Political Correctness

Political correctness - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Political_correctness
Political correctness
The term political correctness (adjectivally: politically correct; commonly abbreviated to PC or P.C.) is
used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to
members of particular groups in society.[1][2][3][4][5] Since the late 1980s, the term has come to refer to
avoiding language or behavior that can be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting groups of people
considered disadvantaged or discriminated against, especially groups defined by sex or race. In public
discourse and the media, it is generally used as a pejorative, implying that these policies are excessive.[6][3]
[7][8][9][10][11]
The contemporary usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late
Twentieth Century. The phrase was widely used in the debate about Allan Bloom's 1987 book The Closing
of the American Mind,[7][9][12][13] and gained further currency in response to Roger Kimball's Tenured
Radicals (1990),[7][9][14][15] and conservative author Dinesh D'Souza's 1991 book Illiberal Education, in
which he condemned what he saw as liberal efforts to advance self-victimization and multiculturalism
through language, affirmative action, and changes to the content of school and university curricula.[7][8]
[14][16] The term was also the subject of articles in The New York Times and other media throughout the
1990s.[17][18][19][20][21][22]
Commentators on the left contend that conservatives use the concept of political correctness to downplay
and divert attention from substantively discriminatory behavior against disadvantaged groups. [14][23][24]
They also argue that the right enforces its own forms of political correctness to suppress criticism of its
favored constituencies and ideologies.[25][26][27] The term has played a major role in the United States
culture war between liberals and conservatives.[28]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early-to-mid 20th century
1.2 1970s
1.3 1980s and 1990s
2 Modern usage
2.1 Media
2.2 Education
2.3 Science
2.4 Conservative political correctness
2.5 2016 US presidential election
2.6 As a conspiracy theory
2.7 False accusations
2.8 Satirical use
3 Usage in selected regions
3.1 Canada
3.2 Hong Kong
3.3 New Zealand
4 Use in research
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
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Political correctness - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness
History
The term "politically correct" was used infrequently until the latter part of the 20th century. This earlier use
did not communicate the social disapproval usually implied in more recent usage. In 1793, the term
"politically correct" appeared in a U.S. Supreme Court judgment of a political lawsuit.[29] The term also had
use in other English-speaking countries in the 1800s.[30] William Safire states that the first recorded use of
the term in the typical modern sense is by Toni Cade Bambara in the 1970 anthology The Black Woman.[31]
The term probably entered use in the United Kingdom around 1975.[11]
Early-to-mid 20th century
In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase "politically correct" was used to describe strict adherence to a
range of ideological orthodoxies. In 1934, the New York Times reported that Nazi Germany was granting
reporting permits "only to pure Aryans whose opinions are politically correct."[2]
As Marxist movements gained political power, the phrase came to be associated with the dogmatic
application of Stalinist doctrine, debated between Communist Party members and American Socialists. This
usage referred to the Communist party line, which provided "correct" positions on many political matters.
According to American educator Herbert Kohl, writing about debates in New York in the late 1940s and
early 1950s,
The term "politically correct" was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty to the
CP line overrode compassion, and led to bad politics. It was used by Socialists against
Communists, and was meant to separate out Socialists who believed in egalitarian moral ideas
from dogmatic Communists who would advocate and defend party positions regardless of their
moral substance.
"Uncommon Differences", The Lion and the Unicorn Journal[3]
1970s
In the 1970s, the American New Left began using the term "politically correct".[32] In the essay The Black
Woman: An Anthology (1970), Toni Cade Bambara said that "a man cannot be politically correct and a
[male] chauvinist, too." Thereafter, the term was often used as self-critical satire. Debra L. Shultz said that
"throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives... used their term 'politically
correct' ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts."[7][32][33] PC is used in
the comic book Merton of the Movement, by Bobby London, which was followed by the term ideologically
sound, in the comic strips of Bart Dickon.[32][34] In her essay "Toward a feminist Revolution" (1992) Ellen
Willis said: "In the early eighties, when feminists used the term 'political correctness', it was used to refer
sarcastically to the anti-pornography movement's efforts to define a 'feminist sexuality'."[35]
Stuart Hall suggests one way in which the original use of the term may have developed into the modern one:
According to one version, political correctness actually began as an in-joke on the left: radical
students on American campuses acting out an ironic replay of the Bad Old Days BS (Before the
Sixties) when every revolutionary groupuscule had a party line about everything. They would
address some glaring examples of sexist or racist behaviour by their fellow students in imitation
of the tone of voice of the Red Guards or Cultural Revolution Commissar: "Not very 'politically
correct', Comrade!"[36]
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1980s and 1990s
Critics have pointed to Allan Bloom's 1987 book The Closing of the American Mind[12] as the likely
beginning of the modern debate about what was soon named "political correctness" in American higher
education.[7][9][13][37] Professor of English literary and cultural studies at CMU Jeffrey J. Williams wrote
that the "assault on...political correctness that simmered through the Reagan years, gained bestsellerdom
with Bloom's Closing of the American Mind." [38] According to Z.F. Gamson, Bloom's book "attacked the
faculty for 'political correctness'."[39] Prof. of Social Work at CSU Tony Platt says the "campaign against
'political correctness'" was launched by Bloom's book in 1987.[40]
An October 1990 New York Times article by Richard Bernstein is credited with popularizing the term.[19]
[21][22][41][42] At this time, the term was mainly being used within academia: "Across the country the term
p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at
the universities".[17] Nexis citations in "arcnews/curnews" reveal only seventy total citations in articles to
"political correctness" for 1990; but one year later, Nexis records 1532 citations, with a steady increase to
more than 7000 citations by 1994.[41][43] In May 1991, The New York Times had a follow-up article,
according to which the term was increasingly being used in a wider public arena:
What has come to be called "political correctness," a term that began to gain currency at the
start of the academic year last fall, has spread in recent months and has become the focus of an
angry national debate, mainly on campuses, but also in the larger arenas of American life.
"Political Correctness: New Bias Test?" Robert D. McFadden[18]
The previously obscure far-left term became common currency in the lexicon of the conservative social and
political challenges against progressive teaching methods and curriculum changes in the secondary schools
and universities of the U.S.[8][44] Policies, behavior, and speech codes that the speaker or the writer regarded
as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy, were described and criticized as "politically correct".[14] In
May 1991, at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the University of Michigan, then U.S.
President George H.W. Bush used the term in his speech: "The notion of political correctness has ignited
controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the
debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones. It declares certain topics
off-limits, certain expression off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits."[45]
After 1991, its use as a pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the US.[8] It became
a key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in culture and political debate more broadly,
as well as in academia. Two articles on the topic in late 1990 in Forbes and Newsweek both used the term
"thought police" in their headlines, exemplifying the tone of the new usage, but it was Dinesh D'Souza's
Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (1991) which "captured the press's
imagination."[8] Similar critical terminology was used by D'Souza for a range of policies in academia
around victimization, supporting multiculturalism through affirmative action, sanctions against anti-
minority hate speech, and revising curricula (sometimes referred to as "canon busting").[8][46] These trends
were at least in part a response to multiculturalism and the rise of identity politics, with movements such as
feminism, gay rights movements and ethnic minority movements. That response received funding from
conservative foundations and think tanks such as the John M. Olin Foundation, which funded several books
such as D'Souza's.[7][14]
Herbert Kohl, in 1992, commented that a number of neoconservatives who promoted the use of the term
"politically correct" in the early 1990s were former Communist Party members, and, as a result, familiar
with the Marxist use of the phrase. He argued that in doing so, they intended "to insinuate that egalitarian
democratic ideas are actually authoritarian, orthodox and Communist-influenced, when they oppose the
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right of people to be racist, sexist, and homophobic."[3]
During the 1990s, conservative and right-wing politicians, think-tanks, and speakers adopted the phrase as a
pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies especially in the context of the Culture Wars about
language and the content of public-school curricula. Roger Kimball, in Tenured Radicals, endorsed
Frederick Crews's view that PC is best described as "Left Eclecticism", a term defined by Kimball as "any
of a wide variety of anti-establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism,
deconstruction, and Lacanian analyst to feminist, homosexual, black, and other patently political forms of
criticism."[15][38] Jan Narveson wrote that "that phrase was born to live between scare-quotes: it suggests
that the operative considerations in the area so called are merely political, steamrolling the genuine reasons
of principle for which we ought to be acting..."[6]
In the American Speech journal article "Cultural Sensitivity and Political Correctness: The Linguistic
Problem of Naming" (1996), Edna Andrews said that the usage of culturally inclusive and gender-neutral
language is based upon the concept that "language represents thought, and may even control thought".[47]
Andrews' proposition is conceptually derived from the SapirWhorf Hypothesis, which proposes that the
grammatical categories of a language shape the ideas, thoughts, and actions of the speaker. Moreover,
Andrews said that politically moderate conceptions of the languagethought relationship suffice to support
the "reasonable deduction ... [of] cultural change via linguistic change" reported in the Sex Roles journal
article "Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Attitudes Toward Sexist/Nonsexist
Language" (2000), by Janet B. Parks and Mary Ann Robinson.
Liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in
effort to divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination
such as racial, social class, gender, and legal inequality against people whom conservatives do not
consider part of the social mainstream.[7][23][48] Commenting in 2001, one such British journalist,[49][50]
Polly Toynbee, said "the phrase is an empty, right-wing smear, designed only to elevate its user", and, in
2010, "the phrase 'political correctness' was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say Paki, spastic,
or queer".[51] Another British journalist, Will Hutton,[52] wrote in 2001:
Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the
mid1980s, as part of its demolition of American liberalism.... What the sharpest thinkers on
the American Right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of
liberalism by levelling the charge of "political correctness" against its exponents they could
discredit the whole political project.
"Words Really are Important, Mr Blunkett" Will Hutton, 2001
Glenn Loury described the situation in 1994 as such:
To address the subject of "political correctness," when power and authority within the academic
community is being contested by parties on either side of that issue, is to invite scrutiny of one's
arguments by would-be "friends" and "enemies." Combatants from the left and the right will try
to assess whether a writer is "for them" or "against them."
"Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related

Phenomena"[53]
Modern usage
Media
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In the US, the term has been widely used in the intellectual media, but in Britain, usage has been confined
mainly to the popular press.[54] Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have
used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media.[6][14] William McGowan argues that journalists
get stories wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their
liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups.[55] Robert Novak, in his essay "Political
Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use
policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness
in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected.[56]
Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political
correctness in the newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias"
label.[57]
Jessica Pinta and Joy Yakubu caution against political incorrectness in media and other uses, writing in the
Journal of Educational and Social Research: "...linguistic constructs influence our way of thinking
negatively, peaceful coexistence is threatened and social stability is jeopardized." What may result, they add
as example "the effect of political incorrect use of language" in some historical occurrences:
Conflicts were recorded in Northern Nigeria as a result of insensitive use of language. In

Kaduna for instance violence broke out on the 16th November 2002 following an article
credited to one Daniel Isioma which was published in This Day Newspaper, where the writer
carelessly made a remark about the Prophet Mohammed and the beauty queens of the Miss
World Beauty Pageant that was to be hosted in the Country that year (Terwase n.d). In this
crisis, He reported that over 250 people were killed and churches destroyed. In the same vein,
crisis erupted on 18th February 2006 in Borno because of a cartoon of the Prophet Mohammed
in Iyllands-posten Newspaper (Terwase n.d). Here over 50 people were killed and 30 churches
burnt.
"Language Use and Political Correctness for Peaceful Coexistence: Implications for
Sustainable Development"[58]
Education
Much of the modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of liberal bias in academia
and education,[7] and conservatives have used it as a major line of attack since.[8] University of
Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect speech codes in US
universities to philosopher Herbert Marcuse. They claim that speech codes create a "climate of repression",
arguing that they are based on "Marcusean logic". The speech codes, "mandate a redefined notion of
"freedom", based on the belief that the imposition of a moral agenda on a community is justified", a view
which, "requires less emphasis on individual rights and more on assuring "historically oppressed" persons
the means of achieving equal rights." They claim:
Our colleges and universities do not offer the protection of fair rules, equal justice, and
consistent standards to the generation that finds itself on our campuses. They encourage
students to bring charges of harassment against those whose opinions or expressions "offend"
them. At almost every college and university, students deemed members of "historically
oppressed groups" above all, women, blacks, gays, and Hispanics are informed during
orientation that their campuses are teeming with illegal or intolerable violations of their "right"
not to be offended. Judging from these warnings, there is a racial or sexual bigot, to borrow the
mocking phrase of McCarthy's critics, "under every bed."[59]
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Kors and Silverglate later established the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), which
campaigns against infringement of rights of due process, in particular "speech codes".[60] Similarly, a
common conservative criticism of higher education in the United States is that the political views of the
faculty are much more liberal than the general population, and that this situation contributes to an
atmosphere of political correctness.[61]
Jessica Pinta and Joy Yakubu write that political correctness is useful in education, in the Journal of
Educational and Social Research:
Political correctness is a useful area of consideration when using English language particularly
in second language situations. This is because both social and cultural contexts of language are
taken into consideration. Zabotkina (1989) says political correctness is not only an essential, but
an interesting area of study in English as a Second Language (ESL) or English as Foreign
Language (EFL) classrooms. This is because it presents language as used in carrying out
different speech acts which provoke reactions as it can persuade, incite, complain, condemn,
and disapprove. Language is used for communication and creating social linkages, as such must
be used communicatively. Using language communicatively involves the ability to use language
at the grammatical level, sociolinguistic level, discourse and strategic levels (Canale & Swain
1980). Understanding language use at these levels center around the fact that differences exist
among people, who must communicate with one another, and the differences could be religious,
cultural, social, racial, gender or even ideological. Therefore, using language to suit the
appropriate culture and context is of great significance.
"Language Use and Political Correctness for Peaceful Coexistence: Implications for
Sustainable Development "[58]
Science
Groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about evolution, second-hand tobacco
smoke, AIDS, global warming, race, and other politically contentious scientific matters have said that PC
liberal orthodoxy of academia is the reason why their perspectives of those matters have been rejected by
the scientific community.[62] For example, in Lamarck's Signature: How Retrogenes are Changing Darwin's
Natural Selection Paradigm (1999), Prof. Edward J. Steele said:
We now stand on the threshold of what could be an exciting new era of genetic research....
However, the 'politically correct' thought agendas of the neoDarwinists of the 1990s are
ideologically opposed to the idea of 'Lamarckian Feedback', just as the Church was opposed to
the idea of evolution based on natural selection in the 1850s![63]
Zoologists Robert Pitman and Susan Chivers complained about popular and media negativity towards their
discovery of two different types of killer whales, a "docile" type and a "wilder" type that ravages sperm
whales by hunting in packs: "The forces of political correctness and media marketing seem bent on
projecting an image of a more benign form (the Free Willy or Shamu model), and some people urge
exclusive use of the name 'orca' for the species, instead of what is perceived as the more sinister label of
"killer whale."[64]
Stephen Morris, an economist and a game theorist, built a game model on the concept of political
correctness, where "a speaker (advisor) communicates with the objective of conveying information, but the
listener (decision maker) is initially unsure if the speaker is biased. There were three main insights from that
model. First, in any informative equilibrium, certain statements will lower the reputation of the speaker,
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independent of whether they turn out to be true. Second, if reputational concerns are sufficiently important,
no information is conveyed in equilibrium. Third, while instrumental reputational concerns might arise for
many reasons, a sufficient reason is that speakers wish to be listened to." The Economist commented: "Mr
Morris's model suggests that the incentive to be politically correct fades as society's population of racists, to
take his example, falls."[65]
Conservative political correctness
"Political correctness" is a label typically used for liberal terms and actions, but not for equivalent attempts
to mold language and behavior on the right.[66] However, the term "right-wing political correctness" is
sometimes applied by commentators,[67] especially when drawing parallels: in 1995, one author used the
term "conservative correctness" arguing, in relation to higher education, that "critics of political correctness
show a curious blindness when it comes to examples of conservative correctness. Most often, the case is
entirely ignored or censorship of the Left is justified as a positive virtue. [...] A balanced perspective was
lost, and everyone missed the fact that people on all sides were sometimes censored."[25]
In 2003, the Dixie Chicks, a U.S. country music group, criticized the then U.S. President George W. Bush
for launching the war against Iraq.[68] Some conservative US commentators (including Ann Coulter and Bill
O'Reilly) said they were treasonous.[26] Three years later, claiming that at the time "a virulent strain of right
wing political correctness [had] all but shut down debate about the war in Iraq," journalist Don Williams
wrote that "[the ongoing] campaign against the Chicks represents political correctness run amok" and
observed, "the ugliest form of political correctness occurs whenever there's a war on."[26]
In 2003, French fries and French toast were renamed "Freedom fries" and "Freedom toast" in three U.S.
House of Representatives cafeterias in response to France's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq; this
was described as "polluting the already confused concept of political correctness."[69] In 2004, then
Australian Labor leader Mark Latham described conservative calls for "civility" in politics as "the new
political correctness."[70]
In 2012, Paul Krugman wrote: "the big threat to our discourse is right-wing political correctness, which
unlike the liberal version has lots of power and money behind it. And the goal is very much the kind of
thing Orwell tried to convey with his notion of Newspeak: to make it impossible to talk, and possibly even
think, about ideas that challenge the established order."[27]
In a 2015 Harris poll it was found that "Republicans are almost twice as likely 42 percent vs. 23percent
as Democrats to say that there are any books that should be banned completely....Republicans were also
more likely to say that some video games, movies and television programs should be banned."[71]
After Mike Pence was booed at a November 2016 performance of Hamilton, president-elect Trump called it
harassment and asked for "safe place".[72] Chrissy Teigen commented that it was "the very thing him and his
supporters make fun of as liberal political correctness."[73]
Alex Nowrasteh of the Cato Institute defined the right's own version of political correctness as patriotic
correctness.[74] Vox editor Dara Lind summarized the definition as "a brand of right-wing hypersensitivity
that gets just as offended by insults to American pride and patriotism (like protests against the president-
elect or The Star-Spangled Banner) as any college activist gets over insults to diversity."[75] Jim Geraghty
of National Review replied to Nowrasteh, stating that "There is no right-wing equivalent to political
correctness."[76]
2016 US presidential election
In 2015 and 2016, leading up to the 2016 United States presidential election, Republican candidate Donald
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Trump used political correctness as a common target in his rhetoric.[75][77][24] According to Trump, Barack
Obama and Hillary Clinton were willing to let ordinary Americans suffer because their first priority was
political correctness.[78]
In a column for the Huffington Post, Eric Mink characterized Trump's concept of "political correctness":
Political correctness is a controversial social force in a nation with a constitutional guarantee of

freedom of expression, and it raises legitimate issues well worth discussing and debating. But
thats not what Trump is doing. Hes not a rebel speaking unpopular truths to power. Hes not
standing up for honest discussions of deeply contentious issues. Hes not out there defying rules
handed down by elites to control what we say. All Trumps defying is common decency.[24]
In the light of the sexual assault allegations and the criticism the alleged victims faced from Trump
supporters, Vox notes that after railing so much against political correctness they simply practice a different
kind of repression and shaming: "If the prepolitical correctness era was really so open, why is it only
now that these women are speaking out?"[79] Following the 2016 election, LA Times columnist Jessica Roy
wrote that "political correctness" is one of the terms used by the American alt-right.[80]
As a conspiracy theory
Some conservative commentators in the West argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism are part
of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining Judeo-Christian values. This theory, which holds that
political correctness originates from the critical theory of the Frankfurt School as part of a conspiracy that
its proponents call "Cultural Marxism", is generally known as the Frankfurt School conspiracy theory by
academics.[81] The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt
School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a Lyndon LaRouche movement journal.[82] In 2001,
conservative commentator Patrick Buchanan wrote in The Death of the West that "political correctness is
cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance".[83]
False accusations
In the United States, left forces of "political correctness" have been blamed for censorship, with Time citing
campaigns against violence on network television as contributing to a "mainstream culture [which] has
become cautious, sanitized, scared of its own shadow" because of "the watchful eye of the p.c. police", even
though in John Wilson's view protests and advertiser boycotts targeting TV shows are generally organized
by right-wing religious groups campaigning against violence, sex, and depictions of homosexuality on
television.[84]
In the United Kingdom, some newspapers reported that a nursery school had altered the nursery rhyme "Baa
Baa Black Sheep" to read "Baa Baa Rainbow Sheep" and had banned the original.[85] But it was later
reported that in fact the Parents and Children Together (PACT) nursery had the children "turn the song into
an action rhyme.... They sing happy, sad, bouncing, hopping, pink, blue, black and white sheep etc."[86] This
story was widely circulated and later extended to suggest that other language bans applied to the terms
"black coffee" and "blackboard".[87] Private Eye magazine reported that similar stories had been published
in the British press since The Sun first ran them in 1986.[88]
Satirical use
Political correctness is often satirized, for example in The PC Manifesto (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and
Rens Zbignieuw X,[89] and Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994) by James Finn Garner, which
presents fairy tales re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film
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PCU took a look at political correctness on a college campus.
Other examples include the television program Politically Incorrect, George Carlins "Euphemisms"
routine, and The Politically Correct Scrapbook.[90] The popularity of the South Park cartoon program led to
the creation of the term "South Park Republican" by Andrew Sullivan, and later the book South Park
Conservatives by Brian C. Anderson.[91] In its Season 19 (2015), South Park poked fun at the principle of
political correctness, embodied in the show's new character, PC Principal.[92]
The Colbert Report's host Stephen Colbert often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police".[93]
Usage in selected regions

Canada
Graham Good, an academic at the University of British Columbia, wrote that the term was widely used in
debates on university education in Canada. Writing about a 1995 report on the Political Science department
at his university, he concluded: "Political correctness" has become a popular phrase because it catches a
certain kind of self-righteous and judgmental tone in some and a pervasive anxiety in others who, fearing
that they may do something wrong, adjust their facial expressions, and pause in their speech to make sure
they are not doing or saying anything inappropriate. The climate this has created on campuses is at least as
bad in Canada as in the United States.[94]
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, as the 1997 handover drew nearer, greater control over the press was exercised by both
owners and the Chinese state. This had a direct impact on news coverage of relatively sensitive political
issues. The Chinese authorities exerted pressure on individual newspapers to take pro-Beijing stances on
controversial issues.[95] Tung Chee-hwa's policy advisers and senior bureaucrats increasingly linked their
actions and remarks to "political correctness." Zhaojia Liu and Siu-kai Lau, writing in The first Tung Chee-
hwa administration : the first five years of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, said that "Hong
Kong has traditionally been characterized as having freedom of speech and freedom of press, but that an
unintended consequence of emphasizing political 'correctness' is to limit the space for such freedom of
expression."[96]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, controversies over PC surfaced during the 1990s regarding the social studies school
curriculum.[97][98]
Use in research
According to ThinkProgress, the "ongoing conversation about P.C. often relies on anecdotal evidence rather
than data".[99] In 2014, researchers at Cornell University reported that political correctness increased
creativity in mixed-sex work teams,[100] saying "the effort to be P.C. can be justified not merely on moral
grounds but also by the practical and potentially profitable consequences."[99]
See also
Anti-bias curriculum Groupthink
Euphemism
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Gutmensch (German expression for "do- Red-baiting

gooder") Reverse discrimination
Kotobagari (Japanese political correctness) Safe-space
Logocracy Social justice warrior
Microaggression theory Sprachregelung
Newspeak Trigger warnings
Pense unique Wedge issue
People-first language Xenocentrism
Politics and the English Language (1946
essay by George Orwell)
References
1. For definitions see:
" 'politically correct', definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
(http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/politically-correct).
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"Definition of political correctness in English:" (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition
/political_correctness). Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
" 'Politically Correct': Merriam-Webster definition" (https://www.merriam-webster.com
/dictionary/politically%20correct). Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
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2. Gibson, Caitlin (January 13, 2016). "How politically correct went from compliment to insult"
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-politically-correct-went-from-compliment-to-
insult/2016/01/13/b1cf5918-b61a-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html). Washington Post. Retrieved
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3. Kohl, Herbert (1992). "Uncommon Differences: On Political Correctness, Core Curriculum and
Democracy in Education" (http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/uni/summary/v016/16.1.kohl.html). The Lion
and the Unicorn. 16 (1): 116. doi:10.1353/uni.0.0216 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.0.0216).
Retrieved 10 November 2015.
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(http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/phrase-flux-history-political-correctness/). Harvard Political
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5. Chow, Kat (December 14, 2016). " 'Politically Correct': The Phrase Has Gone From Wisdom To
Weapon" (http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/505324427/politically-correct-the-
phrase-has-gone-from-wisdom-to-weapon). NPR (National Public Radio). Retrieved 7 October 2017.
6. Friedman, Marilyn; Narveson, Jan (1995). Political correctness : for and against
(https://books.google.com/?id=lnU9pMbHk0sC). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0847679861.
7. Schultz, Debra L. (1993). "To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the 'Political Correctness'
Debates in Higher Education" (http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED364170.pdf) (PDF). New York:
National Council for Research on Women. ISBN 978-1880547137.
8. Whitney, D. Charles & Wartella, Ellen (1992). "Media Coverage of the "Political Correctness"
Debate". Journal of Communication. 42 (2): 83. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x
(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x).
9. Roberts, Peter (1997). "Paulo Freire and political correctness". Educational Philosophy and Theory:
Incorporating ACCESS. 29 (2): 83. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.1997.tb00022.x (https://doi.org
/10.1111%2Fj.1469-5812.1997.tb00022.x).
10. Duignan, Peter; Gann, L.H. (1995). Political correctness (https://books.google.com
/?id=60GOfMRZCAAC). Stanford, [Calif.]: Hoover Institution Stanford University.
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11. Hughes, Geoffrey (2011). "Origins of the Phrase". Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and
Culture (https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_Correctness.html?id=TDi-l-bsBZoC). John
Wiley & Sons. "1975 Peter Fuller (https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzw9WabmmVwC&
pg=PT50&dq=%221975+-+Peter+Fuller%22)". ISBN 978-1444360295.
12. Bellow, Allan Bloom ; foreword by Saul (1988). The closing of the American mind
(https://books.google.com/?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC) (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon and
Schuster. ISBN 0671657151.
13. Robinson, Sally (2000). Marked men white masculinity in crisis (https://books.google.com
/?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 17, 5586. ISBN 023150036X.
14. Wilson, John. 1995. The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education
(https://books.google.com/?id=jl-mXwLH0JkC). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p.
26
15. Kimball, Roger (1990). Tenured radicals : how politics has corrupted our higher education (1st ed.).
New York: Harper & Row Originally from The University of Michigan. ISBN 0060161906.
16. D'Souza, Dinesh (1991). Illiberal education : the politics of race and sex on campus
(https://books.google.com/?id=WUcWaePccnkC). New York: Free Press. ISBN 0684863847.
Retrieved 20 November 2015.
17. Bernstein, Richard (28 October 1990). "Ideas & Trends: The Rising Hegemony of the Politically
Correct" (https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-
the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times.
18. McFadden, Robert D. (5 May 1991). "Political Correctness: New Bias Test?"
(https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html). The New York
Times.
19. Berman, edited by Paul (1992). Debating P.C. : the controversy over political correctness on college
campuses (https://books.google.com/?id=6XflI-OaALAC&lpg=PP1&
dq=Berman%20Debating%20PC). p. Introduction. ISBN 0307801780.
20. Heteren, Annette Gomis van (1997). Political correctness in context : the PC controversy in America
(https://books.google.com/?id=s1qRWJESNbsC). Almeria: Universidad de Almera, Servicio de
Publicaciones. p. 148. ISBN 8482400835.
21. Smith, Dorothy E. (1999). Writing the social : critique, theory, and investigations
(https://books.google.com/?id=XICxNH7EH_MC) (Repr. ed.). Toronto (Ont.): University of Toronto
press. p. 175. ISBN 0802081355. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
22. Schwartz, Howard S. (1997). "Psychodynamics of Political Correctness" (http://www.sba.oakland.edu
/faculty/schwartz/pcjabs.htm). Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 33 (2): 13349. Retrieved
21 October 2015.
23. Messer-Davidow, Ellen (1995). "Manufacturing the Attack on Liberalized Higher Education: The
Humanities and Society in the 1990s".
24. Mink, Eric. "Trumps Political-Correctness Con Job" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-
mink/trumps-political-correctn_b_12316240.html). huffingtonpost.com. Huffington Post. Retrieved
8 November 2016.
25. "Conservative Correctness" chapter, in Wilson, John. 1995. The Myth of Political Correctness: The
Conservative Attack on Higher Education (https://books.google.com/?id=jl-mXwLH0JkC). Durham,
North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 57
26. "Don Williams comments Dixie Chicks Were Right" (http://www.mach2.com/williams
/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901). Retrieved 20 May 2017.
27. Krugman, Paul (26 May 2012). "The New Political Correctness" (https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com
/2012/05/26/the-new-political-correctness/). New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
28. Kaufman, Scott Barry (November 20, 2016). "The Personality of Political Correctness; The idea of
political correctness is central to the culture wars of American politics"
(https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-personality-of-political-correctness/).
blogs.scientificamerican.com. Scientific American. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
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29. Associate Justice James Wilson, of the U.S. Supreme Court comments: "The states, rather than the
People, for whose sakes the States exist, are frequently the objects which attract and arrest our
principal attention... Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate kind prevail in our common, even
in our convivial, language. Is a toast asked? 'The United States', instead of the 'People of the United
States', is the toast given. This is not politically correct." Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 419
(1793) (http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=2&page=419)
Findlaw.com Accessed 6 February 2007.
30. For two examples see:
18 August 1804. "(London) Courier" (https://newspaperarchive.com/uk/middlesex/london
/courier/1804/08-18/page-2?tag=politically+correct&rtserp=tags/?pep=politically-correct&
psb=dateasc). p. 2. "In your paper on Monday [...] you offered some observations to your
readers which were evidently well-meant though they were not politically correct"
"Australian Mail And New Zealand Express" (https://newspaperarchive.com/uk/middlesex
/london/australian-mail-and-new-zealand-express/1861/06-15). newspaperarchive.com. 15 June
1861. Retrieved 29 November 2015. "For to call it " a new colony " is only politically correct
the stress should be laid on the word "colony"."
31. Safire, William (2008). Safire's political dictionary (Rev. ed.). New York [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press.
ISBN 0195343344.
32. Ruth Perry, (1992), "A Short History of the Term 'Politically Correct'", in Beyond PC: Toward a
Politics of Understanding, by Patricia Aufderheide, 1992, ISBN 978-1555971649
33. Schultz citing Perry (1992) p. 16
34. Joel Bleifuss (February 2007). "A Politically Correct Lexicon" (http://www.inthesetimes.com/article
/3027/a_politically_correct_lexicon/). In These Times.
35. Ellen Willis, "Toward a Feminist Revolution", in No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays (1992)
Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 081955250X, p. 19.
36. Hall, Stuart (1994). "Some 'Politically Incorrect' Pathways Through PC" (http://www.ram-wan.net
/restrepo/hall/some%20politically%20incorrect%20pathways.pdf) (PDf). S. Dunant (ed.) The War of
the Words: The Political Correctness Debate. pp. 16484.
37. Kamiya, Gary (22 January 1995). "Civilization & Its Discontents" (http://www.sfgate.com/magazine
/article/Civilization-Its-Discontents-3152155.php). The Examiner Magazine. Retrieved 16 November
2015.
38. Williams, Jeffrey (2013). PC Wars: Politics and Theory in the Academy (https://books.google.com
/?id=VaVlAgAAQBAJ). Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 1136656235. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
39. Gamson, Z.F. (1997). "The Stratification of the Academy". Academic Labor Duke University Press.
51 (51): 6773. JSTOR 466647 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/466647). doi:10.2307/466647
(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F466647).
40. Platt, Tony. "Desegregating Multiculturalism: Problems in the Theory and Pedagogy of Diversity
Education" (http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/archive/90_29_4/90_04Platt.pdf) (PDF). Pedagogies
for Social Change. 29 (4 (90)). Retrieved 28 October 2015.
41. Valdes, edited by Francisco; Culp, Jerome McCristal; Harris, Angela P. (2002). Crossroads,
directions, and a new critical race theory (https://books.google.com/?id=dCedxQu542UC).
Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 59, 65. ISBN 1566399300.
42. Anthony Browne (2006). "The Retreat of Reason: Political Correctness and the Corruption of Public
Debate in Modern Britain (http://www.civitas.org.uk/pubs/Browne_cs47.php)". Civitas.
ISBN 1903386500
43. Cho, Sumi (1997). "Essential Politics". Harvard Lat. Law Review. 433.
44. D'Souza 1991; Berman 1992; Schultz 1993; Messer Davidow 1993, 1994; Scatamburlo 1998
12 of 19 16/10/2017, 4:29 PM
45. See:
U.S. President H.W. Bush, at the University of Michigan (4 May 1991), Remarks at the
University of Michigan Commencement Ceremony in Ann Arbor (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu
/research/papers/1991/91050401.html), 4 May 1991. George Bush Presidential Library.
Meaghan, Morris (2013). New Keywords a Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society.
(http://www.springerin.at/dyn/heft_text.php?textid=1599&lang=en) Hoboken: Wiley.
ISBN 1118725417.
edited; Aufderheide, with an introduction by Patricia (1992). Beyond PC : toward a politics of
understanding. Saint Paul, Minn.: Graywolf Press. p. 227. ISBN 1555971644.
46. In The New York Times newspaper article "The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct", the
reporter Richard Bernstein said that:
The term "politically correct", with its suggestion of Stalinist orthodoxy, is spoken more
with irony and disapproval than with reverence. But, across the country the term "P.C.",
as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should
be taught at the universities.
The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct, NYT (28 October 1990)
Bernstein, Richard (28 October 1990). "Ideas & Trends: The Rising Hegemony of the
Politically Correct" (https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-
trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all). The
New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
Bernstein also reported about a meeting of the Western Humanities Conference in Berkeley,
California, on the subject of "Political Correctness" and Cultural Studies that examined "what effect
the pressure to conform to currently fashionable ideas is having on scholarship". Western Humanities
Conference (http://www.humanities.uci.edu/wha/about/)
47. Cultural Sensitivity and Political Correctness: The Linguistic Problem of Naming, Edna Andrews,
American Speech, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 389404.
48. For commentary see:
Lauter, Paul (1993). " 'Political Correctness' and the Attack on American Colleges".
Stimpson, Catharine R. (29 May 1991). "New 'Politically Correct' Metaphors Insult History and
Our Campuses.".
James, Axtell (1998). The Pleasures of Academe: A Celebration & Defense of Higher
Education.
Scatamburlo, Valerie L. (1998). Soldiers of Misfortune: The New Right's Culture War and the
Politics of Political Correctness.
Glassner, Barry (5 January 2010). The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong
Things: Crime, Drugs, Minorities, Teen Moms, Killer Kids, Mutant Microbes, Plane Crashes,
Road Rage, & So Much More.
49. Tomlinson, Sally (2008). Race and education : policy and politics in Britain
(https://books.google.com/?id=-0jqaa-73mgC&pg=PA161) ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Maidenhead [u.a]:
Open Univ. Press. p. 161. ISBN 0335223079.
50. Dekker, Teun J. (2013). Paying Our High Public Officials: Evaluating the Political Justifications of
Top Wages in the Public Sector (https://books.google.com/?id=bx9h0XuYSlUC&pg=PA119).
Routledge Research in Public Administration and Public Policy. p. 119. ISBN 1135131260.
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51. For Polly Toynbee see:

Polly Toynbee, "Religion Must be Removed from all Functions of State"
(http://society.guardian.co.uk/regeneration/comment/0,7941,617436,00.html), The Guardian,
Sunday 12 December 2001 Accessed 6 February 2007.
Toynbee, Polly (28 April 2009). "This Bold Equality Push is just what We Needed. In 1997"
(https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/28/toynbee-equality-bill-welfare). The
Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
52. Regarding Will Hutton see:
Hutton, Will (2015). How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a
Great Country (https://books.google.com/?id=01fXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80). Hachette UK.
p. 80. ISBN 140870532X.
Albrow, Martin (1997). The global age state and society beyond modernity
(https://books.google.com/?id=ZwmdxMMjOd4C&pg=PA215) (1st ed.). Stanford, Calif.:
Stanford Univ. Press. p. 215. ISBN 0804728704.
"The Economist: Will Hutton, p. 81" (https://books.google.com/?id=tbtIAAAAYAAJ).
Economist Newspaper Limited. The Economist. 2002.
Gyuris, Ferenc (2014). The Political Discourse of Spatial Disparities Geographical Inequalities
Between Science and Propaganda (https://books.google.com/?id=BzG8BAAAQBAJ&
pg=PA68). Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 3319015087.
Hutton, Will. Words really are important, Mr Blunkett (http://observer.guardian.co.uk
/race/story/0,,619644,00.html) The Observer, Sunday 16 December 2001 Accessed 6
February 2007.
53. Loury, G. C. (1 October 1994). "Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political
Correctness" and Related Phenomena" (http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Glenn_Loury/louryhomepage
/papers/Loury_Political_Correctness.pdf) (PDF). Rationality and Society. 6 (4): 42861.
doi:10.1177/1043463194006004002 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1043463194006004002). Retrieved
28 October 2015.
54. Lea, John (2010). Political Correctness and Higher Education: British and American Perspectives
(https://books.google.com/?id=pKmTAgAAQBAJ). Routledge. ISBN 1135895880. Retrieved
28 October 2015.
55. McGowan, William (2003). Coloring the news : how political correctness has corrupted American
journalism ([New postscript]. ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Encounter Books. ISBN 1893554600.
56. See:
Gorham, Joan (1996). Mass Media (https://books.google.com/?id=FK7hAAAAMAAJ).
Dushkin Publishing Group. Indiana University. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Novak, Robert (March 1995). "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom"
(https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-16805698/political-correctness-has-no-place-in-the-
newsroom). USA TODAY. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Sloan, David; Mackay, Jenn (2007). Media Bias. McFarland. p. 112. ISBN 0786455055.
57. Sloan, David; Hoff, Emily (1998). Contemporary media issues (https://books.google.com
/?id=c6LhAAAAMAAJ). Northport: Vision Press Indiana University. p. 63. ISBN 1885219105.
58. Pinta, Jessica; Yakubu, Joy (2014). "Language Use and Political Correctness for Peaceful
Coexistence: Implications for Sustainable Development" (http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php
/jesr/article/view/4396/4299). Journal of Educational and Social Research. 4 (5). Retrieved
28 October 2015.
59. Kors, A. C.; Silverglate, H (November 1998). "Codes of silence who's silencing free speech on
campus and why" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040803210709/http://reason.com
/9811/fe.kors.shtml). Reason Magazine. Archived from the original (http://reason.com
/9811/fe.kors.shtml) on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
60. Leo, John (Winter 2007). "Free Inquiry? Not on Campus" (http://www.city-journal.org
/html/17_1_free_speech.html). City Journal. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Retrieved
25 March 2008.
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61. Hess, Frederick M.; Maranto, Robert; Redding, Richard E. (2009). The politically correct university :
problems, scope, and reforms. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. ISBN 0844743178.
62. Bethell, Tom (2005). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science. Washington, D.C: Regnery
Publishing. ISBN 089526031X.
63. Robert V. Blanden; Steele, Edward David; Lindley, Robyn A. (1999). Lamarcks Signature: How
Retrogenes are Changing Darwin's Natural Selection Paradigm. Reading, Mass: Perseus Books.
ISBN 0738201715.
64. Cummings, Michael S. (2001). Beyond political correctness : social transformation in the United
States (https://books.google.com/?id=7mgAwXas5xIC). Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
p. 4. ISBN 1588260062. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
65. Regarding Stephen Morris see:
Morris, Stephen (April 2001). "Political Correctness" (http://www.econ.brown.edu
/fac/Glenn_Loury/louryhomepage/teaching/Ec%20237/Morris%20(JPE)%202001.pdf) (PDF).
Journal of Political Economy. 109 (2): 23165. doi:10.1086/319554 (https://doi.org
/10.1086%2F319554). Retrieved 7 November 2015.
"The PC crowd A look at the economics of political correctness" (http://www.economist.com
/node/656347). The Economist. 14 June 2001. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Kuvalekar, Aditya (20 January 2015). "Heres How Political Correctness Will Affect Policy
Making" (http://swarajyamag.com/columns/heres-how-political-correctness-will-affect-policy-
making/). Swarajya. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Bershidsky, Leonid (7 August 2015). "Trump's Risky Bet Against Political Correctness"
(http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-08-07/donald-trump-s-risky-bet-against-
political-correctness). Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
66. Adams, Joshua (June 12, 2017). "Time for equal media treatment of political correctness"
(https://www.cjr.org/criticism/political-correctness-journalism.php?curator=MediaREDEF). cjr.org.
Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
67. For commentators see:
Walker, Jesse. "Right-Wing P.C." (http://reason.com/archives/2006/05/08/right-wing-pc).
reason.com. Reason. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Hansen, Dale. "Political Correctness and the Wussification of Conservatives"
(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-hansen/political-correctness-and_b_7620914.html).
huffingtonpost.com. Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Buchanan, Neil H. (October 30, 2016). "The curse of conservative political correctness"
(http://newsweek.com/neil-buchanan-curse-conservative-political-correctness-514313).
Newsweek. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Frenkel, Dean (November 23, 2016). "The Other Side Of Political Correctness"
(https://newmatilda.com/2016/11/23/the-other-side-of-political-correctness/). New Matilda.
Retrieved 19 December 2016.
68. Regarding the Dixie Chicks:
At a concert in London, in March 2003, Natalie Maines introduced the song "Travelin' Soldier"
by saying, "Just so you know, we're on the good side with y'all. We do not want this war
we're ashamed that the President of the United States is from Texas." " 'Shut Up And Sing':
Dixie Chicks' Big Grammy Win Caps Comeback From Backlash Over Anti-War Stance"
(http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/02/15/1528222) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20071114015029/http://www.democracynow.org
/article.pl?sid=07%2F02%2F15%2F1528222) 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine..
Democracy Now!. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
For criticism see: Campbell, Duncan (25 April 2003). " 'Dixie sluts' fight on with naked
defiance" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/25/arts.usa). The Guardian. Retrieved
21 August 2015.
15 of 19 16/10/2017, 4:29 PM
69. Regarding the fries and toast, see:

"An Order of Fries, Please, but Do Hold the French" (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03
/12/national/12FRIE.html). New York Times.
"Freedom fries and French toast" (http://www.parisvoice.com/voicearchives/03/apr/html/tips
/tips1.html). Paris Voice.
70. "The New Political Correctness: Speech By Mark Latham [26 August 2002]"
(http://www.australianpolitics.com/news/2002/08/02-08-26.shtml). Australianpolitics.com. Retrieved
1 June 2009.
71. For polling information see:
Rampell, Catherine. "Opinions Stop saying only Democrats are politically correct. Republicans
also favor censorship." (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-politics-of-stifling-
speech/2015/08/10/724d2a62-3f9c-11e5-9561-4b3dc93e3b9a_story.html). washingtonpost.com.
Washington Post. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
"Adults Are More Likely To Believe There Are Books That Should Be Banned Than Movies,
Television Shows, or Video Games" (http://www.theharrispoll.com/health-and-
life/Censorship_2015.html). theharrispoll. The Harris Poll. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
72. Regarding Pence and Trump see:
Walters, Joanna (November 19, 2016). "Trump demands apology from Hamilton cast after
Mike Pence booed" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/19/mike-pence-booed-at-
hamilton-performance-then-hears-diversity-plea). The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Nagesh, Ashitha (November 19, 2016). "Special snowflake Donald Trump demands safe
spaces after people boo Mike Pence" (http://metro.co.uk/2016/11/19/special-snowflake-
donald-trump-demands-safe-spaces-after-people-boo-mike-pence-6269311/). Metro. Retrieved
19 December 2016.
Jung, E. Alex; Grossberg, Josh; Salemi, Vicki (November 22, 2016). "Matthew Broderick,
Bernadette Peters, and More Broadway Stars on Trumps Tweet That Theater Should Be a Safe
Place" (http://www.vulture.com/2016/11/matthew-broderick-bernadette-peters-on-trump-
theater.html). Vulture. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Dejean, Ashley. "Dear Trump, the theater is a safe space. Just not for Pences hate."
(http://fusion.net/story/371230/pence-boo-hamilton-trump-tweet-harass/). Fusion. Retrieved
19 December 2016.
Watercutter, Angela. "Donald Trump Is Right: Theater Should Be a Safe Place. Just Not the
Way He Means" (https://www.wired.com/2016/11/trump-pence-hamilton-safe-place/).
Wired.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Rife, Katie (November 19, 2016). "Trump demands safe space for Mike Pence after he was
booed at Hamilton" (http://www.avclub.com/article/trump-demands-safe-space-mike-pence-
after-he-was-b-246191). AV Club. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
73. For Chrissy Teigen see:
Kelley, Seth (November 19, 2016). "Chrissy Teigen Blasts Trump for Hamilton-Mike Pence
Tweets: Look Who Wants a Fing Safe Space Now" (http://variety.com/2016/biz
/news/chrissy-teigen-donald-trump-mike-pence-hamilton-1201922983/). Variety. Retrieved
19 December 2016.
" 'Look who wants a safe space now': Chrissy Teigen blasts Trump on Twitter"
(http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/chrissy-teigen-blasts-trump-on-twitter-20161120-
gstlle.html). The Sydney Morning Herald. November 21, 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Brucculieri, Julia (November 20, 2016). "Chrissy Teigen Slams Trump For Demanding
Hamilton Cast Apologize To Mike Pence" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/chrissy-
teigen-trump-hamilton_us_5831c98de4b099512f835dd3). The Huffington Post. Retrieved
19 December 2016.
Wagner, Meg (November 19, 2016). "Critics slam Donald Trump for freaking out at 'Hamilton'
cast as anti-Broadway faction suggests boycott" (http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics
/critics-slam-donald-trump-freaking-hamilton-cast-article-1.2880203). NY Daily News.
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74. Nowrasteh, Alex (December 7, 2016). "The right has its own version of political correctness. Its just
as stifling." (https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/12/07/the-right-has-its-own-
version-of-political-correctness-its-just-as-stifling/). The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 December
2016.
75. Lind, Dara (November 21, 2016). "Donald Trumps feud with the cast of Hamilton, explained"
(https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/21/13699046/trump-hamilton-pence-apologize).
Vox. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
76. Geraghty, Jim (December 12, 2016). "There Is No Right-Wing Equivalent to Political Correctness"
(http://www.nationalreview.com/article/442971/conservatives-political-correctness-alex-nowrasteh-
wrong). National Review. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
77. Swaim, Barton. "Donald Trump tries to kill political correctness and ends up saving it"
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/donald-trump-has-made-political-correctness-credible-
again/2016/11/01/0f397c0c-9fb1-11e6-a44d-cc2898cfab06_story.html). washingtonpost.com.
Washington Post. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
78. Weigel, Moira (November 30, 2016). "Political correctness: how the right invented a phantom enemy"
(https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/30/political-correctness-how-the-right-invented-
phantom-enemy-donald-trump). The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
79. Lind, Dara. "Donald Trump shows the opposite of "political correctness" isnt free speech. Its just
different repression." (https://www.vox.com/2016/10/15/13269492/donald-trump-mad-men-
privilege). vox.com. Vox. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
80. Roy, Jessica (16 November 2016). "Analysis 'Cuck,' 'snowflake,' 'masculinist': A guide to the
language of the 'alt-right' " (http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-alt-right-terminology-20161115-
story.html). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 January 2017. "Political correctness: Anything that
challenges an alt-right person's right to say whatever they want, whenever they want, in any way they
want to say it. According to the alt-right, political correctness is responsible for most of society's ills,
including feminism, Islamic terrorism and overly liberal college campuses."
81. For Cultural Marxism, see:
Richardson, John E. (2015). "Cultural-Marxism and the British National Party: a transnational
discourse". In Copsey, Nigel; Richardson, John E. Cultures of Post-War British Fascism
(https://books.google.com/?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ). ISBN 9781317539360.
Jamin, Jrme (2014). "Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right" (https://books.google.com
/?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA84). In Shekhovtsov, A.; Jackson, P. The Post-War
Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. The Post-War Anglo-American Far
Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 84103.
ISBN 978-1137396198. doi:10.1057/9781137396211.0009 (https://doi.org
/10.1057%2F9781137396211.0009). Retrieved 18 January 2015.
82. Jay, Martin (2010), "Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the
Lunatic Fringe (https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi
/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm)". Salmagundi (Fall 2010Winter
2011, 16869): 3040.
83. Buchanan, Patrick. The Death of the West, p. 89
84. Wilson, John. 1995. The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education
(https://books.google.com/?id=jl-mXwLH0JkC). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p.
7 (https://books.google.com/?id=jl-mXwLH0JkC&pg=PA7&dq=%22watchful%20eye%22)
ISBN 978-0822317135
85. Blair, Alexandra (7 March 2006). "Why black sheep are barred and Humpty can't be cracked"
(http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article738220.ece). London: The
Times. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
86. "Nursery opts for 'rainbow' sheep" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4782856.stm). BBC
News. 7 March 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
17 of 19 16/10/2017, 4:29 PM
87. "Teen Ink Bah, Bah, Rainbow Sheep" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071227164724/http:

//teenink.com/talk/showthread.php?s=cb96eb0a024fd73bbc9080f5184fd151&postid=322528).
Archived from the original (http://teenink.com
/talk/showthread.php?s=cb96eb0a024fd73bbc9080f5184fd151&postid=322528) on 27 December
2007. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
88. "Obsolete: Baa Baa Rainbow Bollocks." (http://www.septicisle.info/2006/03/baa-baa-rainbow-
bollocks.html). Retrieved 6 October 2007.
89. "TidBits: The PC Manifesto" (http://www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html). Fiction.net. Retrieved
1 June 2009.
90. "Book Buy Now" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054012/http://www.capc.co.uk
/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm). Capc.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.capc.co.uk
/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm) on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
91. Anderson, Brian C. (Autumn 2003). "We're Not Losing the Culture Wars Anymore" (http://www.city-
journal.org/html/13_4_were_not_losing.html). Retrieved 9 November 2007.
92. For South Park's usage see:
Caffrey, Dan. "PC Principal rides the line between hero and villain on the season finale of South
Park" (http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/pc-principal-rides-line-between-hero-and-villain-
s-229588). avclub.com. AV Club. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Bell, Crystal. "South Park Perfectly Showed How To Do A Caitlyn Jenner Joke Right"
(http://www.mtv.com/news/2273831/south-park-caitlyn-jenner-joke/). mtv.com. MTV.
Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Coombs, Alexa Moutevelis. "South Park Brilliantly Mocks PC Culture"
(http://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/culture/alexa-moutevelis-coombs/2015/11/19/south-park-
brilliantly-mocks-pc-culture). newsbusters.org. Newsbuster. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
93. For Colbert's usage see:
Steinberg, Dan (27 March 2014). "Colbert Report on Redskins new foundation"
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/27/colbert-report-on-
redskins-new-foundation/). The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
D'addario, Daniel. "Stephen Colbert jokes about #CancelColbert: "The system worked!" "
(http://www.salon.com/2014/04
/01/stephen_colbert_jokes_about_cancelcolbert_the_system_worked/). salon.com. Salon.
94. Graham Good (2001). Humanism Betrayed: Theory, Ideology and Culture in the Contemporary
University (https://books.google.com/books?id=aPLL9y9RvdwC&pg=PA9). McGill-Queen's Press
MQUP. p. 9. ISBN 9780773521872.
95. For information on Hong Kong see:
Lai, Carol. P (2007). Media in Hong Kong: Press Freedom and Political Change, 19672005
(https://books.google.com/?id=FHbShDARzDgC). Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 113414508X.
Chan, Joseph M.; Lee, Francis L.F. (2013). Media and Politics in Post-Handover Hong Kong
(https://books.google.com/?id=nT2OAQAAQBAJ). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 4.
ISBN 1317968786.
Goodstadt, Leo F. (2014). Poverty in the Midst of Affluence: How Hong Kong Mismanaged Its
Prosperity. Hong Kong University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9888208225.
96. Siu-kai, edited by Lau (2002). The first Tung Chee-hwa administration : the first five years of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (https://books.google.com/?id=vb70owE7O8AC). Hong
Kong: Chinese University Press. p. 298. ISBN 962996015X. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
97. Philippa Hunter and Paul Keown, "The New Zealand social studies curriculum struggle 19931997:
An 'insider' analysis." Waikato Journal of Education (2001) 7:5572
98. R. Openshaw, Citizen who? The debate over economic and political correctness in the social studies
curriculum in P. Benson, & R. Openshaw, eds., New Horizons for New Zealand Social Studies
(Palmerston North: ERDC Press, 1998).
18 of 19 16/10/2017, 4:29 PM
99. Hellerstein, Erica (14 January 2016). "The Phony Debate About Political Correctness"
(http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2016/01/14/3737907/the-phony-debate-about-political-correctness/).
ThinkProgress. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
100. Catt, Mary (4 November 2014). "PC workplace boosts creativity in male-female teams"
(http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2014/11/pc-workplace-boosts-creativity-male-female-teams).
Cornell Chronicle. Cornell.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Further reading
Bernstein, David E. (2003). You Can't Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from
Antidiscrimination Laws. Cato Institute, 180 pages. ISBN 1930865538
Hentoff, Nat (1992). Free Speech for Me But Not for Thee. Harper Collins. ISBN 006019006X
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. (1998). The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society.
W.W. Norton, revised edition. ISBN 0393318540
Debra L. Schultz (1993). To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the "Political Correctness"
Debates in Higher Education. New York: National Council for Research on Women.
ISBN 978-1880547137
John Wilson (1995). The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education.
Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1713-5
External links
A list of examples of - what is claimed to be - political correctness in the UK, cited by the Daily Mail
(http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-420729/Book-reveals-people-fall-foul-PC-police.html)
The Truman Faux on Political Correctness (http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/trumanpc.asp)
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Political correctness - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

Early-to-mid 20th century

"Uncommon Differences", The Lion and the Unicorn Journal[3]

1980s and 1990s

"Political Correctness: New Bias Test?" Robert D. McFadden[18]

right of people to be racist, sexist, and homophobic."[3]

"Words Really are Important, Mr Blunkett" Will Hutton, 2001

Glenn Loury described the situation in 1994 as such:

"Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related

Conflicts were recorded in Northern Nigeria as a result of insensitive use of language. In

Conservative political correctness

2016 US presidential election

Political correctness is a controversial social force in a nation with a constitutional guarantee of

PCU took a look at political correctness on a college campus.

Usage in selected regions

Gutmensch (German expression for "do- Red-baiting

51. For Polly Toynbee see:

69. Regarding the fries and toast, see:

87. "Teen Ink Bah, Bah, Rainbow Sheep" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071227164724/http:

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