a condition of a society characterized by social integration, consensus, smooth
functioning, and lack of interpersonal and institutional conflict.
social disorganization
a condition exists when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict and lack of consensus.
Crime
conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a
local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. individual rights Guaranteed by the US constitution to all members of American society (Bill of rights). Especially important to criminal defendants in criminal law. Individual rights advocate one who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice. public order advocate Belief that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights. justice Principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity. social justice an ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to the cultural beliefs about right and wrong. civil justice law of procedure, and the array of procedure and activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action. Civil justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in court reflects American values of right and wrong. criminal justice The criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law. Criminal justice cannot be separated from social justice because it reflects understandings of right and wrong. administration of justice Performance of any of these tasks: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post-trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation. criminal justice system aggregate of all operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. The basic divisions of the operational aspects are law enforcement, courts, corrections. consensus model a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the systems components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice. conflict model a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the components function primarily to serve their own interests. According to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is a result of cooperation among component agencies. warrant a writ issued by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or she performs it. booking officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, the reason for the arrest and the arresting authority. bail the money or property pledged to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody. preliminary hearing A proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters are decided: whether a crime was committed, whether the crime occurred in the jurisdiction of the court, and whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime. probable cause (law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure information a formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand prosecutor, alleging that specified person has committed a crime. indictment a formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand grand jury, alleging that specified person has committed a crime, usually a felony. grand jury a group of jurors who have been selected according to law an have been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to trial to investigate criminal justice generally or to investigate the conduct of a public agency or official. arraignment Strictly, the hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case in which the identity of the defendant is established, the defendant is informed of the charge an of his or her rights, and the defendant is required to enter a plea. Also, in some usages, any appearance in court before trial. First Appearance Within hours of arrest suspects must be brought before a magistrate for an initial appearance. The judge will tell them of the charges against them advise them of their rights and provide the opportunity for bail. trial the examination in court of the issues of fact and relevant law in case for the purpose of convicting or acquitting the defendant. Consecutive sentance Sentences served in sequence with others, one after the other. Concurrent sentance Sentences served at the same time. due process (law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles NOUN EX. based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards crime control model perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of offenders. due process model perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of the justice system processing. social control use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of members of a group. Leads to the creation of both criminal and civil statutes. Evidence based policing crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and based on social science research. criminology Scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and rehabilitation and punishment of offenders. multiculturalism the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can co- exist peacefully and equitably in a single country uniform crime reporting program (UCR) stats reporting program run by the FBI CJ information service. UCR program publishes "Crime in the United States," which provides an annual summation of the incidence and rate of reported crimes throughout the US. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Stats to determine the extent of criminal victimization- especially unreported. Bureau of Justice Statistics The US DOJ agency responsible for the collection of data, including the NCVS Crime Index defunct measure but once inclusive measure of the UCR programs violent and property crimes known as part 1 offenses. Intended to be used as a tool for geographic (state-to-state) and historical (year-to-year) comparisons via the use of crime rates. Discontinued after larceny-theft was found to carry undue weight and led to an underappreciation of changes in rates. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) collects detailed data on every single crime occurrence. NIBRS data is replacing the kinds of summary data that comes from the UCR. violent crime UCR/NIBRS summary offense category that includes murder, robbery, rape, and aggravated assault. property crime UCR/NIBRS summary offense category that includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. clearance rate measure of investigative effectiveness that compares the number of crimes reported with or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means. murder the unlawful killing of a human being. Part 1 offenses UCR/NIBRS offense group used to report murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson. rape unlawful sexual intercourse through force and without consent. forcible rape (UCR/NIBRS) the carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly against her will. Statutory rape differs in that it generally involves nonforcible sex with a minor. sexual battery intentional or wrongful physical contact with a person, without his or consent, that entails a sexual component or purpose. date rape Rape that occurs within the context of a dating relationship. robbery (UCR/NIBRS) unlawful taking or attempting taking of property that is in immediate possession of another by force or violence and or putting the victim in fear. assault (UCR/NIBRS) an unlawful attack by one person upon another. aggravated assualt the unlawful, intentional inflicting, or threatening of serious injury upon the person of another. burglary (UCR/NIBRS) unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. -unlawful entry of an unlocked structure has occurred -breaking and entry of a secured structure has taken place -burglary has been attempted larceny-theft (UCR/NIBRS) unlawful taking or attempted taking of another's property. Excludes motor vehicles. Motor vehicle theft (UCR/NIBRS) Attempted taking of a motor vehicle. A vehicle is defined as a self-propelled road vehicle that runs on land surface and not rails. arson any wilful or malicious burning or attempt to burn without intent to defraud. identity theft the co-option of another person's personal information (e.g., name, social security number, credit card number, passport) without that person's knowledge and the fraudulent use of such knowledge Part 2 offenses UCR/NIBRS group used to report arrests for less serious offenses. Only report information about arrests. dark figure of crime crime that is not reported to the police and remains unknown to officials. crime typology classification of crimes along a particular dimension such as legal categories, motivation, victim behavior, etc. stalking the repeated following, harassment, or threatening of an individual to frighten or cause him or her harm cyberstalking The use of the internet, e-mail, and other electronic communication technologies to stalk another person. hate crime (UCR/NIBRS) crime committed against a person, property or society that is motivated by the offenders bias. corporate crime violation of criminal statute by a corporate entity or by its employees for the benefit of the corporation or business entity. white-collar crime crimes by a person pf high social status in the course of their occupation. Nonviolent utilizing special skills and committed by experts. organized crime The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs. transnational organized crime organized criminal groups working across national borders. cybercrime crime committed using a computer and the internet to steal a person's identity or sell contraband or stalk victims or disrupt operations with malevolent programs deviance violation of social norms defining appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances. Often include criminal acts. theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events hypothesis a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations research use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge. interdisciplinary theory an attempt that integrates a variety of viewpoints to explain something. Classical School an eighteenth century approach that grew out of the enlightenment and that emphasized the role of free will and reasonable punishments. Punishment must outweigh the benefits of the criminal rewards. neoclassical criminology emphasizes deterrence and retribution and that holds that human beings are essentially free to make choices in favor of crime and deviance or conform to the law. rational choice theory holds that criminality is a result of conscious choice. Rational choice predicts that people will choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the risks. routine activities theory lifestyles contribute significantly to both the amount and type of crime found in any society. biological school a perspective that holds that criminal behavior has physiological. phrenology study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior atavism condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution. positivist school approach that stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals. somatotyping classification of human beings according to types according to body build an other physical characteristics supermale human male displaying the XYY chromosome structure. Psychological school perspective that views offensive and deviant behavior as the product of dysfunctional personality. Identify the conscious, subconscious contents of the human psyche as major determinants of behavior. behavioral conditioning principle that holds the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and association with other stimuli. psychoanalysis based on Sigmund Freud that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities. psychopathology study of pathological mental conditions- mental illness. psychopath a person with a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, result of a poorly developed superego. psychosis mental illness in which sufferers are said to be out of tough with reality. schizophrenic person has a mental disease marked by a breakdown in the relation between thoughts, feelings, and actions, and often with delusions and retreat from society psychological profiling attempt to categorize, understand,and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavior. dangerousness likelihood that a person will later harm society or others. Measured by recidivism and that person will commit crime within the next 5 years. chicago school emphasize demographics and geographics and that sees the social disorganization that characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization anomie socially pervasive condition of normlessness. Also a disjunction between approved goals and means reaction formation the process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve. subculture of violence a cultural setting in which violence is a traditional and often accepted method of dispute resolution. Defensible space theory belief that an areas physical features may be modified and structured so as to reduce crime rates in that area to lower the fear of victimization that resident experience Broken window thesis holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for physical safety among residents Social process theory perspective that highlights the process of interaction between individuals and society. Most highlight the role of social learning Differential Association Theory law of imitation people learn their values and ideas about crime from what they see and learn from socialization Social learning theory perspective that people learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others who they have the opportunity to observe Containment theory aspects of the social bond and of the personality that act to prevent people from committing crimes and engaging in deviance Labeling theory: social process perspective sees continued crime as a consequence of the limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follows from negative responses of society to those defined as offenders Moral enterprise process undertaken by an advocacy group to have its values legitimated and embodied in law. Social development theory integrated view of human development that points to the process of interaction among and between individuals and society as the root cause of criminal behavior Life course perspective: approach explaining crime and deviance that investigates developments and turning points in the course of the persons life. Conflict Perspective holds that crime is the natural consequence of economic and other social equalities. This highlights the stresses that arise among and within social groups as they compete with one another for resources and for survival. Forces that result are a major determinant of behavior. Radical criminology crime as engendered by the unequal distribution of wealth, power and other resources, which adherents believe is characteristic of capitalism Peacemaking criminology holds that crime control agencies and the citizens they serve work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime Feminist criminology approach that emphasizes the gender issues in criminology. Constitutive criminology study of the process by which human beings create an ideology of crime that sustains the notion of crime as a concrete reality Significance of any behavior depends on a social consensus about what that behavior means Crime is a product of an active process of interpretation and social definition Continued criminal activity may be result of limited opportunities for acceptable behavior are imposed on people defined as criminal than it is choice. Postmodern criminology developed after ww2 and builds on the tenets of postmodern social thought Deconstructionist theories emerging approach that challenges existing ones to debunk them and that works toward replacing them with more concepts more applicable to the post modern era. Law rule of conduct, generally found enacted in the form of a statute,that proscribe or mandates certain forms of behavior. Statutory law written or codified law, the law in the books as enacted by a government body or agency having the power to make laws. Penal code written, organized and compiled form of criminal law of a jurisdiction Case law body of judicial precedent, historically built on legal reasoning and past interactions of statutory laws, that serves as a guide to decision making, especially in the courts. Common law law originating from usage and custom rather than from written statutes. Unwritten body of judicial opinion, originally developed in English courts that is based on no statutory customs, traditions and precedents that help guide judicial decision making. Rule of law maxim that an orderly society must be governed by established principles and known codes that are applied uniformly and fairly to all of its members Jurisprudence philosophy of law. Also the science and study of the law. Criminal Law the body of rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of and punishments for offenses of a public nature or for wrongs committed against the state or society, also called penal law. Substantive criminal law law that defines crimes and specifies punishment Procedural law law that specifies the methods to be used in enforcing substantive law Civil Law branch of modern law that governs relationships between parties tort a wrongful act, damage, or injury not involving a breach of contract. Also a private or civil wrong or injury. Administrative Law body of regulations that government create to control the activities of industries or business and individuals. Precedent legal principle that ensures that previous judicial decisions are authoritatively considered and incorporated into future decisions. Stare decisis legal principle that requires that in subsequent cases on similar issues of law and fact courts be bound by their own earlier decisions and by those of higher courts having jurisdiction over them. Means standing by decided matters. Felonies a criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for at least one year. Misdemeanor an offense punishable by incarceration usually in a local confinement facility for a period prescribed by a statute in a given jurisdiction. Typically one year or less Offense a violation of the criminal law. Also in some jurisdictions a minor crime such as jaywalking described as ticket able. Infraction a minor violation of the state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty or by specified limited incarceration Treason a US citizens actions to help a foreign government overthrow, make war, or seriously injure the United States. Also, the attempt to overthrow the government of the society of which one is a member. Espionage gathering, losing or transmitting information related to the national defense in such a manner that the information becomes available to the enemies of the United States and may be used to their advantage Inchoate offense offense not completed yet. Also an offense that consists of an action or conduct that is a step toward the intended commission of another defense Actus reus an act in violation of the law. Also a guilty act. Mens rea state of mind that accompanies a criminal act. Also a guilty mind. Purposeful (intentional) undertaken to achieve some goal Knowing undertaking with awareness. Person acts knowingly but may not have criminal intent. Reckless activity that increases the risk of harm Negligent behavior in which a person fails to reasonably perceive substantial and unjustifiable risks of dangerous consequences Motive a person's reason for committing a crime Strict liability without fault or intention. Strict liability offenses do not require men's rea Concurrence the coexistence of an act in violation of the law and a culpable mental state Legal cause- a legally recognizable cause. A legal cause must be demonstrated in court in order to hold an individual criminally liable for causing harm. Ex post facto- laws punishing someone after the law has been created for something done before the law. (Necessary) Attendant circumstances facts surrounding an event Elements of specific Criminal Offense: in a crime one of the essential features of that crime as specified by law or statute Corpus delici facts that show that a crime has occurred. The term literally means the body of the crime. Defense evidence and arguments offered by a defendant and his or her attorney to show why the defendant his or her client should not be held liable for a criminal charge Alibi statement by an individual charged with a crime that he or she was so distant when the crime was committed, or so engaged in other provable activities, that his or her participation in the commission of that crime was impossible