Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Enero de 2015
Cmo reconocer que el sujeto est dormido?
Qu es lo que define al sueo?
Los ojos cerrados? Se pueden cerrar prpados por largos periodos sin que ello implique
dormir. Los bebs humanos a veces duermen con los ojos abiertos, los peces y los insectos no
tienen prpados.
La posicin del cuerpo? Los caballos, las jirafas o los elefantes pueden literalmente dormir
parados, aunque lo hagan con poca profundidad.
En la ultima dcada se ha intentado definir al sueo o lo estados parecidos a ste, desde la
ptica del comportamiento, utilizando modelos que han incluido peces, moscas y gusanos. Los
anlisis filogenticos han mostrado un origen antiguo y la conservacin remarcable de los
mecanismos que subyacen en el control del sueo.
Se ha encontrado que la mayora de los animales estudiados duermen o al menos muestran un
estado parecido al sueo que incluye la reduccin o cese del movimiento y de la respuesta
sensoriales a estmulos.
Se le considera un estado de inactividad adaptativa que puede observarse en diversos
organismos vivos, incluyendo plantas, animales uni y pluricelulares y animales con o sin
sistema nervioso Siegel, 2009, 2010
Necesario distinguirlo de los estados de menor alerta que se
presentan circadicamente, mediante los cuales el animal ha
ajustado evolutivamente su actividad a las condiciones
ambientales. El sueo persiste en animales en los que se han
eliminado los ritmos circdicos por lesiones del NSQ. Bergman et al 1987
Debe distinguirse de hibernacin , torpor y de estados de reposo
Es regulado homeostticamente.
Las ratas a las que se les impide dormir mueren en un tiempo similar al que
correspondera a la privacin total de alimento. Rechtschaffen et al, Science 221, 182184
(1983); Las moscas tambin mueren cuando se les priva de sueo. Shaw et al,
Nature 417, 287291 (2002). Se comprende bien la necesidad de comer, pero no se
sabe cmo el sueo contribuye a la supervivencia.
delta: son las ms lentas, con un ritmo de 1-3 ondas cada segundo;
theta:de 4 a 7 ondas por segundo;
alfa: de 8 a 12 ondas por segundo;
beta: por encima de 12 ondas por segundo.
delta: 1-3 Hz
Theta: 4 -7 Hz
alfa: 8 - 12 Hz
beta: > 12 Hz
delta: 1-3 Hz
Theta: 4 -7 Hz
alfa: 8 - 12 Hz
beta: > 12 Hz
delta: 1-3 Hz
Theta: 4 -7 Hz
alfa: 8 - 12 Hz
beta: > 12 Hz
Durante el sueo No-REM hay marcada reduccin del tono
muscular.
Estas funciones son controladas por diferentes ncleos del tronco cerebral,
siendo el lugar fundamental de generacin del sueo REM la protuberancia
(Heister, 2009).
Small lesions confined to portions of the subcoeruleus regions result in a very unusual syndrome. After NREM
sleep, these animals enter REM sleep as indicated by lack of responsiveness to the environment, PGO
(pontogeniculo-occipital) spikes, EEG desynchrony, and pupil constriction. However, they lack the muscle atonia
that normally characterizes this state During REM sleep without atonia these animals appear to act out dreams,
attacking objects that are not visible,exhibiting unusual affective behaviors and ataxic locomotion.
El estado de alerta y la vigilia estn mediados
por varias vas ascendentes que provienen de
la parte alta del tallo cerebral , cerca de la
protuberancia One
Una d elas vas inerva el tlamo y la otra se
extiende hacia el hipotlamo posterior y
cerebro anterior. Estas vas ascendentes
incluyen neuronas colinrgicas,
noradrenrgicas, serotoninrgicas,
dopaminrgicas e histaminrgicas que
descargan con un patrn que promueve la
vigilia.
Sin embargo, cada da el sistema es inhibido
durante el sueo por neuronas GABAergicas y
galaninrgicas del ncleo ventrolateral
preptico (VLPO) que acta como un
apagador para cambiar de estado de vigilia a
sueo.
Abstract
Drosophila exhibits a circadian rest-activity cycle, but it is not known whether fly rest
constitutes sleep or is mere inactivity. It is shown here that, like mammalian sleep, rest in
Drosophila is characterized by an increased arousal threshold and is homeostatically
regulated independently of the circadian clock. As in mammals, rest is abundant in
young flies, is reduced in older flies, and is modulated by stimulants and hypnotics.
Several molecular markers modulated by sleep and waking in mammals are modulated
by rest and activity in Drosophila, including cytochrome oxidase C, the endoplasmic
reticulum chaperone protein BiP, and enzymes implicated in the catabolism of
monoamines. Flies lacking one such enzyme, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, show
increased rest after rest deprivation. These results implicate the catabolism of
monoamines in the regulation of sleep and waking in the fly and suggest that Drosophila
may serve as a model system for the genetic dissection of sleep.
Drosophila melanogaster, whose sleep shares most of the features of mammalian
sleep: It consists of long periods of behavioral immobility with increased
arousal threshold and is associated with changes in brain electrical activity and gene
expression . In flies as in mammals, the duration and intensity of sleep both increase
in proportion to the duration of prior waking, sleep deprivation reduces performance
and learning and enriched experience increase sleep need and sleep intensity
Journal of Neurogenetics, June 2013, Vol. 27, No. 1-2 : Pages 23-42
Lessons From Sleeping Flies: Insights from Drosophila melanogaster on the Neuronal
Circuitry and Importance of Sleep . Sheetal Potdar , Vasu Sheeba
(doi: 10.3109/01677063.2013.791692)
Summary
Cynomolgus monkeys are widely used as models of diseases and in pre-clinical
studies to assess the impact of new pharmacotherapies on brain function and
behaviour. However, the time course of electroencephalographic delta activity during
sleep, which represents the main marker of sleep intensity associated with recovery
during sleep, has never been described in this non-human primate. In this study,
telemetry implants were used to record one spontaneous 24-h sleepwake cycle in
four freely-moving Cynomolgus monkeys, and to quantify the time course of
electroencephalographic activity during sleep using spectral analysis. Animals
presented a diurnal activity pattern interrupted by short naps. During the dark period,
most of the time was spent in sleep with non-rapid eye movement sleep/rapid eye
movement sleep alternations and sleep consolidation profiles intermediate between
rodents and humans. Deep non-rapid eye movement sleep showed a typical
Macaca fascicularis predominance at the beginning of the night with decreased propensity in the course of
the night, which was accompanied by a progressive increase in rapid eye movement
sleep duration. Spectral profiles showed characteristic changes between vigilance
states as reported in other mammalian species. Importantly, delta activity also
followed the expected time course of variation, showing a build-up with wakefulness
duration and dissipation across the night. Thus, Cynomolgus monkeys present
typical characteristics of sleep architecture and spectral structure as those
observed in other mammalian species including humans, validating the use
of telemetry in this non-human primate model for translational sleep
studies.
Algunos animales nunca exhiben un comportamiento que pueda
considerarse como el sueo de los humanos. Se podra hablar en
ellos ms de un estado de vigilia tranquila que de sueo.
Otros suspenden o reducen marcadamente el comportamiento de
sueo por semanas durante el posparto o las migraciones, sin
mostrar signos de deuda de sueo.
Las ratas mueren por privacin de sueo, pero no otros
vertebrados estudiados.
Algunos mamferos marinos no muestran sueo REM . No hay
evidencias de esta fase de sueo en reptiles, peces e insectos.
Existe una enorme variacin de la naturaleza de los estados de
descanso y de sueo en el reino animal y an entre mamferos.