Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SURGICAL CARE
Version 5
2015, Ministry of Health, Kuwait
SURGICAL CARE
ADMISSION
1.0 There is a defined process for admitting the patient to the Surgical Care
Service.
1.1 The patient is evaluated at the point of contact to match the patient to the
hospitals surgical service.
the hospital clearly identifies the scope of care and treatment which is
delivered by this service in the inpatient and ambulatory care setting
there is defined evaluation process used by this service to ensure the
Service is able to deliver the care and treatment required by each patient
Guidelines:
When admitting a patient, regardless of whether it is for in-patient or
ambulatory care, service must ensure that it is capable of meeting the
patients care needs. If this is not possible a process is in place for stabilizing
the patient and/or referring the patient where those care needs can be met.
1.2 Patients are categorized according to their need for the Surgical Care Service
and those with immediate need are given priority.
methods to determine priority rankings are established and used
waiting lists are established and maintained, where appropriate
a pre-registration system exists for ambulatory care patients
1.3 There are written policies and procedures in place and followed for admitting
patients, including:
obtaining patient-related information from
patient and family
referring practitioners, both internal and external
records of previous related visits
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Guidelines:
The team follows clearly defined criteria when deciding whether to deny
services to a patient. Each organization defines the criteria, and documents
them. Services are not denied to patients in urgent or emergency situations.
1.4 The patient and the family are provided with information during admission,
including:
orientation to the Service
orientation to the physical environment of the Service
visitation protocols for inpatients
introduction to caregivers
routines and rules of the Service
information about patient and family rights and responsibilities
Guidelines:
The team has access to the services of a translator or interpreter when
required to ensure information provided to patients is easy to understand,
and in the language and format most acceptable to the patient and family.
These rights and responsibilities include: the right of the patient to participate
in decisions about care and treatment; the ways the patient can express
concern about care or treatment; and, the need for the patient to comply
with safety- related requirements.
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2.0 The patient is assessed and an interdisciplinary care plan is prepared based
on the results.
Standard Intent:
The patients care is provided by a team of caregivers from a variety of
disciplines and specialties (e.g. nursing, medicine, pharmacy, laboratory, etc.).
It is important for quality of patient care that all team members communicate
and cooperate with each other to develop a plan of care that will meet the
needs of the patient. An interdisciplinary team implies a collaborative style
of care that draws on the skills of multiple providers and disciplines, and may
also be termed multidisciplinary.
2.1 The patients needs are assessed in an integrated way (for preventive,
palliative, curative and rehabilitation services) and are prioritized based on the
patients condition at the time of entry to the hospital. The assessment may
include information on the following:
present illness or injury
patients understanding of illness, procedure to be done, or injury
symptoms, including level of pain
nutritional needs
functional status
mental status, including cognitive functioning
emotional and behavioral functioning
allergies
medication therapies
cultural and religious preferences
level of support available to the patient from family and/or community
following discharge
Guidelines:
The care plan for ambulatory care patients may or may not require the
participation of care givers from multiple disciplines. When interdisciplinary
care is required, this should be clearly described.
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Guidelines:
The timeliness of diagnostic testing and the availability of results will
depend on the patients illness and the specific tests which are ordered,
however, clinical practice guidelines should dictate the advisable speed at
which testing should be done for specific conditions in order to preclude
serious repercussions for treatment.
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Guidelines:
The detail of the ambulatory plan should consider the above items; however,
the patient may not require intervention in all areas.
Guidelines:
The care plan from all interdisciplinary providers is integrated into a single
plan and documented.
2.5 The care plan is clearly communicated and known to all caregivers who will be
involved in the care of the patient.
Guidelines:
The care of the patient involves a team of caregivers. Primarily, these include
the physician and the nurse but may include others depending on the needs
of the patient, such as a: physiotherapist, pharmacist, or dietician. It is very
important that the patients care plan is communicated to all members of the
care team and that all understand their role in carrying out the plan.
2.6 The care plan is discussed with the patient and/or family who participate in
decisions about the care plan.
the plan for surgery and the anesthetic plan are discussed
the risks, benefits, potential complications, and options related to the care
plan and interventions therein are discussed with the patient and family.
Content of this discussion is noted in the patient record
Guidelines:
Each individual hospital will define how the care plan is prepared for both
inpatient and ambulatory care patients, where it can be found and its precise
content.
The Service must ensure that there is adherence to the law which requires
discussion of the care plan with the patient (except when the patient is
mentally incapacitated).
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DELIVER CARE
3.1 Qualified individuals are identified as responsible for the patients care.
Guidelines:
Certain members of the care team must be identified as having final and
ultimate responsibility for the patients care. A senior physician member of
the team must have responsibility for the total medical care which is delivered
to the patient. A senior nurse will be responsible for the nursing care. The
designation of responsibility must be clearly noted in the patients record.
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Guidelines:
Those who are responsible for the care of patient sign and stamp the record.
Contingencies when additional staff might be needed include community
emergencies or disasters. In this event, all available personnel may be asked
to work.
Guidelines:
The operating room checklist ensures readiness of the operating room
prior to each surgery, and requires checking that the appropriate supplies,
equipment and instruments are available.
Anesthetic use refers to the entire episode of care, including pre-operative
assessment, monitoring during the procedure, and the post-operative
recovery (POR) phase.
3.4 Information about the care that is provided to the patient (in-patient and
ambulatory) is documented in the patients record.
every member of the surgical team is responsible for the recording
and accuracy of information related to the surgical procedures and the
signatures (and codes, if appropriate) of all members are recorded in the
patient record
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3.5 The Surgical Care Service records, reports and assesses adverse events and
incidents.
processes are defined and used for recording, reporting and assessing
adverse events and incidents.
Guidelines:
Definitions:
Adverse event:
1) Injury related to health-care management rather than to the underlying
disease process;
2) An unplanned and undesired harmful occurrence, directly associated
with care or service provided to a patient.
Incident:
An occurrence in which there is problem with the process of care; an incident
may lead to a serious consequence, or adverse event, for the patient.
4.0 The Surgical Care Service (inpatient and ambulatory) has appropriate
physical facilities and medical equipment that meet patient care needs.
4.1 The Surgical Care Service has appropriate physical facilities, including:
operating rooms have two-way traffic
there are separate units for day surgery and inpatient surgery
there is anti-static flooring and appropriately grounded electrical circuits
there is an uninterrupted power supply
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4.2 The hospital and the Surgical Care Service assess its physical facilities on a
regular basis and modifications are made when necessary.
4.3 The Surgical Care Service has appropriate medical equipment, including:
surgical instruments appropriate to each type of surgical procedure
performed
monitoring equipment
anesthetic equipment
intercom facilities
crash cart
4.4 The Surgical Care Service has an up-to-date list of all medical equipment, and
a maintenance and/or replacement schedule for each piece of equipment.
Guidelines:
All medical equipment requiring calibration is noted and the schedule for
calibration is specified. It is expected that the physical facilities and medical
equipment that are available to the Service will enable the patients to be
cared for safely.
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The Service will likely share responsibility for the list of equipment and the
maintenance schedule with other services in the hospital (e.g. engineering,
biomedical engineering).
5.1 The plan for post-surgical care is reviewed regularly, especially during post
anesthetic recovery.
5.4 Changes to the care plan are made known to the care team members.
5.5 Changes to the care plan are discussed with the patient and family.
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Guidelines:
Review and modification of the care plan may be necessary only for those
ambulatory care patients who require repeated ambulatory care visits.
6.1 Starting at admission, or during the patient care process, there is planning for
discharge/transfer/follow-up. Processes include:
discharge from the operating room, including post anesthetic recovery, to
the inpatient surgical unit
discharge from the operating room, including post anesthetic recovery, to
home
Guidelines:
The team applies defined criteria when determining when to discharge or
transfer a patient. The team develops and uses a checklist detailing each step
in the process, and a checklist is completed for each patient prior to discharge
or transfer to ensure consistency between patients.
6.2 The process considers and makes provision for support services and
continuing medical services that may be needed after discharge/transfer.
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Guidelines:
An inpatient may require follow-up in ambulatory care following discharge
from the hospital or may require community based services. An ambulatory
care patient may require assistance from other services, internal or external
to the hospital during the recovery phase or on an ongoing basis.
6.4 The patient and family are informed well in advance of discharge/transfer and
are told what provisions have been made for the patients continuing needs
following discharge.
6.6 A summary of the patients care is placed in the patients record at discharge/
transfer.
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7.2 The quality improvement plan identifies areas for improvement, actions to be
taken, results of actions, and follow-ups that must be completed.
a method exists for determining the priority for selection of various
quality improvement activities and may be based on the level of risk or
volume of problems associated with the activity
7.3 Staff members of the Surgical Care Service are aware of quality improvement
activities.
information about quality improvement activities and their results are
communicated to staff
7.4 Staff members receive appropriate and ongoing training on methods to assess
and measure quality improvement.
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7.6 Indicators of performance for quality are identified for the Surgical Care
Service and are monitored as part of the quality improvement activities.
indicators of performance are selected and monitored for both inpatient
and ambulatory care
the data to be collected for indicators and methods to be used to collect
these data are established
Guidelines:
Quality indicators may be directed toward the effectiveness and efficiency of
the Service since these have a direct impact on quality of service.
8.2 The safety plan identifies areas for improvement, actions to be taken, results
of actions, and follow-ups that must be completed.
a method exists for determining the priority for selection of various
patient safety activities and may be based on the level of risk or volume of
problems associated with the activity
8.3 Staff members of the Surgical Care Service are aware of safety activities.
information about safety activities and their results are communicated to
staff
8.4 Staff members receive appropriate and ongoing training on methods to assess
and measure safety.
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8.6 Indicators of performance for safety are identified for the Surgical Care
Service and are monitored as part of the safety plan.
indicators of performance are selected and monitored for both inpatient
and ambulatory care
the data to be collected for indicators and methods to be used to collect
these data are established
Guidelines:
Patients may be treated by a number of service providers in multiple settings
and can encounter up to three shifts of staff each day. Transfer of information
about the patient during these transitions (handovers) from service provider
to service provider or shift staff to shift staff is critical for patient safety and
prevention of adverse events and incidents.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.1.1 The hospital has a documented protocol to transfer patient
information. The Service uses mechanisms (for example, transfer
forms, checklists, SBAR (Situation-Background- Assessment-
Recommendation) technique) for timely and accurate transfer of
patient information at transfer points.
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Guidelines:
Medication errors are a leading cause of injury and death in hospitals.
Medication reconciliation is a process designed to prevent medication errors
at patient transition points by creating an accurate list of all medications
a client is currently taking and comparing that list against the physicians
medication orders (given at admission, transfer, and discharge). Medication
reconciliation should include prescription and non- prescription (over-the-
counter) medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements,
potentially interactive food items, herbal preparations, and recreational
drugs. Medication reconciliation should include (as appropriate) the purpose/
indication, dose, frequency, route, and timing of last dose. Guidance on
implementing medication reconciliation and medication reconciliation forms
is at the websites of the IHI.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.2.1 The hospital has a documented protocol to reconcile patient
medications upon admission (either through the emergency
department or to an inpatient unit)
9.2.2 The protocol includes single documented, comprehensive list of the
most accurate and current medications that the patient has been
taking prior to admission to the organization (best possible medication
history)
9.2.3 The protocol includes a review of this prior-to-admission medication
list with the new medications ordered by the hospital
9.2.4 The protocol requires documentation that the two lists have been
compared; differences have been identified and resolved; and that
appropriate modifications to the new medications have been made
where necessary
9.2.5 The protocol makes it clear that medication reconciliation is a shared
responsibility between patient and the health care provider
9.2.6 The hospital has a documented plan to implement the medication
reconciliation protocol throughout the organization
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9.3 PSRA: Training on Patient Safety: Deliver training and education on patient
safety at least annually to senior leaders, staff, and service providers.
Guidelines:
Staff education and awareness of patient safety are acknowledged as a key
step in addressing safety in the hospital. The WHOs World Alliance for Patient
Safety has identified competencies, training and skills as one of its top ten
research priorities in patient safety.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.3.1 The organization delivers annual training and education on patient
safety
9.3.2 The training and education is tailored to staff needs and the
organizations focus areas. The curriculum addresses, at a minimum,
the following four patient safety competencies:
Applying core patient safety knowledge, skills and values to
everyday work
Working together as a team to deliver patient care
Communicating effectively
Recognizing, responding to, reporting, and disclosing adverse
events
9.3.3 The training and education curriculum is revised to meet current and
future needs
9.4 PSRA: Avoiding Catheter and Tubing Misconnections: Develop systems and
procedures to prevent catheter and tubing misconnections.
Guidelines:
Tubing, catheters, and syringes are used to deliver medications and fluids
to patients. The design of these devices makes it possible to inadvertently
connect the wrong syringes and tubing and then deliver medication or fluids
through an unintended and therefore wrong route. Tubing and catheter
misconnections can lead to wrong route medication errors and result in
serious injury or death to the patient.
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9.5 PSRA: Patient Verification: Implement a patient identification protocol for the
Service. The protocol may be standardized across all services in the hospital
(for example, wrist bands, photo identification).
Guidelines:
Failure to correctly identify patients results in medication errors, transfusion
errors, testing errors, and wrong person procedures.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.5.1 The Service uses at least two methods (for example, name and date of
birth) to identify a patient before providing any service or procedure.
The patients room number cannot be used to identify the patient.
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Guidelines:
While all drugs have a defined risk profile, concentrated electrolyte solutions
for injection are particularly dangerous. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the
most common concentrated electrolyte implicated in adverse events,
but concentrated potassium phosphate and hypertonic (>0.9%) sodium
chloride can also be deadly when administered improperly. These drugs
can be especially deadly because the effects of inappropriate preparation
or administration are usually irreversible. Research has shown that removal
of concentrated electrolyte solutions from patient care units has markedly
reduced death and disability associated with these drugs.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.6.1 There are no concentrated electrolyte solutions stored in patient
service areas (with the exception of specific critical care areas).
9.7 PSRA: Safe Surgical Practices: Develop a process and written protocol for safe
surgery that complies with the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist.
Guidelines:
Nearly half the harmful events affecting patients are related to surgical
care and services. Wrong site surgery, wrong procedure and wrong patient
surgery usually result from poor communication or unavailable/inaccurate
information. The WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety has published and
recommends use of a Surgical Safety Checklist which encompasses three
elements of safe surgery: preoperative verification, site marking and timeout
prior to starting the procedure to verify critical information (correct patient
name, correct procedure, correct site, correct patient position, and presence
of all necessary equipment.
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Guidelines:
Timeliness of administering antibiotic prophylaxis is widely recognized for
reducing post surgical infections, but administration must be appropriately
done to be effective and not pose risks to patients.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.8.1 The organization has a documented protocol (e.g. time-out
procedure, standing orders) to administer antimicrobial agents for
prophylaxis within 60 minutes prior to skin incision. Vancomycin and
fluoroquinolone may be administered up to two hours prior to skin
incision
9.8.2 The organization has a documented protocol to (e.g. standing order) to
discontinue the administration of prophylactic antimicrobial agents 24
hours after the surgical procedure. Vancomycin and flouroquinolone
may be discontinued 48 hours after the surgical procedure
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9.9 PSRA: Safe Injection Practices: Develop safe injection protocols and practices
in order to prevent harm to patients and hospital workers.
Guidelines:
Unnecessary injections and use of injection devices without appropriate
sterilization present serious risks for infection to patients. As well, unsafe
injection practices place hospital workers at risk. The WHO recommends a
three-part strategy to achieve safe injection practices: changing patient and
health worker behaviour, ensuring the availability of safe injection equipment,
and managing waste safely and appropriately.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.9.1 The hospital regularly assesses local attitudes towards non-injectable
medications and, when necessary, addresses misconceptions about the
effectiveness of non-injectable medications by:
Providing training to health care workers on the effectiveness of
non- injectable medications
Providing information resources for clients and their families about
the alternatives to injectable medications
9.9.2 The hospital has a documented protocol stipulating that medication
is only given by injection when medically necessary and when an
equivalent oral formulation is not available
9.9.3 The hospital has a documented protocol stipulating the use of single
use injection devices for preventative and therapeutic injections
(including administration by injection or via an intravenous line)
9.9.4 The hospital has a documented protocol for the management of
injection devices waste disposal
9.9.5 Sterile, single use injection devices (for injection and reconstitution)
and safety boxes (for disposal) are available in sufficient quantities for
the number of injections administered
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9.10 P
SRA: Performance of Correct Procedure at Correct Body Site: Develop a
process and written protocol for ensuring correct procedure at correct body
site prior to any invasive intervention.
Guidelines:
Incorrect procedure or incorrect body site for the procedure is considered
a medical error. In order to prevent this occurrence, a protocol should be
developed to ensure that pre-intervention verification, site marking, and
time-out process occurs.
Test(s) for compliance:
9.10.1 The organization has a documented protocol for correct procedure at
correct body site
9.10.2 The protocol requires pre-intervention verification to gather
information prior to starting the procedure
9.10.3 The protocol requires a pre-intervention marking of the precise site
where the intervention will be performed, using an unambiguous
mark
9.10.4 The protocol requires a time-out immediately prior to the procedure
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