BEIRUT ARAB UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPT.

ANITARY COURSE
(CVLE453)

Sur face Water Intake

Prof. Hamdy Seif
FALL 2016-2017
 SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
Groundwater
Surface water
Upland Lakes & Reservoirs
Rivers & Canals
Rainwater Harvesting
Seawater
 SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
Groundwater:
Soil & Rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high
degree.
Deep ground water is of very high bacteriological quality
(pathogenic bacteria are typically absent).
Water is rich in dissolved solids (carbonates and sulfates of
calcium and magnesium).
Chloride and bicarbonate ions may be present
To make it pleasant for drinking, cooking, etc.. We need to
reduce the iron or manganese content.
Disinfection may be required.
 SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
Upland Lakes & Reservoirs
Located above human habitation.

Bacteria and pathogen are low.

Some bacteria, like protozoa and algae may be present.

May have low pH, which requires adjustment

Rivers & Canals

Have significant bacterial load and variety of dissolved

constituents
Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can
provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from
the air by cooling thus condensing water vapor.
Rainwater Harvesting: Used in areas with dry season and
experience fog.
 SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
Desalination of seawater
Pre-Conditioning: Used for water rich in hardness salts. Soda

ash is added.
Pre-Chlorination

pH Adjustment

o Distilled water pH<7

o Sea water pH around 8.2
o For acidic water (pH<7), lime or soda ash is added
o Lime is cheap, it also adds to the resulting water hardness.
o For alkaline water (pH>7), HCL and CO2 are added.
 Water Treatment Plant
Water treatment type depends on the quality
of the water to be treated
Water quality depends on the source
Usually, groundwater requires less treatment
than water from lakes and rivers
 Water Treatment Plant
Water treatment plants are designed to provide
complete purification system composed of:
Pre-sedimentation
Softening
Disinfection
Taste & Odor Reduction
Filtration
Intake to General Layout of Water Treatment Plant
The type of water source and the magnitude of its pollution are the first factors to be
considered when selecting the water treatment method.
Type of Water Source Water Treatment Method
i- With no pollution and excessive
Only Chlorination
amounts of minerals
ii- With no organic pollution, but
with high manganese and iron Iron & Manganese removal + Chlorination
Groundwater
contents
Find another water source
iii- With pollution
Coagulation + Sedimentation + Filtration + Chlorination
Slow sand Filtration + Chlorination
i- With almost no pollution with
Coagulation + Sedimentation + Filtration + Chlorination
invariably low turbidity
Membrane Filtration + Chlorination
Pre-Chlorination + Coagulation + Sedimentation +
ii- With mediocre level of pollution
Surface Water Filtration + Chlorination
Membrane filtration + Chlorination
Find another source
iii- With high level of pollution Coagulation + Sedimentation + Sand Filtration + Ozonation
+ GAC filtration (Granular Activated Carbon) +
Chlorination
Groundwater
With High Hardness Softening
or surfacewater
Sea or River Water Intake
 Water Intake Criteria
Intake site should be selected:
Where sufficient quantities of water can be extracted without adversely
affecting the downstream users.
Intake should be located upstream of potential sources of
microbiological and chemical pollution.
The intake site should remain easily accessible during floods and should
not get flooded.

Positioning inlets at depths that allow water to be abstracted

throughout the year.
Using channels to direct flows, allowing lower intake velocities
Using screens to reduce the intake of large sediments.
 Screening
- First unit operation encountered is water/wastewater treatment plants.

- A screen is a device with generally uniform openings that is used to retain

solids.

- The material that is retained by the screens is know as screenings. Screenings

are typically hauled to a landfill or may be buried on site or incinerated
depending upon the plant.

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 Coarse Screens
Coarse screens remove large solids, rags, and debris. Typically have openings of 6 mm (0.25 in)
or larger.
Types of coarse screens include mechanically and manually cleaned bar screens, including trash
racks.
Fine Screens
Fine screens are typically used to remove material that may create operation and maintenance
problems in downstream processes, particularly in systems that lack primary treatment.
Typical opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in).

Coarse Screen Fine Screen

Perforated Plate Screen, rolled - folded Mesh Screen

 Manually Cleaned Screens
Require low level of maintenance and provide a good
alternative for smaller plants with few screenings.
Require frequent raking to prevent clogging. Cleaning
frequency depends on the characteristics of the
water/wastewater entering a plant. Some plants have
incorporated screening devices, such as basket-type trash
racks, that are manually hoisted and cleaned.
 Mechanically Cleaned Screens
Mechanically cleaned screens usually require less labor for operation than
manually cleaned screens because screenings are raked with a mechanical
device rather than by facility personnel. However, the rake teeth on
mechanically cleaned screens must be routinely inspected because of
their susceptibility to breakage and bending.
Manual Bar Screen Mechanical Bar Screen
Fine Screens
Composed of wires, grating,
wire mesh, or perforated plates
with openings.
Fine screens may static, rotary
drum or step type.
Fine screens would be
preceded by coarse screens.
Raw Water Sump & Low Lift Pump
Raw Water is collected into a raw water sump, then it is pumped to
water treatment plant units through pumps called Low lift pumps.
Pumps should be selected taking into consideration the following:

-Number of pumps should be selected based on various conditions of

operation.
- Stand-By pumps should be provided
-Minimum number of pumps is two.
- Total Dynamic Head of the pumps is equal to the static head plus the
head losses (friction & minor losses).
-The static head is the difference between the maximum water level at
the discharge side and the minimum water level at the raw water sump.