Genetics Unit

Mitosis & Meiosis

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 Cell Division
Mitosis and Meiosis are
the two types of cell
division that occur in
eukaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotes reproduce
by another type of cell
division called binary
fission.

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Sexual VS Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Sexual

Number of parents ONE TWO

Cell Division Cells divide by fission, Meiosis

budding or regeneration
Advantages Time efficient, no need Variation, unique,
to search for mate, organism is more
requires less energy protected
Disadvantages No variation, if parent Requires 2 parents and
has genetic disease so more energy
does offspring
Unit of reproduction Whole parent or Gamete- sex cells
fragment such as a bud sperm and egg
Genes Genetically identical to Different to parent but
parent has similar genes
Number of offspring Two or more One or more
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 Mitosis & Meiosis
Cell division is needed
for growth, to replace
old or damaged cells,
and for reproduction. cell
These processes
ensure that new cells
have the appropriate
amount of DNA so
they can function
properly.

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Is in the nucleus in
the form of
chromatin or long
thread-like pieces
DNA condenses
into chromosomes
before cell
division
Humans have 46
chromosomes

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 Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a
cells life span from
birth to
reproduction or
division.

Two Phases of the

Cell Cycle:
1. Interphase
2. Mitotic Phase or
Cell Division

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Cells Spend About 90% of Their
Life in Interphase

G1 S G2
Cell Synthesis Growth &
Growth & of DNA or Normal
Normal DNA Functions
Functions Replication Continue
Cell
Prepares
to Divide
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A Duplicated Chromosome
This is the original
chromosome and its
copy (each is called a
chromatid) attached
at a point called the
centromere.

1. Chromatid
2. Centromere
3. Short Arm
4. Long Arm
sister chromatids
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 Question:

In which phase of the cell cycle is

DNA synthesized?

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 Answer:

DNA is synthesized during the S

phase of interphase.

Synthesized = Replicated = Copied

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 Question:

Why does DNA need to be

synthesized before a cell divides?

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 Answer:

DNA needs to be synthesized or replicated

because mitosis is going to produce 2
daughter cells from 1 parent cell and each
new cell needs a complete set of genetic
material.

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 Cell Division or Mitotic Phase
The stage of the cell cycle when the cell
is actually dividing is sometimes called
the mitotic phase or M phase.

Two parts:
1. Mitosis
2. Cytokinesis

Goldfish have 94 chromosomes!

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 Mitosis & Cytokinesis

Mitosis
division of the
nucleus &
chromosomes

Cytokinesis
division of the
cytoplasm

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 Phases of Mitosis

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase
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Prophase
Chromatin in nucleus
condenses to form
chromosomes
Chromosomes are
now visible (under a
microscope) as sister
chromatids
Nuclear envelope
breaks down
Spindle fibers form
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Metaphase

Chromosomes line up
across center of cell
Sister chromatids
attach to a spindle
fiber at the
centromere

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Anaphase

Centromeres split
Sister chromatids
separate
Chromatids move
sister
to opposite ends of
chromatids cell by spindle
fiber stretching
Cell stretches out

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 Telophase & Cytokinesis
Chromosomes begin to
nucleus uncoil
New nuclear envelope
forms around each
chromosome region
cleavage
furrow Cytokinesis occurs about
the same time as
telophase
Cell pinches in around
middle of cell and splits
the cell into two new
cells.
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 Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow
Cytokinesis in an
animal cell. Cells pinch
in two at cleavage
furrow.

Cytokinesis in a plant
cell. A cell plate will
form to divide the two
daughter cells.
Cell plate

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 Question:

What phase of
mitosis is shown
here?

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 Answer:

Metaphase

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Can you recognize different stages of
mitosis in these onion cells?

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Did You See These Stages?

Interphase
Prophase

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 Mitosis
produces 2 identical daughter cells
with the exact same genetic material
as the parent cell

* Notice how the end products compare to the original parent cell.

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 Question:

List the 4 phases of mitosis and

briefly describe what is happening
to the chromosomes in each phase.

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 Answer:

1. Prophase chromatin condenses &

chromosomes are visible
2. Metaphase chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell
3. Anaphase sister chromatids pull apart
4. Telophase chromosomes move to
opposite sides of the cell & uncoil

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 Question:

Explain how cytokinesis differs in animal

cells compared to plant cells.

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 Answer:

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves a

pinching in at the cleavage furrow until two
identical daughter cells are formed.

In plant cells, the cell wall does not allow

for this pinching in, so a cell plate grows
between the new cells to separate them.

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 Cancer
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases.
In all types of cancer, some of the bodys cells begin to divide
without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is
made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and
divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells
grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take
their place.
When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks
down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or
damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells
form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide
without stopping and may form growths called tumors.
Cancer becomes uncontrolled mitosis cell division.

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 Cancer
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow
them to grow out of control and become invasive. One
important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized
than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into
very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells
do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer
cells continue to divide without stopping.
In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that
normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process
known as programmed cell death which the body uses to get
rid of unneeded cells.
Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells,
molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor.
For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to
form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and
nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also
remove waste products from tumors.
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 Eggs & Sperm have 23
Chromosomes
Sex cells, eggs and sperm, are also
called gametes.

23 chromosomes from the Egg

+ 23 chromosomes from the Sperm
= 46 chromosomes in the offspring

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Its Like Having 23 Pairs
of Shoes!
There are 23 types of
chromosomes and you
get one of each each
type from each
parent.
Imagine your Mom
giving you 23 left
shoes and your Dad
giving you 23 right
shoes and they all
match!
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 So, Meiosis
produces four cells, each with half the
chromosome number as the parent cell

After DNA
Synthesis 92

After 1st Division 46 46

After 2nd Division 23 23 23 23

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 Question:

Why is it important for meiosis to

produce cells with only half the
original amount of genetic
material?

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 Answer:

Offspring will receive half of their genetic

material from each parent
from Mom and from Dad = 1 offspring
with a complete set of DNA

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 Karyotype
A karyotype is
a display of the
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chromosomes of
an individual.
Notice the
pairs one of
each pair came
from Mom, the
other from Dad.

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 Homologous Chromosomes

The two
chromosomes of
each matching pair
are called
homologous
chromosomes.

Science Island

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Similarity & Difference between
Homologous Chromosomes

Each homologous
chromosome in a pair
carries the same
sequence of genes
controlling the same
inherited traits.

The two genes on a Weird Fact: Male

homologous chromosome seahorses have half the
may be different number of chromosomes as
versions of the trait. female seahorses. 41
 For Example:
The chromosome you
inherited from Dad
may carry a gene for
brown eyes, but the
homologous
chromosomes you
inherited from Mom
may carry a gene for
blue eyes.

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 Question:

What is a display of a persons

chromosomes called?

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 Answer:

A display of a persons chromosomes is

called a karyotype.

It shows 23 pairs of homologous

chromosomes lined up from longest to
shortest.

The last pair is the sex chromosomes.

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 Diploid and Haploid Cells
Almost all human cells are
diploid, that is they contain
homologous sets (or matching
pairs) of chromosomes for a
total of 46.
The exception are egg and
sperm cells, your gametes.
Each gamete has a single set
of chromosomes (23) and are
called haploid cells.
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 Question:

Some female geckos can go

through parthenogensis, which is
the ability to produce offspring
from an unfertilized egg. Would
you expect the offspring to be
haploid or diploid? Explain.

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 Answer:

Eggs are produced by meiosis and are

haploid, therefore you would expect an
offspring of parthenogensis to be haploid.
But, theyre usually diploid. Weird. Youll
have to look that one up later.

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 Fertilization
In the human life
cycle, the haploid
sperm cell unites
with the haploid egg
cell. This fusion is
called fertilization.
The resulting
fertilized egg,
called a zygote, is
diploid and is the
first cell of the new
offspring. 51
So, diploid
organisms
form haploid
gametes
through the
process of
meiosis AND
haploid
gametes form
diploid
organisms
through the
process of
fertilization. 52
 Now we see we need
Meiosis, but does it
produce these haploid cells?
There is one DNA replication in the S phase of
interphase
But there are TWO divisions of the cytoplasm
This produces FOUR haploid cells

2X

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MEIOSIS OVERVIEW
A: DNA Replication
B: Meiosis I
C: Meiosis II

Notice how the end products

compare to the original
parent cell.
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Prophase I & Metaphase I
Prophase I
Tetrads form
crossing over
Nuclear membrane
disintegrates
Crossing over
(recombination) occurs
Metaphase I
Tetrads, attached to
spindle fibers at their
centromeres, line up at
mid-cell.
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 Anaphase I & Telophase I
Anaphase I
Tetrads separate
Sister chromatids
move towards
centrioles

Telophase I
Nuclear membranes form around chromosomes
Cytokinesis will form 2 cells
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 Result of Meiosis I

Two cells are formed

Cells have same number of chromatids
as parent cell, but are no longer diploid
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 Prophase II & Metaphase II

Prophase II Metaphase II
Sister chromatids Chromatids line up
still attached in the middle of cell
Spindle begins to Centrioles are at
form the poles
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 Anaphase II & Telophase II
Anaphase II
Centromeres split
Sister chromatids
separate and move to
opposite ends of the
cell

Telophase II
Nuclei form
Cytokinesis occurs at the same time
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 Results of Meiosis II

4 Genetically Different Haploid Daughter Cells

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 Two Meiotic Divisions
Meiosis consists of two divisions, but the
phases look pretty similar to mitosis.

Heres the difference:

1. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes,
each composed of two sister chromatids,
are separated from one another.
2. In Meiosis II, sister chromatids are
separated much as they are in mitosis.
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 Question:

Which phase of meiosis is most

similar to anaphase of mitosis?
Explain.

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 Answer:

Anaphase II of meiosis is most similar to

anaphase of mitosis because thats when
sister chromatids separate.
 Meiosis Increases Genetic
Variation Among Offspring
An organism
with 2 sets of
homologous
chromosomes
(n=2) can
produce 4
possible
gametes.
Science Island

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Sofor a human the haploid
number (n) is equal to 23, so
there are 223, or about 8 million
possible chromosome
combinations!!!

Do you think its really

possible to have a
doppelgnger? Someone else in
the world who looks just like you.

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Another Factor That
Increases Genetic
Variation is
CROSSING OVER

The exchange
of genetic
material
between
homologous
chromosomes.

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Homologous Chromosomes Pair up to
Form Tetrads in Prophase I.
This is when crossing over can occur.

Crossing Over

A tetrad is composed of 2 homologous

chromosomes and contains 4 chromatids
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 How Does Crossing Over
Increase Genetic Variation?
Crossing over produces a single
chromosome that contains a new
combination of genetic information
from different parents, a result
called genetic recombination.
Crossing over can occur multiple
times in random locations between
any homologous pair of
chromosomes. 68
 Question:

Can you describe two factors that

increase genetic variation in
offspring?

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 Answer:

Two factors that increase genetic variation

in offspring are:

1. The large number of possible gamete

combinations produced by meiosis
2. The recombination of genes produced by
crossing over in Prophase I

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 REVIEW
In both mitosis and meiosis, the
chromosomes duplicate only once, in
interphase.
Mitosis involves only one division of the
genetic material in the nucleus,
producing two diploid cells that are
genetically identical.
Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions,
yielding four haploid cells that are
genetically different.
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Complete a Venn Diagram to compare and
contrast mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis Meiosis

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 The End
Mitosis & Meiosis

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