Die Rolle von Wassersstoff im

Erneuerbaren Energiesystem
Hochschule Karlsruhe Technik und Wirtschaft
Seminar Erneuerbare Energien, 22. Mrz 2017

Dr. Christopher Hebling

Bereichsleiter
Wasserstofftechnologien H2T

Fraunhofer-Institut fr Solare
Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg

christopher.hebling@ise.fraunhofer.de

Fraunhofer
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Research for the Energy Transformation

1160 scientists, engineers, students, administrators

81.1 M budget in 2016
12 % basic financing, 88 % contract research
Largest European Solar Energy Research Institute

Business Areas
Photovoltaics
Solar Thermal Technology
Energy Efficient Buildings
Energy System Technology
Hydrogen Technologies

Fraunhofer
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Hydrogen Production by Electrolytical Water Splitting
Known for more than 200 years.

Invention of voltaic pile (1799) enabled

investigations of electrolytic approaches
Main principle demonstrated around
1800 by J. W. Ritter, William Nicholson
and Anthony Carlise
Today 3 technologies available:
Alkaline electrolysis (AEL)
Electrolysis in acid environment
First quantitative Johann Wilhelm Ritter
(PEM electrolysis - PEMEL) water electrolsis by (1776-1810)
Ritter in 1800
Steam electrolysis
(High temperature HTEL or SOEL)

Picture credits: all www.wikipedia.org

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Stack and System Design of Water Electrolysis Systems
Typical features

Alkaline Electrolysis Membrane Solid Oxide Electrolysis

Electrolysis
Electrolyte Liquid alkaline KOH Solid acid polymer Ceramic metal compound
Charge carrier OH- H+ O2-
Electrodes Ni/Fe electrodes (Raney) Noble metals (Pt, Ir, ..) Ni doped ceramic
Temperature 50 - 90 C RT - 80 C 700 - 1,000 C
Pressure < 30 bar < 350 bar Atm
Modul size Max. 760 Nm H2/h Max. 230 Nm H2/h ~ 1 Nm H2/h
~ 3.2 MWel ~ 1.25 MWel kW range

AEL
H2 O2
Cathode
O2-
H2O - +
HT Anode

H2/H2O
PEMEL HTEL

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Hydrogen Production by Electrolytical Water Splitting
1890s: Hydrogen production by wind power

Danish inventor and teacher at

Askov folk high school
First wind mill in 1891 for rural
electrification
Hydrogen storage system
Alkaline tubular
electrolysis cells
Poul la Cour (1846 - 1908)
H2 / O2 tanks
Gas lamps for school
building (1895 - 1902)
(Autogenous gas welding)

Source and picture credits:

Fraunhofer en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_la_Cou
http://www.poullacour.dk/engelsk/menu.htm
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Alkaline Water Electrolysis Plants Since 1920s

Picture credits: Fell StatoilHydro,2008, NOW-Workshop

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Hydrogen Storage Systems
High pressure and low temperature are prefered

Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden.

mobile

CGH2 (35 MPa) CGH2 (70 MPa) LH2 (20.4 K) LH2 (20.4 K)
LH2 (20.4 K)
stationary

CGH2 (< 3 MPa) CGH2 (20 MPa) CGH2 (45 MPa) CGH2 (35 MPa) LH2 (20.4 K) CGH2 (< 20 MPa)

Capacity

Picture Credits:
Fraunhofer Top: Dynetek, Quantum, Linde, Magna Steyr, NASA
Bottom: Westfalen Gas, Wystrach, Dynetek, Hyfleet, NASA, KBB UT
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Hydrogen Storage Systems
Underground storage in salt caverns
In the past: Storage of town gas in Germany
Today: Natural gas reserve in Germany
Hydrogen salt caverns in UK and US
KBB UT
Up to
1.000.000 m

EWE AG
Echometric cavern survey

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Hydrogen Storage Systems
Hydrogen salt caverns in UK and US

Teeside (GB): Sabic Petrochemicals

V = 3x 70,000 m3
p = 4.5 MPa (const)
W = 25.4 GWh (761 t H2)
depth ~ 370 m
operation > 30 years
Clemens Dome, Lake Jackson, Texas (USA) Schematic comparison of the 2 caverns

ConocoPhillips
V = 1x 580,000 m
p = 7 - 13.5 MPa
W = 83.3 GWh (~2,500 t H2)
depth ~ 850 - 1150 m
Since 1986
Well head of a salt cavern

Landinger, Crotogino: The role of large-scale hydrogen storage for future

Fraunhofer renewable energy utilisation, IRES II conference, 2007
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Hydrogen as Future Energy Carrier
Today's industrial hydrogen production.

Global hydrogen production:

600 bn. Nm/yr
Mostly steam methane reforming
H2O (g) + CH4 (g) 3 H2 (g) + CO (g)
Required in the petrochemical industry,
cracking-reforming process of crude oil

Picture credits:
Fraunhofer http://www.making-hydrogen.com/steam-reforming-hydrogen.html (last access 2016-11-08)
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
https://www.engineering-airliquide.com/project-delivery-services-references/steam-methane-reforming-plant-germany
Which are Todays Drivers for Hydrogen Technologies ?
International Partnership for Hydrogen Energy IPHE

CO2 Reduction -
Energy security-
Decarbonization of the
Independency
Energy System
from fossil fuels

Integration of intermittant renewable

energy into the energy system

Zero emission mobility

Power-to-X

Securing the economy -

new markets and new jobs
through innovations

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Global Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions
2010 data

Source: http://hpcg.purdue.edu/FFDAS/index.phpl

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Current CO2 Emissions in Millions of Metric Tons
Fourteen nations and Europe account for about 80 percent of world greenhouse gas emissions

Source: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

Fraunhofer
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Current CO2 Emissions in Millions of Metric Tons per
Millions of Dollars of GDP

Source: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

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Cumulative CO2 Emissions in Metric Tons Since 1850

Source: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

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Energy Concept of the German Government
Decarbonization of Germanys future energy system

Transition
towards
decarbonization
of the energy
system

Ambitious goals by the

German government:

Green house gas reduction by

- 40% in 2020 Development of German GHG emissions 1990 - 2013 and
target values until 2050 (The Energy Concept of Germany)
- 80/95% in 2050
Reduction of primary energy consumption
- 50% in 2050

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Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources
191,4 TWh electricity were produced from renewable energy sources in 2016
Year 2016
Total 32,3%
El.-gen
Installed
Capacity

PV 41,2 GW

Bio 4.1 GW

Wind 45,1 GW

Hydro 5.6 GW

Fraunhofer
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Regional Distribution of Power Capacities in Germany

Fraunhofer
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 Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation in Germany 2016

27.270 wind power Share of renewable power

plants generation in the various states
=> 45 GWmax
~80%
~90%

~46%

~62% ~77%
~11%

~21%
~29%
~12%
~23%

1.550.000 ~7%
solar power ~37%

plants ~20%

=> 41 GWmax

* Source: AGEE-Stat, LAK, extrapolated

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Power Generation by Solar and Wind in June 2016

Fraunhofer
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Power Generation by Solar and Wind in December 2016

Fraunhofer
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Power Generation in December 2016 from both
Renewables and Fossile Energy Carriers

Fraunhofer
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Electricity Production and Spot Prices in December 2016

7.5 TWh were exported in Dec. 2016

Fraunhofer
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Transformation of the German Energy System

CGH2
LH2 as n
ral G roge
H2

LH2 Natu Hyd

EESS CGH2
Solar Electric Energy Heat Storage Gas Storage Natural Hydrogen
Storage Systems Trailer
Gas Grid Pipeline

PV CO2
Heating
Air
Cooling Synth.
Methanol
Wind
- + Biomass
H2 O2

Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Hydro Electrical Conversion to
Grid DME/OME Industry

Biomass

Nuclear Fossil Mobility Industrial Residential Power Generation

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The Power to Liquid Concept
Hydrogenation of CO2 to MeOH/DME/OME

Motivation: Promising perspective

for MeOH
Important bulk chemical/
fuel (additive)
Increasing demand
Existing infrastructure
Liquid: easy storage/high energy
density 19.5 MJ/kg
Easy conversion to DME, etc.

Source: D. Johnson (2012) Global Methanol Market Review

MeOH: Methanol - CH3OH

Fraunhofer DME : Dimethylether = CH3OCH3 = Methoxymethane
FhG-SK: INTERNAL OME: Oxymethylenether (in German)
The Power to Liquid Concept
What are poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers, OMEs

Ethers of the formula H3CO-(CH2O)n-CH3, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,

OMEs do not contain C-C-bonds and are excellent solvents

DME Methylal, DMM, OME1 OME2 ...

n=0 n=1 n=2

MeOH: Methanol - CH3OH

Fraunhofer DME : Dimethylether = CH3OCH3 = Methoxymethane
FhG-SK: INTERNAL OME: Chemicals with methoxy group
German GHG Emissions Since 1990 and Target Values 2050
The Energy Concept of Germany
Greenhousegas Emissions, Mio t CO2, Equ.

Sectors

Others
Agriculture
Mobility
- 40 %
Industry
CC Gas Turbines
- 55 % Households
Energy Economy
- 70 %
- 80 %

- 95 %

Fraunhofer
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 The Course of CO2-Reductions in the Various Sectors

Energy (Target: -92,5%) Industry (Target: -81%) Homes (Target: -92,5%)

Transport (Target: -92,5%) Agriculture (Target: -60%)

Graphs:
G. Rosenkranz,
Agora Energiewende, 20.09.2016

(c) Ludwig-Blkow-Systemtechnik GmbH

Fraunhofer
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Energy System Modelling at Fraunhofer ISE
What will the Energy Transformation Cost ?

What is the cost-optimized transformation pathway

including all end-use sectors?

The goals of reducing green house

gas emissions are fulfilled each year

Further boundary conditions

Fade-out of nuclear energy until 2022
No implementation of CCS technology

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Optimization of Germanys Future Energy System

Mimimize total Electricity generation, Fuels (including

annual cost storage and end-use biomass and synthetic
(operation, invest, fuels from RE)
maintenance, )

Mobility Heat
(battery- (buildings,
electric, incl. storage Processes in
hydrogen, and heating industry and
conv. fuel mix) networks) tertiary sector

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Fluctuating Renewable Energies: Solar and Wind

Installed capacity in 2050

Offshore wind 33 GW
Onshore wind 168 GW (4*today)
Solar PV 166 GW (4.5*today)

Fraunhofer
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Introduction of Energy Storage Systems

Electrolysis plant
Battery storage

Heat storage

REMod-D results
Picture credits: Thermacon; Storage Battery Systems; NEL Hydrogen
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Power to Gas Installations in Germany in 2016
Overview

Several PtG installations in Germany

since 2011 for different applications
Direct H2 injection in NG pipeline
Methanisation and SNG injection
Secondary control reserve
Power balancing
Hybrid power plant
Hydrogen for FCEV mobility
(on-site hydrogen refuelling
stations and trailer distribution)
Industrial use and PtX
Demonstration stage with public
support by funded projects

Source: DENA Potenzialatlas Power-to-Gas (2016-06)

Fraunhofer
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Power to Gas Installations in Germany
Hybrid power plant ENERTRAG Prenzlau

Technical features
1x alkaline 600 kW NDE electrolyzer
from Enertrag HyTec/McPhy
H2 production rate:
120 Nm/h @ atmospheric
Mech. compression units
Commissioning: 10/2011
Application
Re-electrification via CHP
H2 for Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Partners
Enertrag
Vattenfall Europe
Total & DB

Source: https://www.enertrag.com/90_hybridkraftwerk.html
Fraunhofer
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Power to Gas Installations in Germany
Pilot plant WindGas Falkenhagen

Technical features
Alkaline technology
6x HySTAT-A 60 from Hydrogenics
Power input: 2.0 MW (system)
H2 prod. rate: 360 Nm/h @ 10 bar
Mechanical compression unit
Commissioning: 08/2013
Application
H2 injection in NG grid (ONTRAS)
Fulfills requirements for German
secondary balancing market
Partners 15 min 15 min 15 min
<-------> <-------> <------->
E.On/Uniper Energy storage (owner)
Swissgas AG

Rene Schoof: First experience with advanced power to gas concepts, OTTI Power to
Fraunhofer Gas Conference, Duesseldorf, March 16, 2016
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Power to Gas Installations in Germany
Project Windgas Hamburg Reitbrook

Technical features
1x 1500E from Hydrogenics
Ultra compact PEM stack:
L900 x W500 x H700 mm
Power input: 1.5 MW (stack)
H2 prod. rate: 290 Nm/h @ 25 bar
No compression stage
Application
H2 fed into local NG grid (HanseW.)
Commissioning: 10/2015
Partners:
Uniper Energy Storage, HanseWerk
Hydrogenics, Greenerity
DLR, Fraunhofer ISE

Rene Schoof: First experience with advanced power to gas concepts, OTTI Power to
Fraunhofer Gas Conference, Duesseldorf, March 16, 2016
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Power-to-Gas Installations in Germany
Energiepark Mainz

Technical features
PEM techn. SILYZER 200 / Siemens
3x stacks 1.25 MW / 2.0 MW
H2 prod rate@35 barg ~ 700 Nm/h
1000 kg H2 storage (8 MPa)
Commissioning: 07/2015
Application
Injection in local gas grid
Multi-use trailer-filling (22.5 MPa)
Grid service (balancing power, SCR)
Partners
Stadtwerke Mainz
Linde & Siemens
RheinMain University

Katharina Beumelburg: Status report Energiepark Mainz efficient electrolyzes

Fraunhofer for green hydrogen, Energy Storage Europe 2016, Duesseldorf, March 17, 2016
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Power to Gas Installations in Germany
e-gas plant Werlte/Emsland

Technical features:
Alkaline technology from Enertrag
3x stacks 2.1 MW, NDE series
H2 prod. rate @ atmospheric:
1.300 Nm/h at rated power
Fixed bed methanisation with CO2
from on-site biogas plant: 300 Nm/h
Opening 06/2013
Fixed bed methanisation Alkaline electrolysis units
Applications
SNG injection in local gas grid
Grid service (SCR)
Partners
EWE & ETOGAS
ZSW & Fraunhofer IWES
Audi

Stephan Rieke: Power-To-Gas-Anlage: Bau und Betrieb einer 6-MW-Anlage in Werlte,,

Fraunhofer Mnchen, March 17, 2016
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
The Power to Liquid Concept
Demonstration project in Lnen MefCO2

MeOH Production capacity: 1t /day

CO2 capture capacity per ton of
MeOH: 1.5 t/d
Exhaust gas from coal fired power
plant
1 MW alkaline electrolyser
Flexible load operation for MeOH
reactor
Scale up by factor 200 possible?

Partners
Hydrogenics & Mitsubishi Hitachi
Power Systems (MSHP)
Carbon Recycling International
obs/Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Europe GmbH/MHPSE

Source: http://www.presseportal.de/pm/81168/2930631
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Local Storage of Natural Gas in Switzerland (Volketswil)

22 tubes
L = 250 m length
= 1.5m
V = 10,000 m3
p = 70 bar
~ 710.000 Nm3 NG

Storage capacity
~ 2 GWh if filled
with hydrogen

Construction of the pipe storage facility in Volketswil (2003)

Picture credits:
Fraunhofer http://www.gaznat.ch/en/natural-gas/storage/
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Local Storage of Natural Gas in Switzerland (Volketswil)
22 tubes of 250m length (1.5m), 10.000 m3 vol., 70 bar pressure, 714.000 Nm3
If filled with hydrogen under 70 bar: 1.5 2 GWh Storage Capacity (Hydrogen)

Fraunhofer
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Local Storage of Natural Gas in Switzerland (Volketswil)

Fraunhofer
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Gas Tube Storage of Natural Gas in Switzerland (Volketswil)

Fraunhofer
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Local Hydrogen Storage in Gas Tube Fields

Fraunhofer
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Local Hydrogen Storage in Gas Tube Fields Covered With PV

Fraunhofer
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Local Hydrogen Storage in Gas Tube Fields Covered With PV

Good for

25.000 cars

- Assumptions:
- 0,3 kWh/km,
- 14.000 km/a,
- 269 km/week

Or

280 buses

- Assumptions:
- 4 kWh/km
- 250 km/d
- 1750 km/week

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Our Modern Fairytale: From Photon to Traction

Fraunhofer
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Conclusions

The global energy transformation from fossil and nuclear energy carriers
towards renewable energy is the challenge of our generation to overcome
poverty and to reduce the climate change.

Hydrogen (and fuel cell) technologies will play an important role in a

renewable energy system as an energy storage media, as a fuel for mobility
and as a chemical feedstock for synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals

A stable policy and regulatory framework (carbon pricing, feed-in-tarifs,

fuel economy standards, zero-emission vehicle mandates) is required for
market certainty for investors and create a self-sustaining market

Fraunhofer
FhG-SK: INTERNAL
Conclusions

The global energy transformation from fossil and nuclear energy carriers
towards renewable energy is the challenge of our generation to overcome
poverty and to reduce the climate change.

Hydrogen (and fuel cell) technologies will play an important role in a

renewable energy system as an energy storage media, as a fuel for mobility
and as a chemical feedstock for synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals

A stable policy and regulatory framework (carbon pricing, feed-in-tarifs,

fuel economy standards, zero-emission vehicle mandates) is required for
market certainty for investors and create a self-sustaining market

The electric light did not come from the continuous improvement of candles
Oren Harari

Fraunhofer
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Thank you

Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE

Christopher Hebling,
Director Division Hydrogen Technologies

www.ise.fraunhofer.de
Email: christopher.hebling@ise.fraunhofer.de
Cell: +49 175 2966752

Fraunhofer
FhG-SK: INTERNAL