Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ecology
Ecology is the reciprocal relationship between living and surrounding. It study the relationship based
on biotic factor and abiotic factors.
Living Surrounding
(biotic) (abiotic)
Ecology
Ecological Hierarchy
Ecological heirarchy
Species Group of similar individuals Micro-habitat Maximum availability of individual + Many species co-exist
+ Always in-breed
Population Group of many species Habitat Area of maximum activity + Many species co-exist,
Many species occupy same habitat play different function
Biotic Community Group of many Range Maximum geographical area of movement of a spaces
populations + Factors are limiting beyond this
Positive Negative
A B (Benefits) A B (Loss)
Legumes Rhizobium
grain
du
Nitrogenase enzyme
no
Pigment
ot
Ro
Nitrate
air/O2 capture
Leguminous plant
Lichens
Mycorhizza
Plant root
(provide food)
Fungus
(bring water
from soil)
Epiphytes
Food Chain
Food Chain : it is a series in ecological heirarety which creates a pattern of exchange of carbon and
energy between biotic factors through a mode of nutrition.
Types of Nutrition
Types of Nutrition
Types
1. Food web : Network of food chain linked over any trophic level.
Plant Plant
Deer Goat
Tiger
Large fish Small fish Food chain-3
Algae
Food web maintains the availability of nutrients in many eco-system together or help in flow of
nutrients from one eco-system to another.
It improves the overall productivity of the ecosystem.
3. Ecological pyramids : Graphical representation of ecosystem, composition and function based on food chain.
Top consumer Types of pyramid
(always as top
of pyramid) Pyramid of energy always upright
Generally upright
Secondary Pyramid of number
consumer Bell or urn shape in large tree ecosystem
Primary Generally upright
consumer Pyramid of biomass
Inverted in small pond ecosystem
Producer
(Always at base
of pyramid) Bell shape pyramid Top consumer
Inverted
Producer
Pyramid of number in large tree ecosystem Pyramid of biomass in small pond ecosystem
4. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation : Accumulation of harmful or toxic persistence substances like pesticides and
insecticide over the food chain across different trophic level is called as bioaccumulation.
Biomagnification : It is increasing accumulation of harmful or toxic persistence substances like
pesticides and insecticide over the upper trophic level of food chain. Maximum accumulation is at
highest trophic level.
Amount of Organism of food chain Number of individuals Amount of pesticide per individual
pesticide added
Plant 10 thousand 0.1 g per individual
1000 grams
Biomagnification
Insect 1 thousand 1 g per individual
Maximum impact on
highest trophic level
Unfertile cattle
Milk production
Diclofenac Vulture
Pain killer
Extinct now
5. Biological control
Biocentral : It is a method developed by certain alteration in the food chain in such a way that if the
number of organism any tropic level is increased beyond a threshold limit then it shows an impact
over the number of organisms present in the earlier tropic level of the food chain in such a way that it
is decreased.
Abiotic Factors
1. Sun light : Sun light Electro magnetic waves
Heating of Earth
Ionosphere
Sun , X-ray
EMW
UV, B, C desipation
Ozone layer
Gr
ee
nH
ou
Reflection of VIBGYOR Lo se
ng Eff
wa ec
ve t
rad
iat
ion
in
Heats earth surface IR
rfa rth
su s ea
EARTH
3. Water :
3% Fresh water
97.5% marine
Water as Habitat
Pond Lentic
River Lotic
Between river and land ripparian
between river and oceans esturine
Away from sea sure littoral
Limnetic Organisms
Plankton
On the sea sure nerictic
Neustons
200 meters Photic
Profundal Necktons
Benthos
Benthic
4. Soil
Soil Grizons
O Organic matter humus
A Microorganisms
B Water absorption, plant growth
C Gravels
D Bed rock
Temperature :
Environmental Pollution
Pollutant
Degradable Non-degradable
Pollutant
Primary Secondary
Air Pollution
Sulphur dioxide
Source : Impact :
Burning of fossil fuel coal Humans skin and eye
and petroleum irritation.
Thermal power plants Plants : Destruction of
cholorphyll
Smelting of metal (Fe, Cu)
Formation of black spots
Volcanic gas on leaves is also called
chlorosis of plant
Nitrogen Oxide
Source : Impact :
Burning of fossil fuel. Humans :Respiratory
problem, skin irritation.
Plants : Premature
death of plant parts also
called as Necrosis,
Defoliation of plants.
Acid Rain
SOx + NOx + water vapour Acid rain (H2SO4 + HNO3)
Impact of Acid Rain :
Rainfall : Slightly acidic (i) Damage of cholorophyll
(6.46.8)
(ii) Skin irritation and loss of hairs
Methane
Source : Impact :
(i) Coal mines Green House
Gas and Global
(ii) Coal mining
Warming
(iii) Urban dumpfills
(iv) Rice field
(v) Marshylands
(vi) Wetlands
(vii) Incomplete burning of fossil fuels
(viii) Cattles
(ix) Glacier breakdown or polar methane
CO2
Source : Impact :
(i) Burning of fossil (i) Green House Gas
fuels and Global Warming
(ii) Volcanic eruption (ii) Biosphere turns a net
carbon source
(iii) Tectonic release
(iii) Positive impact
(iv) Break down of
increase in
glaciers
vegetation
(v) Fracturing of rocks
(iv) Oceanic acidification
and shells in
Urban Heat Islands
oceans
Oceanic Acidification
Oceans and saline water bodies has pH range which is slightly alkaline. With the increase in
concentration of CO2 in atmosphere, the dissolution of CO2 in oceans at polar and sub-polar region
increases this decreases the pH of oceans which is called oceanic acidification.
In 2015 it is reported that the pH of the oceans on earth has reduced from 8.25 to 8.14 in the last 19
years.
Localized warming
UHI : Mitigation
(1) White paint of building and roof top.
(2) Ventilation must be maintained.
(3) Urban green cover must be increased.
CO
Source : Impact :
Incomplete combustion CO + heamoglobulin
of fossil fuels and (Hb) = Carboxy-Hb
biomass. causes suffocation and
death due to
asphyxation
Accumulation at poles
Polar spring
O3 + Cl OCl
+ O3
+ O3
O + OCl O2 + OCl Ozone depletion
Ozone hole
Montreal protocol
It was signed under the venna convention to restrict the use of ozone depleting substance.
Particulate Matter
Gaseous Aerosols
Liquid Smog
Solids Dust, Dirt, Gravel, Shoot
Particulate Matter :
Settlable Suspended
10m size
PM 10 PM 2.5
1m3m
510m 1week10days
settle within
2448 hrs
Sources :
10 (1) Dust, mist, silica particles 52%
PM
2.5
(2) Biomass and coal burning (Soot) 27%
Diesel
(3) Petroleum products Kerosene 12%
Petrol
(4) House hold activities 4%
Aerosol 1 m or less
Fossil fuel burning
SO2 mixed sulphur aerosol
Classical smog
(Grey air)
Impact
Visibility Suffocation
reduction
Breathing
Accidents problems
Impact
Minor Pollutants
Pollutant Source Impact
2. Cadmium (Cd) Mining and metallurgy, burning Damage to liver heart and
of plastic, cigarette smoking kidney
3. Nickel (Ni) Combustion of fossil fuel coal Respiratory problem and long
and diesel cancer
4. Mercury (Mg) Combustion of fossil fuel coal, Damages to nervous system
mining of coal and iron and gold kidney and liver
and smelting
8. Coal dust Coal mine, thermal power plant Damage to lungs or black lung
disease
Water Pollution
5. Arsinic 0.05 mg/lit (i) Hydraulic facturing of rock Accumulation in the skin legs
and hand cattled black foot
(ii) Solvents used in plywood
disease
industry
(iii) As solid waste from poletry
or arsinopinite
(iv) Coal mining, gold mining
and processing
(v) Insectiside and pesticide
6. Mercury 0.001 mg/l (i) Coal mining, gold mining Accumulation in the nervous
system dementia and minimata
(ii) Paper industries
disease
(iii) Plastic industries, paint
manufacturing swelting of Fe
(iv) Minting of copper
(v) Pharmacetical equipments
cosmatics etc.
(vi) CFLs LCD monitor
8. Lead (Pb) 0.05 mg/l Battaries, di ink industry paints Damages to liver and kidney
cosmetic, automobile exhaust, breakdown of the blood cells
metal smelting pesticides, pen reduction in IQ level loss of
and pencil nervous cells
10. Nickle 0.01 mg/l Combustion of fossil fuel Fe and Damage to liver and kidney
steel industry burning of plastic affects lung and skin
and vanspati ghee-industry
Eutrophication
Microorganism initiate
anaerobic metabolism
Water Thermal
Pollution Pollution
Mining up of
cold/hot water
Marine Upwelling
Upper layer of Moves with
Near the poles
water in oceans wind current
Lower layer of
water lags due
to inertia Take U turn
at poles due
to CORIOLLIS
45 lift of lower FORCE
layers due to
inertial resistance
and EKMANS
FORCE
Lower layers
Temperature
exposed to Negative impact
variation
surface
Nutrients from bottom are
upwelled at surface Positive impact
Marine Pollution
Causes :
(1) Oil spill
(2) Plastic
(3) Agricultural runoff
(4) Industrial effluents
(5) Municipal waste dumping or sewage
(6) Ports, shipyards
Soil Pollution
1. Factors of soil degradation
5. Ewaste (electronic waste) Hazardous Waste Material. Pollution of ground water reserve due
to trickling from soil.
Pollutant Source Impact
1. Lead and lead oxide Printed circuit boards CRT Nervous system and brain
monitors
3. Mercury (Hg) Switches and flat screen Brain, skin and nervous system
monitor, LCD, CFL problem
6. PCB Poly Chlorinated bi Rubbers and plastic capacitors Immune system disturbance
7. Brominated flame retardants Rubber and plastic, printed Hormonal system disturbance
circuit boards
8. PVC (Poly Venil Choloride Plastic and insulation Immune System Problem and
loss of fertility
Non-Biodegradable Biodegradable
Devices instrument
Screening isolation
Microwaving
Biomedical Waste Management Rules (2016)
Rules formed in 1998 and amended in 2011 and 2016
Presently bio mechanical waste is categorize in 4-categories and their separation is to be done in
containers of 4 colours.
Category Colour Material
Category-1 1. Black containers Plastic bags, human organs, discarded
medicine or incinerated ash
Category-2 2. Blue and white Solid waste cotton banded and sharp materials
Category-3 3. Red Micro biological and solid waste
Category-4 4. Yellow Human and animal organs and Liquid waste
Noise Pollution
It is state of disturbance due to excess sound produced.
Sound 20 to 20000 Hz is audible to human less than less than 20 infrasonic, more than 20000 Hz
ultrasonic.
125 dB Automobile on thunderclap, jet take off at distance more than 150 m
150 dB Jet at 25 m
Mental Retardness
Radioactive Pollution
It is release of radioactive substances like cobalt, strontium, plutonium, Raton, Uranium or Thorium.
1. Cosmic interference.
2. Solar flares
Impacts
Climate Change
Torrential impact Global warming due to CO2, CH4, CCl4, CFC, HFC, PFC, SF6, SCl6 , SF2Cl4, SCl2F4
Change in ellipse of earth orbit Smog due to black carbon, trophospheric ozone, fly ash etc.
Solar flares
Techtonic movement
Volcanic duct
Global Warming Potential
CO2 35-40 years 1 time
Legislative Measures
1. Air prevention and control of pollution act 1983.
2. Bharat stage emission norms : Measures CO, SOx + NOx, PM and VHC in automobile exhaust.
BS-IV from 2010 and BS-VI from 2018 in Delhi and 2020 in rest of India.
3. Air Quality Index : Measures pollutants in urban area. Measures CO, SOx + NOx, PM and VHC.
4. National air quality index : Real time, monitoring of urban air quality in 24 major cities. Measures
PM (2.5 and 10) SOx, NOx, CO, VHC, NH3, Pb and O3 in urban areas.
5. Supreme Court guide line 2015 and APCPA 1983 guide lines of 2016 : Burning of organic matter
and waste in domestic area is prohibited.
6. Green tax : Collected from vehicle entering in Delhi NCR.
7. Odd and Even scheme and NGT ban on diesel vehicles in Delhi NCR and Kerala.
8. SAFAR (Systematic Air Quality Monitoring, Weather Forecasting and Research) : Health to
measure air pollution
9. SAMAR (Systematic Aerosol Monitoring and Research) : Monitors, aerosol and black carbon
10. International initiatives
Sewage Treatment
Legal Initiatives
1. Water prevention and control of pollution Act 1974
2. PM Krishi Sinchai Yojna 2015
3. 24 7 monitoring of industrial release
4. Namami Gange Scheme
5. Ganga Gram Yojna
6. Jal Kranti Abhiyan
7. Use of bio toilets by Indian railways
8. International Initiatives :
(a) Ramasar convention : Wetlands conservation
(b) Minimata convention : Restrict release of mercury in water
(c) Marpol convention : Restrict discharge from ships
(d) London convention : Restrict dumping of waste directly into the sea.
(e) UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on Law of Sea, 1982) : Defines water boundaries of a
country.
Soil Conservation
1. Conservation of soil degradation.
2. Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove
or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.
Landfarming
It is a bioremediation treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment
cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are incorporated into the soil surface and periodically
turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture.
Phytoremediation
It is bioremediation using plants. Phytoremediation consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in
contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to contain, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides,
solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives etc.
(i) Noise pollution controlled in India by air prevention and control of pollution act 2000
(iii) Automobile horn : 125 dB (having vehicles) and 105 dB two wheeler
(iv) Burning of cracker 90 dB
Nationalinitiativesagainstclimatechange:
NATCOM:
It is a network initiated by government of India to initiated mitigation strongly against climate
change it is established as according to united Nation, development programme under global
environmentfacilityestablishedbyworldbank.
ObjectiveofNATCOM:
(1) To drive in strongly for reduction of GHG emission initate programme related to sustainable
development technological improvements for a better energy generation as well as
communication
NCDMA:NationalcleandevelopmentmanagementauthorityNCDMA:
ItwasestablishbygovernmentofIndiain2003asalocalauthorityunderUNFCCexecutiveboardto
monitor the approaches towards clean mechanism and a purity organic to signify the certified
emissionreductionunit.
NAPCC(Nationalactionplanforclimatechange):20072008
PMAPCC(Primeministeractionplanforclimatechange)
NAPCC
NationalgreenIndiamission
Nationalwatermission
Nationalmissionforentrancedenergyefficiency
Nationalmissionforsustainableagriculture
NationalmissionforsustainableHabitat
Nationalsolarmission
NationalmissionforsustainableHimalayanecosystem
Nationalmissionforanetworkonclimatechange
NationalgreenIndiamission
3. International Conventions to Mitigate Climate Change
(a) Stockholm convention (1972) or United Nations convention on human and environment
(UNCHE)
(i) It was a convention on human and environment
(ii) It was reaction of Stockholm conventional
(iii) Mass destruction weapons is to be eliminated
(iv) Rights to be protected initiative or institute to be designed to fight increasing natural of
environment
UNEP : United Nation Environment Programme. Came out of Stockholm convention. Following major
conventions are formed under UNEP.
(i) Convention on trade of endangered species for wild flora and forma. (Washington 1973)
(v) Basel convention of control of trans boundary movement of hazardous waste material, 1989
UNCHE UNEP
UNEP decrease
1980 world charter for nature
1983, world nature conservation strategy
1985, Brundtland commission
International co-operation pattern and development
Our common future
1988 IPCC (inter governmental panel for climate change)
IPCC
(i) It is an inter government research, scientific observation and environmental fact based organic.
(ii) This lays down objective for environmental search and creates a co-operative society between
government to act against climate change.
(iii) 2007 Noble peace prize was jointly bagged by IPCC and presently IPCC monitors the intended
national contribution of countries for on strategy against climate change.
(iv) PCC publishes would conservation reports every years since 1991, which has 5 chapter to
monitor the effect of changing environment and anthropogenic activities over the existing natural
elements.
Rio Earth Summit, 1992 or UNCED (United Nation Conference of Environment and
Development) : For environment sustainability and reducing global warming.
It is an outcome for UNCED; it act as a non binding or non legal co-operation between countries for
Green House Gases, emission reduction, environment sustainability and multiple steps to faster an
action against climate change.
Rio declaration
Protocol for agenda 21 Convention of parties (COP)
1997 Kyoto protocol
Reduce Green House Gases emission
Reduce Green House Gases content
yes, global warming is present. It is man made
2000 malmo convention
Kyoto protocol (KP)
Flexible mechanism
CertifiedEmissionReductionCredit
Government
NGO
CER
Private enterprises
Individual
20082012:FirstbindingKyotolimitwasset
20162020:SecondbindingKyotolimitisset
DevelopmentunderUNFCCC:
COPandPlace Majorhappenings
5,COP1,Berlin ItadoptsaBerlinmandatetocreateacommon
programmetofightagainstclimatechange.
3,Kyoto1997 Kyotoprotocoldesignedandacceptedtoreduce
globalcontentofgreenhousegases.
8,2002,NewDelhi adoptsDelhidecelerationforthetransferof
fundsfromdevelopedcountriestodeveloping
countriesintheformoftechnologytransfer.
2005,Montreal COPgottransformedintoCMP(conventionof
meetingofpartiesCMPheldinMontreal.
Commonconsciencesforkyotoprotocolwas
developedanditentersinterfare.
Open2009Hgen15(CMP5) Cost2012agendawasdefinedanddeclared
DohaCOP18,(CMP8) Assesmentofkyotoprotocol1stlimitandan
extensitiesof8yearsforkyotoprotocoltargets
IndiaandBrazilkeptapartfromanyemission
reduction
Greenclimatefundtobeestablished.
2013,warsawCOP19CMP9 Acommonprogrammetokeeptherising
temperaturebelow2Cbytheendofthe
centuryastobecreatedby2015,UNREDD
anditwasconnectedtoanred+UNREDD++
2014,LimaSOP20,CMP10 Acommonagendaistocreatethelimitand
amountofCO2,reductionperyearsthecountry
(developedcountry)
2015,ParisCMP11,COP21 Commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilityand
respectivecapabilitiesweredefine.
2012Doha
8yearsextension
2020Revisedtimelimitforkyotoprotocol
Newtargetwouldbeset
2012 Rio+20summit
2013 warsaw
2015
2014 Lima
Protected forest
Village forest
[Social forestry]
Biosphere Resources : IUCN : category-5 (protected landscape and protected see scape)
Wild Picking
Use of forest product Drinking water
% carbon
% moisture
sulphur
% impurity
N2 based compounds
volatile hydrocarbons
Types of coal % carbon % hydrogen % sulphur
Peat 45.55% 10-12% 4-4.5%
Lignite 60-75% 6-5.8% 3.5%
Flame coal 75-82% 6-58% Approx 1%
Gas flame coal 82.85% 5.8-5.7% Less than %
Gas coal 85.87% 5.6-5% 8.5%
Fat coal 87.89% 5-4.6% 8-5%
Forge coal 89.90% 4.5-4% 8.5%
Non baking coal 90-91% 4.375% 5%
Anthracite 98-97% 3.5-2% 5%
Steam coal 91-93% <3.5% 5%
between
anthracite and
brittle
Thermoelectric Generation
Coupling
Turbine
Coal
burning
CO2
CO
CH4
VOC
PM
Availability of bituminous
Bring up of the coal using chemical to reduce impurity, development of ultra high temperature thermo
electric power.
With an energy efficiency upto 45% India has initiated the development of 3 major high power plant in
U.P., M.P. & Andhra Pradesh.
Carbon capture of storage CO2 in the flue gas can be captured using carbon sink or stored using
artificial storage mechanism.
Dewatering of the coal can be practiced to reduce the amount of moisture and improve the burning of
coal they are all clean coal technology/green coal technology.
CO
Impartial
CH
Coal (burning) 4
complete
flyash
burning
charcoal
fuel source
Coal Biochar
Biomass
Pyrolysis
@ 16-240C
Torrefaction
Advantages of Biochar
Acts as a carbon sink as it can capture enough amount CO2 itself. Thus helps in carbon
sequestration.
Biochar if mixed with soil can improve the soil quality and content because of following factors :
It is a modern concept developed at global platform like the emission of load based power plant upto
negligible count.
Frame work program for rescue & development has been formulated by United Nations and other
major European countries among them the significant ones are :
Coal/Biomass Gasification
Town gas
Syn gas
Wood gas:
It is the natural gas extracted by pyrolysis gasification of biomass in oxygen limiting environment.
Wood, wood chips, coal, saw dust, rubber are charcoal can be burned into a fire box to produce
limiting amount of ashes and soot as well as a mixture of Hydrogen & Carbon mono oxide can be
burned which act as wood gas.
Uses:
It is a natural gas, mixed with hydrogen & carbon mono oxide which is produce, bicarbonization or
gasification of coal. In process coal is burnt under high pressure to produces H, CH4 , CO which act as
Syn Gas:
It is produce when coal gas or biomass is burn in presence of steam & excess CO2 & limited O2 ,
then a mixture of H, CO & CO2 can be gathered which act as syn gas.
Uses: It can be burnt in IC engine & industrial furnace & can be used to produce ammonia &
methanol.
Water gas :
It is type of syn gas which is produce when wood or biomass or biomass is continuously heated
above 100C at high pressure of in presence of excess water than a mixture of CH4 , H & minimum
CO2 is gathered.
Uses:
CNG
Shale gas
Gulf of combay
Nuclear Energy
fusion collide
Stable unstable
N/P > 1 N/P ratio
(1.2 - 1.5) mass defect
DM = actual -Real mass binding energy
mass of Nucleus
(m) energy required to bind nucleus
Unstable + Bombardment fission nuclear energy
Nucli of Neutron
Uranium
Naturally (U23899.3% + U235 0.7%)
Enriched uranium
Fast neutrons can be used
No moderates are required
Neutron Nf h h Critically
Coolant
Np NN
No. of No. of
Proton Neutron
Fission
Nuclear
Reactor
Control rods
Fuel Red
Barium
Aluminum
Core
Beryllium
(U235 , U238 thorium plistonium)
(Moderate)
D2 O (heavy water)
Graphite
Inert gases
Water
N2 + NH3
H2
Types of reactors:
Type I
Boiling water reactor:
U238 used as fuel
Draw back:
Chances of core melt down
Plutonium 239 and 234 Nuclear weapon fisel
To cut down the chances of spread and use of nuclear technology, a group of 47 countries was
created which were either supplier of Nuclear technology or nuclear fuel.
Member of NSG have exclusive right to restrict the supply.
Fuel can only circulated among full time members or observer of the group.
Any nuclear state can become member of NSG only after it has sign CTBT or NPT.
It needs to be full time members.
In 2016 India was declined for full time membership of NSG owing to the non signature at CTBT.
AHWR (Advance Heavy Water Reactor) / PBWR (Pressured Boiling Water Reactor)
(under pressure)
core melt down is less
D2 O
Depleted plutonium
Coolant
Kudankulam AHWR
H 2O
U238 WeR 1000 Mw 4 + 2 1200
= 6400 mW + biggest in south west India
Electricity
electricity
Coolant
H2O
U238
Gen IV
U235 Thorium
AHWR(1) PWR
U238 Plutonium Uranium carbide Thorium Thorium based reactor
PHWR
(i) Rawatbhata-Rajasthan
(ii) Kaiga, Tarapur, Jaidpur & DARG] Maharashtra
(iii) Narora-U.P.
(iv) Kudankulam Chennai
(v) Kakrapar Maharashtra
Present installed capacity 2356 mwhr, 2014 which is only 0.6% of energy produce in country.
Lithium as a fuel
Electro-magnetic
Infusion
Li - polarization
fusion
takmak Design Reactor
Renewable Energy
Hydro electric power
Dam based / reservoir
Upstream flow based power generation
Water run of river power generation
Water Supply
turbine electricity
Micro up 50 kwhr
Hydro electric power generation in India maximum installed capacity 29000 mwhr.
Solar thermal
Solar passive
Material:
Mono crystalline silicon
Poly crystalline silicon
Amorphous silicon
Cadmium
Cu, Li, Galium sulphide, Salamite
Solar Thermal
lake salt
Types of collector:
Building
Reflector or absorber
Infrastructure
Wind power:
Horizontal
Axis wind
Turbines
Geothermal energy:
Geothermal energy production is extraction, isolation or exchange of heat present in the
geological strata.
It can be achieve by :-
1. Liquid dominated reservoirs like volcanoes, temperature 200C and above.
2. Thermal sources like hot springs temperature 150C.
3. Advanced Geothermal developed using oil or organic substance based by bidirectional
rotary turbine and heat exchanger, temperature between 100C to 150C.
Geothermal energy:
Heated liquid 200-250C
Volcanoes
Pipe insertion
Hot springs 150C
Advanced 100-150C
Cryogenics
hybrid engines
H2 = H++O2 O2
as fuel H2
e e
electricity
e e
H2
ionised
ionization
semi permeable
membrane
Waste to energy:
Waste to energy
Organic
waste
Land Fills +
H +
CH4+H 2
incerimation
electricity
Dump Fill Methane e
AD
Battery
Waste
Wet Mixture Based Microbial
H 2O
action
electro type
Plate based battery
lead
acid (Cu+H 2SO 4)
battery
Testa (Li-ion batteries)
Li + O2
Power bulbs 7 kw h (home)
industry 10 kw
EIA (Environment Impact Assessment)
It is a mechanism of assessing a possible positive or negative import of any project which it may have
on the sustainability of environmental social & natural aspects of well being the major environmental
aspect comprise up bio physical economic & social components.
Environmental Impact assessment involves the preparation of environment impact statement which
act as a detailed document for possible impacts.
i) Identification : It is done to define project show coming and other process required for mitigation.
iii) Scoping : It is a process of identifying the key issue and is a reason of creating a damage it under
takes the project reflect on air, water, soil, noise and physical components, it is one of the most
important aspect of impact assessment. The main EIA technique used in scoping is base line
study check list matrix formation & network diagram.
iv) Scoping is important because it is possible for being the changes in the project in the early stage
which can be assist by scoping.
v) Impact analysis : Divided into 3 steps (area wise): (i) identification of the impact (ii) prediction of
the impact the scale (iii) content of a damage is by weather it is revocable.
Site of the project in which the impact is analyzed on the site itself which is for smaller industrial
projects.
Local are monitoring of which is done in the enchantment are of the water shade of any project
used for bigger industrial project.
3. Mitigation
It is done to drive a strategy to reduce the chances of impact of any project.
It can be of 3 types:
(a) Preventive : to prevent any kind of disaster e.g. aware the general public
(b) Corrective: to mitigate the disaster e.g. in solution of device or takes for disaster mitigation.
d) Impact on health.
It was develop as a concept for health related monitoring by WHO programme in cooperation with
UNEP the target is to maintain fair human health.
Started in 1970 by Department of Science and Technology on the recommendation of the planning
commission.
In 1985 ministry of environment and forest started EIA for heavy industries.
Cat B-2:
Do not required any prior permission neither they required to submit EIA reports.
According to new rules before beginning any project of authority after identification and screening,
scooping must be accompanied by public consultation and appraisal.