Analysis and Selection of

Wastewater flow rates and

constituent loadings.

(Analysis of Figures 3.4, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13)

By

Adil Naseer Khawaja

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the domestic variation of flow over one day and also shows how the flow in
the pipeline or channel varies each hours of the day.

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

This diagram can help in determining the peak flow per day and peak flow per day determination
would help in determining peaking factor.

Any Limitations:

The information cannot be utilised in design on a single day basis but over the period of year
information has to be combined and plotted to get the realistic data. The plant would not not be
designed in the peak flow but on the average flow basis.

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the domestic variation of BOD, TSS and focal coliform in a combined
collection system during a storm event.

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

This diagram can help in determining the WWT plant performance/design requirements during the
storm event. No treatment plant is designed on the basis of storm event but has enough safety
factor or capacity to handle storms. Peak flow occurs sometime after peak rainfall intensity.

Peak suspended solids occur sometime after peak flow. Peak focal coliform occur at the second
peak of TSS.

Any Limitations:

The information does not reflect the type or intensity of storm and gives a general reflection of
TSS and focal coliform variation. In order to use it, supporting information like variation with
locality and type of storm should also be provided or available.

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the ratio of averaged peak and low constituent mass loadings to average
mass loadings for (a) BOD (b) TSS and (c) Nitrogen.

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

To design a treatment plant to function properly under various loading conditions, data must be
available for the sustained peak mass loadings of constituents that are to be expected. The
curves show significant variations from plant to plant.

Any Limitations:

The information provides a range of values from which the designer has to use judgement to base
the design on the realistic encountered situation.

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the diurnal wastewater flow, BOD and mass loading variability.

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

This diagram can help biological treatment facilities and equalisation basins. These loadings vary
considerably with the size of collection system.

Any Limitations:

The variations represented have to be read in conjunction with the size of collection system and
associated dampening eects.

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the diurnal wastewater flow, BOD and mass loading variability.

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

This diagram can help biological treatment facilities and equalisation basins. These loadings vary
considerably with the size of collection system.

Any Limitations:

The variations represented have to be read in conjunction with the size of collection system and
associated dampening eects.

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the diurnal wastewater flow, BOD and mass loading variability.

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

This diagram basis the design of WWT on the probability analysis, which is useful technique
specially in the absence of firm data. The probability analysis can be used to establish peak flows
and loads and to establish the design basis. Maximum one day occurrence can be used with 99.7
percent confidence that the value would not be exceeded. The design can be based on 95
percent probability.

Any Limitations:

The statistical techniques are valuable but should be used with caution from situation to situation.

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the typical rations of averaged peak and low daily flow-rates to average
annual daily flow-rates for time periods unto 30 days.

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

Sustained flow rates are those which occur definitely for a specified period of time in a year and
are used to size equalisation basins and other hydraulic components of WWTP.

Any Limitations:

None

What does this Diagram show:

This diagram shows the peaking factor curve (ratio of peak hourly to average daily flow).

How does this Diagram help in WWT design:

Peak flow rates are used to size those facilities in WWTP where little or no dampening is possible
or available. Such facilities include chlorine contact tanks, sedimentation basins as well as
conveyance systems.

Any Limitations:

The data should be used in conjunction with size of locality/community as well as size of
collection system.