Slender Wall: structural walls with an aspect ratio of effective unsupported height to wall width is

greater than 2. Walls of these proportion are governed by flexural yielding. This is often the case for
tall high-rise buildings.

Strength-Based Confinement Trigger: it is based in an assumption that if the maximum stress in the
extreme fibre of a slender wall exceeded an index value (e.g. 0.2 fc when R = 5), a special boundary
confinement must be adopted to reduce the susceptibility of concrete spalling under cyclic loading.

Displacement-Based Confinement Trigger: it is based in an assumption that if the strain in the

extreme fibre of a slender wall exceeded the maximum usable strain (e.g. 0.003) at the same instant
the total building displacement is achieved, a special boundary element is required with the same
objective as SBCT.

Flexural Yield Mechanism: It is the target inelastic response that a designer should have already
assumed at the start of the analysis to situate the location of the critical section with lesser flexural
over strength along the height of the slender wall. (e.g. if first few modes are governing, it is likely that
inelastic response would occur at the base of the wall likewise additional critical sections should be
assumed at upper level if higher mode effects are distinguishable)

Plastic Hinge Zone: The code-based requirements for determining the required extent of boundary
elements assumes that a single critical section occurs at the base of a slender wall and that inelastic
response is distributed at the plastic hinge zone arbitrarily assumed as half of its total horizontal
length. Latest studies and papers suggest that PHZ is much lesser to two to three times its thickness.

Special Boundary Element: A confinement requirement in anticipation of high compressive demands

at defined boundary element (BE), usually triggered by strength-based/displacement-based limits.
Ordinary Boundary Element: A more relaxed confinement requirement as compressive demands on
BE become lower at other points along the slender wall height. (e.g. where As > 0.6% at such section)
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