United States presence in SW Asia:

Iran, Persian Gulf Conflicts (#22),

Afghanistan & Iraq
http://www.history.com/topics/persian-gulf-war
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/
Persian Gulf War: 1991
Saddam Hussein (Sunni Muslim)
invades Kuwait to gain oil money.
The United States come to the
defense of Kuwait & fight against
Saddam Hussein.
 What
countries
are known
as Gulf The
States? Persian
GULF!
20 th 1900s
Century=____________
Throughout the 20th century the Gulf States are major oil
exporters.
The US became involved in the Middle East to protect its
access to these vital oil reserves.
When Saddam Hussein threatened the global oil supply by
invading oil rich Kuwait and threatening Saudi Arabian oil
fields, the US intervened to defeat the Iraqi Army, liberate
Kuwait, and protect Saudi Arabian oil fields in the 1991 Gulf
War.
Iraqs demographic divide:
You can see there are three main
groups. The most important are
Iraq's Shia Arabs (Shiiism is a major
branch of Islam), who are the
country's majority and live mostly in
the south. In the north and west are
Sunni Arabs. Baghdad is mixed
Sunni and Shia. And in the far north
are ethnic Kurds, who are religiously
Sunni, but their ethnicity divides
them from Arab Sunnis.
The Kurds, will suffer horrifically
under Saddam Hussein.
 What ethnic group is
the MAJORITY
Group inside of
Iraq?
Shia Muslims
Which ethnic groups
are MINORITIES
inside of Iraq?
Sunni Arabs
Sunni Kurds
other
The Gulf War
Iraq- flip to the back & fill in the blanks
Is 65% Shia Muslim
Saddam Hussein is Sunni Muslim (he is in the minority in
Iraq)
He was using a totalitarian system to suppress the majority
Shia population
During the Cold War, Iraq aligned with the Soviet Union
Cold War: US vs. USSR. No real fighting. My gun is bigger
than your gun
1980s- leading up to
To suppress the United States common enemy, Iran, the
US aided Saddam Hussein in order to fight the Iran-Iraq
War (1980-1988)
1988: the US and Iraq are allies after the end of the Iran-
Iraq War.
Saddam Hussein is in debt to other countries when they
lent him money during the Iran-Iraq War, and he cant pay
it back.
Iraq is looking for debt forgiveness and the Middle
Eastern countries are not giving it.
1988- Saddam Hussein & the Kurds
In 1988, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein used
chemical weapons to kill tens of thousands of
Iraqi Kurds in the country's north.
The attacks which he named the al-Anfal
Campaign after an episode in the Koran
were meant to put down Kurdish rebels who
were fighting for autonomy.
Al-Anfal killed in just a few months an
estimated 50,000 to 100,000 civilians, although
Kurdish groups say it was closer to 180,000.
While the genocide is most infamous for
Saddam's use of chemical weapons, this map
also shows the less-known but similarly brutal
mass execution sites, where Kurdish families
were slaughtered en masse, and resettlement
camps.
The US responded tepidly at the time it was
tilting toward Saddam in his ongoing war
against Iran but Al-Anfal later became a
justification for international action against Iraq,
and is a big part of why Iraqi Kurds were
granted autonomy after Saddam was toppled
in 2003.
August 2, 1990- Persian Gulf War 1
(Desert Storm) president, Saddam Hussein,
On August 2, 1990, Iraqi
Iraq starts moving ordered his Iraqi army to invade
a HUGE army Kuwait.
(soldiers), to the At the time Kuwait produced over
ten percent of the world's oil.
border of Kuwait Remember, Iraq needed money!
and moves in The War itself only lasted a little
The U.S & Iraq are NO over a month. (Jan to Feb of
LONGER friends/ allies.
1991)- Operation Desert Storm
 Operation Desert Shield/Storm
King Fahd of Saudi Arabia asks for
U.S. protection from Iraq after Iraq
invades too close to them
U.S. doesnt want Iraq to gain
control of Saudi oil
U.S. launches Operation Desert
Shield/Storm to protect Saudi
Arabia & its oil from Iraq
It was the air campaign where Iraqi
forces were bombed
The Saudi Arabian monarchy supported this move because they
felt their own border with Iraq was threatened by Saddams
aggression. Notice the location of Saudi oil fields.
 Ceasefire- March 3, 1991
Within days Iraqi forces were
retreating, and on February 28,
President George H.W. Bush declared
a ceasefire.
Iraq agrees to a ceasefire on March 3,
1991
Retreating Iraqi forces set fire to oil
wells in Kuwait, because their view
was that U.S. interests were only
based on oil in the Middle East. This
created a major environmental
disaster.
 Successful?- flip to the back
Though the Persian Gulf War was UN sanctions also required that UN
successful in freeing Kuwait Weapons Inspectors be allowed
Hussein remained in power in inside any Iraqi facility to investigate
Iraq. and make sure no weapons of
mass destruction (WMDs*), were
UN sanctions, or limitations being made there and that the ones
placed for breaking a rule, were he previously had (chemical
placed on Iraqs oil sales weapons) were destroyed.
This was done to limit Husseins * WMDs - include chemical, biological, and
military spending and thus lessen nuclear weapons. These are seen as being
his military threat to other nations. different from conventional weapons
No Fly Zones
After the Gulf War, the United States, France, and Britain
set up "no-fly zones," in which Iraqi aircraft were forbidden
to fly, in the northern tip and south of Iraq. The ostensible
purpose of the zones were to protect the Kurdish and Shia
populations from Iraqi air strikes after Saddam's
massacres. In practice, this meant British and American
aircraft patrolling Iraqi airspace continuously between the
two Gulf Wars. The Iraqi military would frequently shoot at
the international aircraft patrolling the zones, though they
never shot down a manned plane. After Operation Desert
Fox in 1998, when the US bombed Iraq ostensibly as
punishment for not complying with UN weapons inspectors,
the low-level conflict over the no-fly zone escalated.
Saddam offered a reward to anyone who shot down an
American or British plane, while the Western forces began
regularly targeting Iraqi anti-air and other military
emplacements. This all goes to show that the US military
never really left Iraq the no-fly zone only lifted just before
the Coalition invasion began in 2003.
Nuclear Weapons
Following Saddam Husseins defeat in 1991, the
U.S. government came to believe that Iraq had an
active nuclear weapons program. Given Husseins
dislike of the U.S. following the 1991 war, the U.S.
demanded that Saddam Hussein dismantle the
Iraqi nuclear weapons program. Saddam Hussein
refused, saying no such program existed.
 While the United States was the prime contributor of
troops to both the first Gulf War and the second, both
were backed by international coalitions contributing
troops, humanitarian aid, and other assistance.
In 1991, that coalition was backed by a UN Security
Council mandate and included among its ranks most
of Western Europe (notably France and Germany) as
well as several of Iraq's neighbors, like Syria, Egypt,
and Saudi Arabia (which was actively threatened by
Hussein's invasion of Kuwait, and was itself invaded
by Iraq in the course of the war). As you can see the
order of battle, French and Arab forces actively
participated in the ground attack on Iraq.
The 2003 invasion had no such consensus backing it.
The UN Security Council declined to support the
mission, with France and Germany opposed, and not
a single Middle Eastern country expressed support.
Only four countries the US, UK, Poland, and
Australia participated in the initial invasion, and
while others assisted in various capacities, it was
nonetheless mostly an American and British
operation.
 Persian Gulf War 2?
The U.S. invaded Iraq again in 2003 in order to destroy the
Iraqi nuclear weapons program and overthrow Saddam
Hussein. Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. soldiers
and was tried and executed by the new Iraqi government in
2003 & 2006.

Conflicts erupted between the Sunni and Shia militias, which

would keep the U.S. fighting in Iraq until 2011. There is no
evidence that there was an active Iraqi nuclear weapons
program in 2003.
Overthrow
Saddam Hussein was found by American forces on December 13, 2003 in Iraq. The execution of Saddam
Hussein took place on Saturday, 30 December, 2006. Saddam was sentenced to death by hanging, after
being convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites
in the town of Dujail in 1982, in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him.
Post Conflict
There are few grimmer symbols for the
devastation of the Iraq War than what it
did to Baghdad's once-diverse
neighborhoods.
 Persian Gulf Wars
Persian Gulf War 1
1990
Kuwait
Oil
Operation Desert Storm/Shield
Freed Kuwait from Saddam Hussein
and protected Saudi Arabia
Supported by the UN, with a
coalition of countries led by the USA
Persian Gulf War 2
2003
WMD in Iraq and helping Al-
Qaeda
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Took out Saddam Hussein from
power
Not supported by the UN. Led by
the USA, the Coalition of the
Willing
Extra resources you may be interested in:
Crash Course Isis Explained
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
=L-K19rVDxoM AQPlREDW-Ro
Origins of Isis. 20m
Sharia Law: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
BuYwc20zwxQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s
jJVO8GASmw

ISIS & ISIL

ISIS & ISIL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
C-muxWIdSUo
 Attacks on France
ISIS
http://www.cnn.com/20
15/11/15/studentnews/s
n-content-
mon/index.html
Terrorism Ghj
http://www.cnn.com/20 Hgjgjk
15/11/16/studentnews/s
n-content- ghjgh
tues/index.html
Russian plane ISIS/ISIS
breakdown
http://www.cnn.com/20
15/11/17/studentnews/s
n-content-
weds/index.html#