. - - - -- --

Before the solar and internal gains can be incorporated into a bin
analysis, the length of the heating season must be determined. As a first
step, the months of June, July and August can be excluded. The remaining
months can then be used to calculate the building break even temperature
as follows: L&P--- = kA

TBE = T
indoor

H =
gain [Hgains + (HgainI) en] - ( 7 3 0 an)-'

The calculated value for the TBE can then be compared with the mean
monthly temperatures for a locale. If the number of months with a mean
monthly temperature less than the T equals the assumed value for n, the
BE
value for H is correct. Otherwise, the value for n is changed and a
gain
new value for H is calculated.
gain

Hours of occurrence of outdoor temperature for the non-heating

months should be excluded from the bins. The breakdown of hourly
-
occurrence of outdoor temperature is generally available on a month-by-
6
month basis .
"\
Illustrative Example

The following example illustrates the application of the mcthod.

The characteristics of a two-story single detached house with a heated
2
floor area of 164 m (including basement) are summarized in Table 1. For
this analysis, the house is located in Ottawa, Canada (4673C days).
, ,

Rather than using a single factor C each building component is

D'
assigned a separate correction factor (SHLRF) derived from the "Net Annual
Heat Loss Factor Method."' The values shown in Table 1, Col. 2, are
obtained from the various SHLRF plots by entering each plot at the degree
days for Ottawa. The bracketed quantity in Col. 2 is the fraction of
the total wall or door area in a particular orientation. The sum of the
products of this value and its SHLRF yield an overall SHLRF to be
multiplied by the Design Heat Loss in Col. 1. Note that a SHLRF of 1 has
been assigned for exposed floor, basement slab and below-grade walls, and
that the below-grade heat loss is assumed constant and independent of
indoor-outdoor temperature difference. A SHLRFI (infiltration) of 0.4
has been used, which is appropriate for tight construction. The
adjusted heat loss values (Col. 3) are summed over all components to yield
an over-all adjusted heat loss characteristic which is analogous to the
ASHRAE H /A CD.
t~

Solar heat gains through windows and the internal heat gains remain
to be considered. For this example the useful solar heat gain during the
heating season (Col. 4) is 2230 kW-h. Recall that the internal heat gain
(occupancy and electricity consumed within the heated space) was
calculated to be 925 kW*h/month.

For the Ottawa area, the months of June, July and August are non-
heating months. The total extraneous heat gain (assumed to be constant
over the entire heating season) can be calculated using equation (5).
H
gain
=1.6 kW -
= (2230 kW*h + 925 kW*h/month x 9 months) x (730 hour/month x 9 months)-'

7,,
21.1 -
' b $ ~ d .i'.71*1
7
 - 7 -
C, ec;k. +U L f i L n L (W + 9.& (L5.f

+d ,Lwu-L rrl
ww
*
a c t
- h p k
b5'~).
.- .
The next step is fa,compare the new method with the procedure
\

recommended by ASHRAE. ~ h ~ ~ bcalculation

i n using the adjusted heat loss
characteristic from Col. 3 of\,~able1 is shown in Table 2. For the
ASHRAE method, the design heat'.loss characteristic from Table 1, Col. 1,
, --
is first multiplied by the factor C = 0.62, which is appropriate for
D
a design outdoor temperature of -13'~.~ The ASHRAE bin calculation is
summarized in Table 3. The characteristics of a commercially available
air source heat pump of 2; ton (9 kW) capacity are used in the example.

Com~arisonof the ASHRAE and "ModifiedttBin Method

Tables 2 and 3 reveal the basic differences in the two techniques.

Column 1, in both tables, is the number of hours over which the calcula-
tion is made. In Table 2, the months of June, July and August are not
included, which results in 717 fewer hours than Table 3 in the temperature
range 40-65'~. Most of these hours would occur overnight and, thus for
this period would not require heating due to thermal storage effects in
the building (i.e., warm, sunny days, cool nights). Column 10 of Table 3
indicates that 818 kW*h of heating energy would be supplied by the heat
pump in the temperature range 60-65'~; in Table 2 the need for heating
was offset by a combination of solar and internal heat gains.

The seasonal performance factor (SPF) is 15% higher when determined

by the ASHRAE method than by the modified bin method. The ASHRAE method
predicts a heating energy consumption and savings over resistance heating,
74% and 108% higher than that obtained by the modified method. This
would lead to a substantial over-estimation of the economic benefit of
the heat pump.

The house in this example is one of four in an energy conservation

project located near Ottawa jointly sponsored by the National Research
Council of Canada and the Housing and Urban Development Association of
Canada. The monitored results from an occupied dwelling indicate that
the heating energy supplied by an electric furnace to this dwelling is
approximately 10,500 kW*h per year. This is in good agreement with the
predictions by the modified bin method (11,523 kW-h), but is much less
than the 20,070 kW-h indicated by the standard ASHRAE method.

Although not used in the example bin calculations, it is recommended

that part load correction factors be used. 8'9 In well insulated houses,
the heat pump balance point is considerably below the accepted 25'-35'F
range, resulting in many hours of operation at a reduced load factor.
This would result in a reduction in the SPF from that calculated here.

Conclusions

The proposed bin method using SHLRFs and a separate accounting for
solar and internal gains provides an accurate estimate of heat loss and
hence heat pump energy consumption in well insulated residential
construction.

The continued use of all hours of occurrence of outdoor temperature

below 18.3"C ( 6 5 O ~ ) without regard to time of year is not appropriate.
The outdoor temperature data are published in Canada in a format that
allows separation of the hours on a month-by-month basis. If the
proposed method is used, the bins should include heating season hours of
occurrence from the thermostat set point down, since the solar and
internal gains are treated separately (Table 2).

Acknowledeement

The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful discussions with his

colleague, G.P. Mitalas, whose work provided the basis for the SHLRF values.

This paper is a contribution from the Division of Building Research,

National Research Council of Canada and is published with the approval
of the Director of the Division.
 Nomenclature

2 2
A
window
- n e t a r e a o f window j (m or ft )
j
- design h e a t l o s s r a t e f o r c e i l i n g (kW)

- design h e a t l o s s r a t e f o r basement f l o o r (kW)

H
gain
- t o t a l monthly i n t e r n a l h e a t gain ( e l e c t r i c a l and occupancy)
I
(kW0h/month)
2
H - u s e f u l s o l a r h e a t gain f o r window j (kW-h/m )
gain
S
j
H
gain
- average h e a t gain ( i n t e r n a l and s o l a r ) assumed c o n s t a n t (kW)

- design h e a t l o s s r a t e by i n f i l t r a t i o n (kW)

- design h e a t l o s s r a t e f o r wall (kW)

- design h e a t l o s s r a t e f o r window (kW)

n - l e n g t h of h e a t i n g season (months)
4, (i) - a d j u s t e d h e a t l o s s r a t e , b i n i (kW)

SHLRFc - seasonal h e a t l o s s r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r f o r c e i l i n g
SHLRFI - seasonal h e a t l o s s r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r f o r i n f i l t r a t i o n

SHLRF
W
- seasonal h e a t l o s s r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r f o r wall

- outdoor temperature a t which h e a t g a i n s j u s t o f f s e t h e a t

l o s s (OC o r OF)
- design indoor temperature (OC o r OF)

- mean outdoor temperature i n b i n i (OC o r OF)

- design indoor-outdoor temperature d i f f e r e n c e (deg C o r deg F)

- design indoor - mean outdoor temperature i n b i n i (deg C o r deg F)

- s o l a r a b s o r p t i v i t y of s u r f a c e
References

1. G.P. Mitalas. Net Annual Heat Loss Factor Method for Estimating Heat
Requirements of Buildings. Nat. Res. Council of Canada, Div. Bldg. Res.
Bldg. Res. Note 117, 1976.

2. ASHRAE Handbook; 1977 Fundamentals - Chapter 21. American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers.

3. G.T. Tamura and A.G. Wilson. Air Leakage and Pressure Measurements of
Two Occupied Houses. ~ S H ~ AJournal,
E Vol. 5, No. 12, 1963.

4. Canadian Standards Associdtion. Performance Requirements for Electric

Storage-Tank Water Heaters. CSA Standard C191-1973, June 1973.

5. V.S. Manian and A. Juchymenko. Energy Usage and Relative Utilization

Efficiencies of Oil-, Gas-, and Electric-Heated Single-Family Homes.
ASHRAE Trans. Vol. 81, Part 2, 1975.

6. Environment Canada. Atmospheric Environment Service. Hourly Data

Summaries, July 1967.

7. ASHRAE Handbook; Systems 1976 - Chapter 43. American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers.

8. C.E. Bullock and W.R. Reedy. Heat Pump Cyclic Performance and Its
Influence on Seasonal Operation. Procs. 3rd Annual Heat Pump
Technology Conference. April 10-11, 1978, Oklahoma State Univ.,
Stillwater, Oklahoma.

9. G.E. Kelly and J. Bean. Dynamic Performance of a Residential

Air-to-Air Heat Pump. Nat. Bur. Stds., Thermal Engineering Section,
Center for Building Technology NBS Building Science Series 93, 1977.
 TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF APPLICATION OF NEW METHOD

(1) (2) (3) (41 (51

Seasonal Useful Below-
Design Heat
Heat Loss Adjusted Solar Grade
Loss Rate
Area Reduct i o n Heat Loss Heat Heat
Insulation, * (HL/AtD)**
Building Component m Nominal Factor Rate ( a L / ~ t D ) Gain Loss
W/"C (SHLRF ) w/"C kW*h kW
Ceiling 59.4 R5.6 11.6 0.68 7.9
Walls ( f a c i n g ) : N 30.0 R3.5 0.96(0.18)
(windows S 43.0 " 39.0 o.81[ 0.67(0.26) 31.6
excluded) E 43.6 " (Total) 0.84 (0.26) (Total)
W 48.8 I' 0.84(0.29)
Windows ( f a c i n g ) : N 5.9 T r i p l e Glazed
S 5.8 " 33.2 1.0 33.2
E 0.9 It (Total) (Total)
W 0.0 "
Doors (facing) :
[windows
excluded)
N

E
1.9

1.2
I n s u l . Door
Plus Storm
"
5.8

(Total)
O.gl [ 0.96(0.61)

0.84(0.39)
5.3

Exposed Floor 3.7 R3.5 1.1 1.0 1.1

Basement xal 1 8.9 R1.8 4.2 0.81 3.4

(above-grade ;
windows
excluded)
Infiltration - - 93.3 37.3
A+&

Lnur
v*+*L~

i % ~
jy

L~,,.,,
- =I79
'
51.k
$v~.8
-
(0.75 a. c / h r ) - (0.3 a . c / h r ) r

y*.
T o t a l h e a t loss
r a t e , W/*C
2
rn 2 \
I
I Basement slab*** 52.0 nil 5 . 4 W/m 1.0 5.4 W/m 1 58
Basement w a l l f * * 2~79- \I, - I 0.95
(below-grade) 62.3 R1.8 10.75 IT 1. O 10.75 I'

2230 r f l ? L '"L L'L

*
** A t = 47.2 C deg [72- (-131 E5 .F F 6.1Z ' L
D
*** Belou
-
R v a l u e i s i n S I u n i t s ( m u l t i p l y by 5.67 f o r R v a l u e i n B r i t i s h U n i t s )

grade h e a t l o s s assumed c o n s t a n t and independent of o u t d o o r temperature

= 2479

'3 2 3 0
% -
.q

s3
p ~ a p w . 4b.3)

1
 ht&% & X I 1 4 1
$
.c-J- @
,
!A '3.L"
f < (;.. 1
.J-F
TABLE 2
MODIFIED BIN METHOD
k,!

Energy Heating
Adjusted Below Ave . Energy
Outdoor Heat Grade Building Ave . Power Consumed
Consumed
by
Energy
Temp. Loss Supp 1i e d
Number Heat Heat Heating Heat Pump Input t o by
Range, of ( 6 L / ~ t D xY d ~LOSS,
~ Gain, Required, Capacity, Heat Pump, Resistance by
Heat Pump, Heaters, System,
O F
Hours* k~ kW kW kW kW kW kW*h kW*h kW-h
65-69 215 0.20 hi 0.0 12.6 4.2 0 0 0
60-64 293 0.53 0.0 11.7 4.0 0 0 0
55-59 398 0.87 0.22 10.8 3.8 31 0 87
50-54 475 1.20 0.55 9.9 3.7 98 0 261
45-49 491 1.53 0.88 9.1 3.4 161 0 432
40-44 554 1.87 1.22 8.2 3.3 272 0 676
35- 39 668 2.20 1.55 7.3 3.1 440 0 1035
30- 34- _ 728 - 2.53
1.88 6.6 3.0 622 0 1369
,Z-29 _ - 5SIj 2.7, , 0,25 1.60 2.22 6.0 2.9 - 575 D - - 1190
20-24 46 7 3.20 2.55 5.6 2.8 595 0 1191
15- 19 383 3.53 2.88 5.2 2.7 573 0 1103
10-14 348 3.87 3.22 4.8 2.6 607 0 1120
5-9 2 75 4.20 3.55 4.3 2.6 590 0 976
0-4 210 4.53 3.88 3.9 2.5 522 0 815
-5 - -1 145 4.87 4.22 3.3 2.4 348 133 6 12
-10 - -6 83 5.20 4.55 2.7 2.3 191 153 378
-15 - -11 41 5.53 4.88 2.3 2.1 86 106 200
-20 - -16 15 5.87 5.22 2.0 1.9 28 48 78
Y \ 5739 440 11523
6325
2.87+ '9s - 1.10 2 2 ;r
2 2 2 , 5 3 ( 0 = 1\90 k v L Heating Energy S u p p l i e d by System
J
55 Loku i> 2,l--f- SPF = = 1.9

-
\iqo
b
\, ,1.9 kd =r 575 k'+JL Energy Consumed+ Energy Consumed
by Heat Pump by R e s i s t a n c e H e a t e r s

Energy Saving o v e r R e s i s t a n c e Heating = 5344 kW*h

*Months o f J u n e , J u l y
and August excluded
k

-
NO; ,&dU'L-

A& +-*
4I 1
TABLE 3
I
ASHRAE B I N METHOD

C 13 (21 . (31 (41 (53 163 (73 (8) (9) (10)

',
Energy Heating
Outdoor Heat Consumed Energy
Building Ave. Power Consumed by Supplied
Resistance by

55-59 692 0.39 $4

50-54 633 0 .84 r.lL
45-49 540 1 . 16 1 , ~ 1139 ':c\ x
40-44 565 1.49 ',a\
35-39 670 1 . 8 1 2.14 1849 2.70
30- 34 728 2.14 2,*& 2249 ? ~ t z
25-29 5 36 2 .46 2.1s 1828 .'"
20-24 467 2 . 78 3.11 1742 \tab
15-19 383 3. 11 3.43 1555 lL77
10-14 348 3.43 3.15 1524 '"31

n
1292 ~3%;

/- ----- ..,. . . ~- ?'J.,Q

- - ---.- ~ ~-- .- 4.":.Qe.-fq%o .
-5 - -1 145 4.34 " ' 4 767 YLL
-10 - -6 83 4 - 7 3 .a's 471 i:"F
-15 - -11 41 5.05 ,'7
-20 - -16 15 5.37 5-30
7042 7855 1099 "' 20020 2x49

+,o~&!3'?=
5 5.63
H e a t i n g Energy S u p p l i e d by System 2+4
5.03n2to = b5L kwt* SPF = = 2.2
- 3.9
h,?. r&?'o - gJqkuh
%'- 1 0 5 b - S I 9 =231 kvk
Energy Consumed + Energy Consumed
3.9lco~= 2.5 by Heat Pump by R e s i s t a n c e H e a t e r s
~ . 5 ~ 2 1=, 3525 kwh 1322k
Energy Saving o v e r R e s i s t a n c e Heating = 11116 kW-h
* A l l 12 months i n c l u d e d

Z
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