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Trn Xun An
- Ch vi vic pht hin, trch v dch hng lot vn bn trong th tch c t nhiu
ngun ngn ng khc nhau (Sanskrit, Tng, Hn...) c cha ng mu (motif)
"trng - trng hc - trng rng - bc tht - trm trng - trm con trai" hay "sng
t - r nc" l mt ng gp rt ln ca thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht i vi
vic nghin cu c s v vn hc dn gian c i nc ta. Th hi, trong gii
nghin cu vn hc, s hc Vit Nam ta v trong cc nh Vit Nam hc ngoi
quc, cho n nay, c ai lm c vic !... -- TXA.
Bit vy, nhng thi im thng 3 nm HB8 ny, cng nh cc tc gi nghin cu khc, ti
vn phi tm hiu v th nhn nh v chuyn lun ca thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht. ng
thi, ti cng t hiu, y mt chuyn lun v s c i, thuc lnh vc s on ca ring ti.
Khng k nhng trang c lin quan hai b sch "Lch s Pht gio Vit Nam"(3) v "Tng
tp vn hc Pht gio Vit Nam" (4) ca thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht, cun chuyn lun
ny, ng c bit i su vo lch s c i dn tc ta. Cun sch dy n 365 trang, ch xoy
vo cc ch c ng lit k mc lc v nhn mnh li ta, li ni u cng nh ti
phn tng kt cc chng sch, phn kt lun cui phn nhn nh t liu ph lc. Vi kt
cu cht ch nh th, ln lt thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht lm sng t cc ch im:
Trong nhng vn thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht gy chn ng, huyn thoi "Lc Long
Qun -- u C v trm trng", truyn thuyt "An Dng vng v thnh C Loa" c l gy
nhiu tranh lun nht. Ring ti, ti cng khng th khng quan tm n hai vn y. Mc
d vit vi ba bi kho lun cng mng ti, nhng th tht ti cha tng c tip cn
vi t liu ch yu do thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht dch v kho cu.
S d c tnh trng ng ngng trc ngun t liu ca thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht l bi,
khng ai ng rng huyn thoi lch s Lc Long qun -- u C v truyn thuyt lch s An
Dng vng vn cha ng mi giao lu vn ho cng cc cuc chin tranh khc lit gia
Trung Hoa vi Vit Nam, li c nn mng cht liu l vn ho n v Pht gio. Ni t
nn, gch mng l ni n phn chm, khng thy c. Qu vy, trong hai truyn c d s y
khng c phn ni nh cy ct, thanh ko no hay ch t l vin ngi no mang bng dng,
vt tch n v Pht gio c. V d sao, s th phn chm n , Pht gio y vn cn
chp nhn c trong chng mc nht nh, nhng kt lun ca chuyn lun cn ph nhn
nhn vt lch s An Dng vng cng hai nhn vt lch s khc, M Chu, Trng Thu,
xem h ch l sn phm h cu, truyn thuyt lch s ch l mt phin bn ca s thi n
"Mahabharata", y l iu tht s cn tm hiu cho tht thu o, trc khi chp nhn hay
khng chp nhn cc kt lun ca thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht.
Nhng trc khi tm hiu qu trnh truy nguyn, i chiu so snh cc vn bn m thin s,
GSTS. L Mnh Tht thc hin, tng cng cn gi ra mt thong lin h gia bi kch An
Dng vng, M Chu -- Triu , Trng Thu vi nhn vt lch s Triu Quang Phc (
ngi: 549-570), con gi ca ng v L Pht T cng con trai l Nh Lang. Mu (motif)
truyn thuyt bi kch lch s y li mt ln na phc hin th k th VI (7)... S trng ip
ny phi chng l mt d kin quan trng kt lun mu (motif) truyn thuyt An Dng
vng ch l mt cht liu h cu c ch ch biu t s tht lch s hay ch nhm th hin bi
kch ni tm - chnh kin ca mt phn s nhn dn theo phng cch vn hc, trong thu xa
xa?
Khi c "'Lc tp kinh' v lch s khi nguyn ca dn tc ta", chng ta c th thy ngay
cc thao tc truy tm xut x cht liu gc ca huyn thoi "Lc Long Qun -- u C v trm
trng" c thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht thc hin.
-*- Trc ht, ng m nhng trang u tin thuc hai b s ln nht ca nc ta, c hon
chnh, khc in di triu L (Hi Tng, 1697) v triu Nguyn (T c - Kin Phc, 1884):
"i Vit s k ton th" (gi tt l Ton th) v "Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc"
(gi tt l Cng mc). Thm vo , ng cn kho qua "i Vit s k" c bin son di
triu Ty Sn (1800).
-*- Tip theo, thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht ch r ngun t liu trc tip ca cc b s y l
t "Lnh Nam chch qui" (Trn Th Php, thi L - Trn ca nc ta).
-*- Thao tc k tip, truy nguyn v "Lc tp kinh", m theo ng, l mt bn dch ra ting
Hn t nguyn bn ting Vit, c thc hin bi Khng Tng Hi (th k 3 s.cn.).
-*- Chuyn lun cn truy nguyn n ngun th tch c Trung Hoa nh "Kinh Thi" vi bi
"T T", v xa hn na, "Li dn truyn" ca Trm K T; ngun th tch c ca ngi Ph-
ni [Phnicie] (trch dn theo vn bn ca Yu-s-bi-t, 266-340 s.cn.).
-*- Nhng ch yu chuyn lun li quay v vi ngun th tch c n : "Bch thoi", Phn
bn (th k VIII), Tng bn (th k VIII) v Hn bn (220-252 sdl.). bn Hn vn, sch c
tn l "Son tp bch duyn kinh", do Chi Khim dch. Ngun cht liu cn c kho st: "A
t t ma i t b sa lun" (th k I tr.dl. -- I sdl.) cng cc vn bn tha k v pht trin
khc.
-*- Cui cng, ngun cht liu c xa nht c thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht xc nh l
truyn Gandhar trong s thi "Mahabharata" (i Bha-ra-ta) (8) (9).
Nu o ngc quy trnh kho st bn thn cht liu, chng ta thy: Khi nguyn ca v
tr: v tr bao gm c chng sinh mun loi l mt ci trng ln (Mahabharata 1.1.27-38)
hay mt ci bo thai c hnh dng mt ci trng (huyn thoi ca ngi Phni). V c th
mt gia nh: mt bc tht b tch ra lm trm mnh, b trong trm ci h y b, n ra trm
ngi con (truyn Gandhar trong Mahabharata: 1.107.1-37); hai ngi con sinh ra t 2 trng
hc; ri 25, 32, 500 trng, mi trng n mt ngi con (qua nhiu truyn thuyt, vn bn
khc nhau, nh "A t t ma i t b sa lun"); mt bc tht sau by ngy n ra trm con trai
("Bch thoi" m bn Hn vn c tn "Son tp bch duyn kinh"); mt ng vua c nhiu
th thip nn c n trm con trai ("Kinh Thi"); trng n ra ngi ("Bc vt ch"); v trm
trng n ra trm con (vn bn gn nht vi huyn thoi "Lc Long Qun -- u C v trm
trng" trong "Lnh Nam chch qui" l "Lc tp kinh").
* a. Mahabharata 1.1.27-38:
"Vo thi th gii ny mt m khng nh sng v hon ton bao ph trong bng ti, c mt
ci trng ln lm ht ging v tn cho ht mi sinh vt. [...] Nc, tri, t, gi, h khng,
t phng, nm, ma, thng, tun, ngy, m cng ln lt sinh xut [t trng y]. V y l
s sinh ca tt c mi vt c bit trn th gii ny"(10).
"Vai sam pa ya na ni: "Mt hm, vai pa ya na n, i v mt. Gan dha ri cng dng
ng. Bng lng vi cch i x, ngi cho nng mt li c. Nng bn c rng, nng s c
t nng mt trm ngi con ging nh chng nng. Th l n thi c thai vi Bo Kin,
Gan dha ri mang thai, nhng mang thai hai nm di, m vn khng sinh, nn nng rt
bun kh. Khi nghe Kun ti sinh mt ngi con rng r nh mt tri mi mc, Gan dha ri
chu khng c na s thai nghn lu di ca mnh, bn mt ht suy ngh v bun kh, bn
nh mnh vo ci thai m khng cho Bo Kin bit. V th, mt bc tht nh cc st tru ra
sau hai nm thai nghn. Khi nng sp qung n i, thnh vai pa ya na bit, nh thn lc,
lin tc khc hin n, nhn bc tht va tru, ri hi ngi con gi h Su ba la: 'Con lm
sao th?'. Nng bn em ht s tht lng mnh gii by cho ngi cao c rng: 'Con nghe
Kun ti sinh mt ngi con trai p tuyt vi nh mt tri mi mc, nn v qu bun kh con
nh mnh vo ci thai. Hi ngi tin, ngi cho con c mt trm ngi con, nhng
thay v mt trm ngi con , con nay ch c mt bc tht ny m thi'". Vy sa ni: [...] .
Vai sam pa ya na ni: "Bc tht y, khi c ri nc, s bin thnh mt trm mnh, mi
mnh ln bng ngn tay tr. Mi mnh y by gi c em b trong mt ca mt trm ci
h y b trong y, mt cch ng cch, v c gi gn mt cch cn thn... [...] By gi
Th Tn dy ngi con gi h Su ba la rng: 'Nng ch m nhng ci h y sau khi hai
nm'. [...] Ri ln lt vua u ry dha n sinh ra t mt gia nhng ci h y. [...] Th l
trong khong mt thng tri, mt trm ngi con trai sinh ra cho Bo Kin..." (11).
on: 1.14.1-23: "Ka ru c mnh s c mt ngn con rng vinh d nh nhau lm con
mnh. [...] Khi thng, Ka ru sinh ra mt ngn ci trng... [...] Th ri, nm trm nm
tri qua, nhng ngi con ca Ka ru n ra t nhng ci trng..." (11).
* c. "A t t ma i t b sa lun":
* d. "Cu x lun k" do i Tha Quang vit sau "Lc tp kinh" 400 nm:
* . "Son tp bch duyn kinh" (bn Hn vn ca Bch thoi, c Chi Khim dch t
khong gia cc nm 220-252):
* e. "Lc tp kinh" (do Khng Tng Hi dch t nguyn tc ting Vit c):
"Xa c m ga, lm thu cho mt nh giu, trng coi vn rung. Ngi ch c vic, cho n
qu gi. n lc nh n, sa mn ti xin. Lng ngh: "Ngi ny dt dc b t, nt hnh
thanh chn. Cu ngi i bn bin khng bng cng mt cht cho bc chn hin gii hnh
thanh tnh". Bn em phn n ht vo v mt cnh hoa sen ln bt m dng. o nhn
hin thn thng, phng ra nh sng. Ngi m vui v khen: "y ng l bc thn thnh
sao? Nguyn ti sau ny sinh c mt trm ngi con nh vy".
Vua sai thy tng xem tng sang hn. Thy ni: "t c con ni dng thnh truyn ngi v
cng. Vua sai hin thn l rc v. Mt hoa p , cung nhn khng ai bng. Mang thai
ngy, sinh ra mt trm ci trng, hong hu cung phi cho n t thip khng ai l khng
ght. Bn cht cy chui khc hnh tng qu, i khi sinh, ly tc ph ln mt, bi nc bn
d ln cy chui ri em trnh vua. Bn yu che sng, vua lm tin theo.
L t ly h ng trng, bt kn ming li, qung xung ging sng. Tri Thch xung ly
n ng ming li, ch thin theo gi, xui dng dng li nh tr cm t. Vua nc h lu
ang trn i, xa thy gia dng c h tri xung, nh sng rc r, nh c oai tri. Bn
vt ln xem, thy du n Thch, m c trm trng, ra lnh trm ngi n b p nui m
nng. ngy thnh hnh, n ra trm ngi con trai.
[Nhng ngi con trai ny] sinh ra c tr thng thnh, khng dy m vn t bit, nhan
sc hn i, tng tt him c, ti cn th lc hn ngi trm ln, ting ni vang nh s t
rng. Vua lin sm mt trm voi trng, yn cng by bu, cho con thnh ni dng,
khin i chinh pht ln quc. Bn phng hng phc, u n xng thn. Li i nh nc
mnh sinh ra. C nc ln b khng ai l khng run s. Vua hi: "Ai c kh nng chng li
l ch ny?". Phu nhn ni: "i vng ng s, hy xem qun ch t u, cng thnh
hng no th n dng i quan st. Ti s v vua m hng phc chng". Vua lin ra xem
qun ch t u, ri cho dng i.
Ngi m ln i, ct ting ni: "Ti ln phn nghch c ba. Khng xa bn t, i sau chu
ti, l mt. Sng khng bit cha m, lm ngc hiu hnh, l hai. th git cha m,
c c vi ba ngi bu, l ba. m gi ba nghch, c y khng g che ni, cc ngi h
ming, chng c hin ngay". Ngi m nm v mnh, tri khin sa bn, khp ming trm
con. Cm s tinh thnh, ung sa lng bun. Tt c u ni: "y chc m ta". Nc mt
rn ra, chp tay bc ln, ci u hi li. M con mi gp, khng ai l khng khc lc.
Hai nc ha thun, tnh hn anh em, tm phng vui mng, khng ai l khng khen hay.
Cc con thy i v thng h huyn, gi t cha m hc o, xa i d bn. Chn mi chn
ngi con u chng Duyn gic. Mt ngi tr nc. Vua cha bng h, bn ln lm vua, i
x cc ti, ph b lao ngc, san bng ho i, min tha ti t, an i ngi hiu , nui
dng k c c, m kho tng b th ln, ty dn mun m cho, ly mi iu thin lm
php nc, mi ngi u vng c, nh c con hiu, dng cha lp thp, cng dng sa
mn, c kinh lun o, ming khng bn c, c d tiu ht, th mnh cng di. Thin
nui gip nh cha m nui con.
Pht bo cc sa mn: "Ngi li lm vua l thn ta. Vua cha nay l Bch Tnh, m l X
Diu".
Qua vic kho st mt lot dn chng tiu biu k trn, chng ta thy, chi tit "trng - trng
hc - trng rng - bc tht - trm trng - trm con trai" vn ch l mt cht liu c s dng
nh mt chi tit ct li m thi, khng phi bao gm c ct truyn, nhn vt nh cc mu
(motif) khc, nu so snh chng vi huyn thoi "Lc Long Qun -- u C v trm trng"
(truyn h Hng Bng) ca Vit Nam chng ta.
Xin c li v i chiu:
" Minh l chu ba i h Vim Thn Nng sinh ra Nghi, nhn dp tun th pha
Nam, n ni Ng Lnh ly c con gi b V Tin ri tr v, sinh ra Lc Tc. Lc Tc
dung mo oan chnh, bm tnh thng minh, Minh ly lm l, cho ni ngi mnh. Lc Tc
c t chi, xin nhng cho anh. Minh lin lp Nghi lm k ni ngi cai tr t Bc;
li phong Lc Tc lm Kinh Dng Vng cai tr t Nam, ly hiu l Xch Qu. Kinh
Dng Vng c ti i di nc, ly con gi vua H ng nh l Long Vng, sinh ra
Sng Lm, hiu l Lc Long Qun, cho ni ngi tr nc. V sau khng bit Kinh Dng
Vng i u mt.
Lc Long Qun dy dn vic cy cy, trng du, t ra th bc vua ti, tn ti, cc o cha
con, v chng. C khi tr v Thy cung m trm h vn yn vui v s, khng bit v u c
nh vy. H dn c vic, li ln ting gi Long Qun rng:
Long Qun ti ngay. S linh hin cm ng ca Long Qun, ngi i khng ai lng ni.
Nghi truyn ngi cho con l Lai, cai tr Bc phng. Nhn khi thin h v s bn sai
b ti l Si Vu thay mnh trng coi quc s, ri tun du xung nc Xch Qu pha Nam.
Khi , Long Qun v Thy cung, trong nc khng c cha. Lai bn i n l u
C v cc th t li ri i chu du thin h, thng ngon cc ni danh thng. Thy hoa k
c l, trn cm d th, t gic, voi, i mi, vng bc, h tiu, qu, thch nh, cc loi cy
trm hng, n hng, cc sn ho hi vt khng thiu th g, kh hu bn ma khng lnh
khng nng. Lai rt thch, vui qun tr v. Dn phng Nam kh v b ngi phng Bc
quy nhiu, khng c yn sng nh xa, mi cng gi Long Qun:
- Thip vn l ngi nc Bc, vi vua, sanh c trm con trai, vua b thip m i,
khng cng thip nui con, khin cho k v phu v ph ny ch bit thng cho thn phn
mnh.
- Ta l ni rng ng u thy tc, nng l ging tin sng trn t, tuy kh m dng hp
li m sinh ra con, nhng thy ha tng khc, dng ging bt ng, kh lu vi nhau
c, nay phi chia ly. Ta em nm mi con v thy ph chia tr cc x, nm mi con theo
nng v trn t, chia nc m tr. Ln ni, xung bin, hu s bo nhau cho bit, ng
qun nhau.
u C v 50 con ln t Phong Chu (nay l huyn Bch Hc), cng tn con trng ln
lm vua, hiu l Hng Vng, ly tn nc l Vn Lang. ng gip Nam Hi, Ty ti Ba
Thc, Bc ti ng nh H, Nam ti nc H Tn (nay l Chim Thnh). Chia nc lm
15 b (cn gi l qun) gm: Vit Thng, Giao Ch, Chu Din, V Ninh, Phc Lc, Ninh
Hi, Dng Tuyn, Lc i, Hoi Hoan, Cu Chn, Nht Nam, Chn nh, Vn Lang, Qu
Lm, Tng Qun. Chia cc em ra cai tr v t s em cn li lm tng vn, tng v. Vn
l Lc Hu, v l Lc Tng. Con trai ca vua gi l Quan Lang, con gi ca vua gi l M
Nng, trm quan gi l B Chnh, Thn Bc, n l gi l Xo Xng (cn gi l n t). B
ti gi l Hn, i i cha truyn con ni gi l ph o. Vua i i th tp gi l Hng
Vng, khng h thay i.
Lc y dn sng rng v chn ni xung nc nh c thng b ging giao long lm hi,
bn ni vi vua. Vua tr li:
- Ging sn man v ging thy tc khc hn nhau, ging thy tc yu k ging mnh, ght k
khc mnh cho nn hi nhau .
Bn bo ngi i ly mc xm vo mnh theo hnh Long Qun, theo dng thy qui. T ,
dn khng b tai ha giao long lm hi na. Tc xm mnh ca dn Bch Vit cng bt u
t y. Hi mi lp quc, dn khng dng, phi ly v cy lm o, dt c tranh lm
chiu, ly nc ct go lm ru, ly cy quang lang, cy tung l lm cm (c ch vit l
ung), ly cm th, c, ba ba (cua inh) lm mm, ly r gng lm mui, pht nng t ry.
t sn xut c nhiu go np, ly ng tre m nu cm. Bc cy lm nh sn trnh cp
si. Ct tc ngn d i li trong rng. con ra th ly l chui lt cho nm, c ngi
cht th gi ci lm hiu, ngi ln cn nghe ting n cu gip. Cha c tru cau, vic hn
th gia nam n ly gi mui lm u, sau mi git tru d lm l, ly cm np nhp
phng cng n, sau mi thnh thn.
Trm ngi con trai chnh l t tin ca ngi Bch Vit vy" (16).
"Vi nhng phn tch trn, by gi chng ta c th chc chn n khng th ra i chm hn
thng bn th k th III s.dl. vi t liu xa nht hin bit l "Lc tp kinh" do Khng
Tng Hi dch t mt nguyn bn ting Vit khong gia nhng nm 221-251. Tc gi nguyn
bn ny c th tip thu t liu t mt dch bn ting Vit anh hng ca Mahabharata, ri
a thm vo nhng tnh tit Vit, nhm to cho n mt b mt Vit Nam quen thuc, t
truyn thng Hng Bng. Truyn thuyt y chc chn tn ti trc s bin nm 43..."
(17).
Ti ngh rng, hai bn ph h ch th hin tnh tng ng v m thc chung trong lnh vc
hn nhn -- gia nh ca cc dn tc thi c i, n cng nh Vit Nam, v c
Trung Hoa. iu ny cng c th kim chng qua nhiu t liu cng thi. Ngay trong hin
thi, chc hn m thc hn nhn - gia nh hin i ca ngi n, ngi Hoa, ngi Vit
("mi i khng ri cng tay", khng xem l ngoi tc kt hn) v nhiu dn tc khc
na v c bn cng khng khc nhau, c bit l cc dn tc nh hng lun l Nho gio. Ni
chung, mi thi i c mt m thc chung v hn nhn -- gia nh ca cc dn tc ng vn
hay c giao lu vn ho. Thi c i cng th. Khng th cn c vo hai bn ph h ny
chng minh s nh hng gia "Mahabharata" vi "Truyn Lc Long Qun -- u C v
trm trng".
Tng cng cn lu : Ai cng bit rng s vic trong huyn thoi "Lc Long Qun -- u C
v trm trng" din ra cch y hn 4.850 nm (Kinh Dng vng Lc Tc ln ngi vo
nm 2879 tr.cn., tnh n nm 2008 s.cn. ny l c 4887 nm). "Ton th" ghi r nh
vy. V th, nhng chi tit thuc loi "hng hoang c s" l c th hiu c.
Cng bi thc xem trng t liu, trong trng hp bi ny, ti khng lm bn, m ch lit
k li cc t liu. Qua vic kho st t liu, chng ta c th rt ra kt lun. Ch xin ni thm
mt ln na, thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht dy cng phu thu thp rt nhiu ngun t liu
(Sankrit, Tng, Hn...), c nhiu t liu thuc loi kinh in trong n gio, Pht gio, mi n
nay gii s hc mi bit n, v ng ra sc trch dch, phn tch trong cun chuyn lun
ny, m bn trn ch l nhng on trch tiu biu nht.
Nu huyn thoi lch s "Lc Long Qun -- u C v trm trng" din ra cch y hn
4.850 nm, truyn thuyt lch s "An Dng vng - Triu v M Chu - Trng Thu" ch
ghi du mt s kin cch chng ta cha ti 23 th k (An Dng vng ln ngi: - 257 v
mt: - 208, thuc na sau th k th 3 trc cng nguyn dng lch). Nu s tch "Trm
trng" l lch s khi nguyn ca dn tc ta v cng khi u thi k huyn s trong cc b
s k, th nhng ci cht y tnh bi kch trong truyn thuyt An Dng vng -- ghi nhn
giai on lch s "bn l" -- cng chm dt thi k huyn s y.
Cng nh vi huyn thoi "Lc Long Qun -- u C v trm trng", nhng y, thin s,
GSTS. L Mnh Tht khi u bng vic trch dn "i Vit s lc" v ch nhc qua "Ton
th", "Cng mc". C l ng ngh nh th cng t vn .
gn cui sch, tng kt cho cng trnh ca mnh, thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht khng
nh:
"... triu i Hng vng khng phi do Thc Phn tiu dit vo nm 257 t.dl., nh "i Vit
s k ton th" v "Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc" c [ghi nhn], m vn tn
ti cho n nm 43 s.dl. vi Hai B Trng l nhng v vua cui cng" (22).
i n nhng kt lun y, hu nh phn tng kt, thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht cng
tng kt lun c quy trnh truy nguyn vn ca ng. Nh ni, ng cn c vo
"i Vit s lc", k c "Ton th", "Cng mc" v "Lnh Nam chch qui", "Vit in u
linh tp" khi vn ; sau ng truy nguyn s sai lm ca cc b sch, b s y l do
nhng t liu lin quan ca Trung Hoa, ngoi tr "S k" v "Tin Hn th". ng vit:
"... trong bn t liu Trung Quc xa nht, "Giao Chu ngoi vc k", "Qung Chu k",
"Nam Vit ch" v "Nht Nam truyn", th ch "Qung Chu k" ni An Dng vng ng
Phong Kh, cn "Nam Vit ch" ni ng Giao Ch v t "thnh c chn vng", m
khng cp g ti tn . N ch ni An Dng vng ng Vit Thng. Tn C Loa,
nh vy, c Ng S Lin ly t truyn thuyt ca "Lnh Nam trch qui" a vo "i
Vit s k ton th"(25).
Nu k thm mt phn kh di truy nguyn ngun gc ca chi tit "An Dng vng ci con
t sng vn vo nc chy, nc v th r ra" (27), mt chi tit hu ht cc sch s nc ta
v "Nam Vit ch" ca Trung Hoa u c cp n, mt chi tit thin s, GSTS. L Mnh
Tht xem thuc loi mu cht nht trong lp lun ca ng, chng ta c th ni, cc cng on
truy nguyn, phn chng c thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht thc hin y . ri,
sau , ng trch dn nguyn tc "Mahabharata" cng nh dch ra ting Vit cc on trch t
b s thi n y, nhm thc hin thao tc cui: phin bn "Mahabharata" ti nc u Lc
(Vit Nam) c i.
"Vic chng ti di dng truy nguyn mt s o thut do [Ct] Hng lit ra, nhm cho thy,
nhng thut khc ca Tin o s chu nh hng ngoi lai nh th no. Trong s nhng
thut y, thut "ngm sng t di ba tc khc hnh con c, vo nc, cho nc r ra", d
nhin c mt lin lc n vn An Dng vng... [...] Cu hi by gi l, th th phi
chng n l mt nhp cng ngoi quc?"(30). Tt nhin cu hi y c thin s, GSTS.
L Mnh Tht tr li bng mt lot c liu khng nh ngun gc ngoi lai ca thut y
(31): "Mahabharata".
Di y l nhng on "Mahabharata" bng ting Phn (Sanskrit), do thin s., GSTS. L
Mnh Tht trch dch:
"Sau khi v con ca nhng st l qung i trn chy v tri qun tr thnh trng
rng, ba xa k y cm thy rng mnh, xao xuyn... [...] Nhng du c tm, h vn khng tm
thy ng nhn qun. Vi kin chu trong tay, ng y nhanh b chin trng v i vo
mt ci h, sau khi lm cho nc r ra nh vo huyn thut ca mnh... [...] Lc ti gn
h, trong y ng nhn qun nm ngh, h ni vi v vua v ch ang nm ng trong nc
rng: Hi i vng, hy ng ln v cng chng ti nh tn Yu dhi s thi ra..." . C mt
s th sn cng thy s th y, v chng ang bn vi nhau tm cch t gic nhm kim
tin thng. Chng ni: "Ta s im ch Du ryo dha na th bn Pan du tt hu thng, v qu
r rng l, v vua Du ryo dha na ni ting nm trong h y. Vy, tt c bn ta hy n ch
vua Yu dhi s thi ra m mch cho ngi, tn Du ryo dha na c nghit ang ln giu trong
nc h..." (32).
C l chi tit "hng trm gin ip" ny khin thin s ca chng ta lin tng n mu k
gin ip ca Triu trong vic cho con trai l Trng Thu kt hn vi con gi An Dng
vng l M Chu nh tro ci ly N Thn.
Vic din gii cch phin m t ng ting Phn ca ngi Vit nc ta cng l mt thao tc
m thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht thc hin, nhm chng minh "truyn thuyt An Dng
vng" ch l phin bn ca "Mahabharata". ng a v d: a danh Phan Rang l t phin
m ca Panduranga: Pan(du)rang(a). "Ci tn Phn ca con vua Thc do vy chc chn
phi l phin m ch Pandu, tn ngi cha ca Yudhisthira, k nh bi v tn st 18 o
qun" (36).
Trc thao tc th 3 ny, thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht cn t mi lin h v con s 18:
"Thi gian ca cuc chin tranh Duryodhana nh vy ko di ng 18 ngy, nh con s 18
o qun lm trn ca c hai bn. Chi tit 18 o qun v 18 ngy nh y c mt quan h
trc tip v y ngha vi truyn thuyt An Dng vng, bi v ti thiu l t thi "i
Vit s lc" tr i, ngi ta bo rng, triu i Hng vng ca nc ta truyn cho nhau
18 i v n i Hng vng 18 th b An Dng vng nh bi. Con s 18 i y, nh
Ng S Lin nhn xt "s cha chc l th", bi v n qu t i khi so vi thi gian phi
bao trm. By gi, nu vic ni kt truyn thuyt An Dng vng vi anh hng ca "i Bha
ra ta" trn ca chngti c chp nhn, chng ta tt c th thy mt cch d dng n
n t u"(37). Thin s cng l gii r, khng phi l mi lin h trc tip -- nguyn xi
m gin tip -- khc x.
Bng vo nhng lun c v lun gii y, thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht kt lun nh
chng ta bit:
y, phi chng ng cn mun ni thm, cho du tt c nhng nhn vt trong truyn thuyt
An Dng vng u l nhn vt lch s c tht, th h cng c Mahabharata-ho?
"An Dng Vng nc u Lc l ngi Ba Thc, h Thc, tn Phn, nhn vic tin t cu
hn vi con gi ca Hng Vng tn l M Nng khng c nn sinh ra hm on. Phn
mun hon thnh ch ca t tin nn c binh nh Hng Vng, dit nc Vn Lang, ci
hiu l u Lc m , p thnh t Vit Thng. Thnh p xong li sp. Vng mi lp
n, trai gii cu o ba thng.
ng gi tha:
Ni on co t.
- iu ng gi bo cho ta ri.
Kim Quy bo Vng gi lm khch i ng xin ng nh trong qun. Vng Kim Quy
trn ngng ca.
Ng Khng ni:
- Qun ny c yu tinh, m thng git ngi, lang qun khng nn li, v nay tri cng
cha ti, nn i mau n ch khc trnh ha.
Vng ci rng:
Mi ng li .
n lc g gy, cc qu u chy tan, Kim Quy khin Vng ui theo n ni Tht Diu,
qu tinh thu v ht c, Vng tr li qun tr.
- Lang qun c nh th tc l Thnh nhn ri, xin ban linh thut cu sinh linh.
Vng bo:
Ng Khng git con g trng th a con gi t nhin cng nho xung cht. Vng lp tc
bo ngi o ni Tht Diu, c mt nhc kh i c v mt hi ct, sai t trn thnh tro
m qung ra sng.
Lc by gi tri gn chiu, Vng cng Kim Quy leo ln ni Vit Thng, qu tinh ha
ra chim si hu ngm th bay ln cy chin n.
Kim Quy bn ha ra mt con chut m b theo sau lng cn chn chim; th ri xung t;
Vng lp tc thu ly th su n ht hn mt na ri.
An Dng Vng p thnh na thng xong; thnh di v rng nghn trng, xoy trn
nh hnh con c, li t tn l thnh Thng Long (bn ca Despierres ghi l T Long).
Ngi nh ng gi l thnh St Qu Ln bi v thnh rt cao ln.
Ni on tr v ng Hi.
Vng khin by ti l Cao L lm n, ly mng ny lm my, hiu l Linh Quang Kim Tro
Thn N. Sau Triu em qun n xm lng, cng Vng giao chin, Vng dng thn
n m bn, qun Triu thua chy, ng n ni Tru Sn, i lu vi Vng. Triu
bit Vng c n thn nn khng dm ti chin mi khin s thnh ha. Vng mng, ct t
sng Tiu Giang (nay l sng Nguyt c) tr v phng Bc cho Triu cai tr, tr v
phng Nam th do Vng cai tr.
Nhn ni rng:
M Chu ni:
- Thip l nhi n gp phi bc phn ly thc kh thng c tnh cm. Thip c chic nm
gm lng ngng thng mang trn ngi, n lc y th thip ly lng ngng m ri cc
ng ba ch cho chng bit ch thip m n cu.
n lc qun Triu tin bc, Vng mi xch n ra bn th thn c mt; qun chy
tn lon.
Vng ch M Chu ln nga chy v hng Nam, n b bin, cng ng, khng c
thuyn sang ngang, Vng ht ln ln rng:
- Thip l con gi, nu c lng phn nghch mu hi n ph thn thi cht ha thnh bi
trn, bng nh mt nim trung tn, b ngi phnh ph thi ha lm ngc chu ra ci th
nhc nh ny.
M Chu cht b bin, mu chy trn nc, hu hn n vo lng ha thnh minh chu.
Vng cm sng vn t by tc, Kim Quy r nc dn Vng vo bin. i truyn l ni M
D, lng Cao X, chu Din, tc l ch vy.
Qun Triu n ch y khng thy g ht, ch thy t thi ca M Chu. Trng Thu m
thy nng m v chn Loa Thnh, ha lm ngc thch. Trng Thu thng cm v cng;
thy li nhng ch trang im hay tm gi ca M Chu, tng nh n hnh dung ca nng,
bn nhy xung ging m cht. Sau ny, ai c ngc chu ng Hi, cng mc nc
ging y m ra th sc ngc cng thm rc r. Nhn trnh tn M Chu nn gi ngc chu
l i Cu, Tiu Cu vy" (39).
Thm mt iu na, nu so snh, ai cng thy chi tit trm trng l ht sc quan trng, ch
thc l ct li, v bn thn n cha ng ch t tng chnh ca "Huyn thoi Lc Long
Qun -- u C v trm trng" (trm trng = ng bo = on kt), nhng chi tit "sng t
by tc - r nc" trong "Truyn thuyt An Dng vng" ch l chi tit ph thuc, khng
phi l ct li, nn thiu n th truyn thuyt ny vn khng trng rng t tng ch hoc
sai lch ch . Theo ti, chi tit ct li l mt cm tnh tit v cm y phi l "mng ra -
ci ly n thn - ht bi - ngc sng", m khng phi l "sng t by tc - r nc", bi v
ci cht ca mt ngi ng u mt t nc nh An Dng vng l ci gi phi tr, trong
khi , s nh d, c tin ca M Chu ng tha th hn, sau khi cht bng mt ci cht
thm khc nht (c ci cht no au n hn trn i ny cho bng ci cht bi chnh thanh
gm ca ngi cha rt mc thng yu, ci cht vi bn n phn bi T quc!). Ni cch
khc, An Dng vng khng xng ng nhn dn huyn thoi ho ci cht t vn ca
ng ta, n mc xem nh ng vn mi cn sng trong lng bin c mnh mng, bao dung no
. V th, san tc bt chi tit "sng t by tc - r nc", c khi li khin t tng ch
t c gi tr cao hn. Nhng chng ta khng c quyn san tc t liu lch s, cho d
ch l truyn thuyt truyn ming c nh hnh thnh vn bn c nh (40).
Mt im khc, theo ti, "Huyn thoi Lc Long Qun -- u C v trm trng" v "Truyn
thuyt An Dng vng" lun lun phi i lin vi nhau. Mt l khi u v mt l kt thc
thi k Hng Vng -- Vn Lang. l mt l. L khc, quan trng hn, c hai s b cu
cho nhau. Thiu mt trong hai s dn n nhng nguy c v t tng...
5
Cun sch cn c hai chng "Thn Nng v triu i Hng Vng" (chng III) v "Vn
ting Vit thi Hng Vng" (chng IV) cng vi phn t liu ph lc, nhn nh v t liu
ph lc y.
Trong hai chng y, thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht chng minh "Vit lut" l c tht,
mc d b tht truyn, khng nh c ch vit ring ca dn tc ta di triu i Hng
Vng, mt triu i ko di hn hai ngn nm v c dn tc Vit t thn pht trin n
mc ng k, khng cn n s gio ho m dn ca thc dn phong kin Trung Hoa c i;
c bit, ng vn dng kin thc ng m hc lch s gii m bi "Vit ca", cng nhm
chng minh thm v vn ch vit Vn Lang (Vit Nam). Nu khng c kin thc ng m
hc lch s, ngn ng hc i chiu, chng ta s ng rng cng vic gii m ng m l mt s
suy din tu tin, bun ci, p t. Thc ra, y l mt lnh vc khng d cht no.
V phn t liu ph lc, thy ngay l thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht ch trch dch hai b s
Trung Hoa m ng nh gi l kh tn nht, b cu cho "Ton th" v "Cng mc" v
phn huyn s (mt thi k lung linh, m h!). l "Hu Hn th" v "S k - T M
Thin".
Nhng vn thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht t ra, hin ang gy chn ng, to nn nhng
cuc tranh lun khoa hc rt b ch. Nhng du sao i na, ch vi vic pht hin, trch v
dch hng lot vn bn trong th tch c t nhiu ngun ngn ng khc nhau (Sanskrit, Tng,
Hn...) c cha ng mu (motif) "trng - trng hc - trng rng - bc tht - trm trng -
trm con trai" hay "sng t - r nc" l mt ng gp rt ln ca thin s, GSTS. L
Mnh Tht i vi vic nghin cu c s v vn hc dn gian c i nc ta. Th hi, trong
gii nghin cu vn hc, s hc Vit Nam ta v trong cc nh Vit Nam hc ngoi quc,
cho n nay, c ai lm c vic !...
Trn Xun An
__________________________
(1) L Mnh Tht, "'Lc tp kinh' v lch s khi nguyn ca dn tc ta", Vin Nghin cu
Pht hc Vit Nam v Nxb. Tng hp TP.HCM., PL. 2549 (2005).
(2) Nhiu tc gi, "Nhng vn lch s Vit nam", bi ca Stephen O'Harrow, Tp ch Xa
& Nay - Nxb. Tr, 2002, tr. 7.
(3) L Mnh Tht, "Lch s Pht gio Vit Nam" (I, II, III), Nxb. TP.HCM., 2006.
(4) L Mnh Tht, "Tng tp vn hc Pht gio" (I, II, III). C th c Website
quangduc.com.
(6) Khi ng bi Hong Hi Vn, bo Thanh Nin, t ngy 26-02 n 06-03-2008. Ngoi ra
cn c bi phng vn GS. Phan Huy L, bi pht biu kin ca nh th, nguyn u vin B
Chnh tr Nguyn Khoa im (Bi Ngc Long ghi) v cc bi vit ca nhiu nh bo, nh
nghin cu khc trn t bo ny v cc bo khc: Si Gn gii phng, H Ni mi, Tp ch
in t BBC-Vietnamese...
(7) Trn Xun An, "Suy ngh v mt s vn trong lch s c i nc ta" (2004), Tp ch
in t Giao im, 2005.
Xem: WebTgTXA. ( http://tranxuanan.writer.googlepages.com/suy_nvmsvdtlscdnta_b6.htm)
(9) L Mnh Tht trch dn, sd. (ch thch 1), tr.50-72, 243.
(10) L Mnh Tht trch dn, sd. (ch thch 1), tr.63-64, 67.
(11) L Mnh Tht trch dn, sd. (ch thch 1),sd., tr. 54-55.
(12) L Mnh Tht trch dn, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 47.
(13) L Mnh Tht trch dn, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 48-49.
(14) L Mnh Tht trch dn, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 41-42.
(15) L Mnh Tht trch dn, sd. (ch thch 1), tr. 18-21. Ring truyn 23 trong "Lc tp
kinh" ny, ti ly bn vi tnh t website Qung c:
http: // www.quangduc.com/lichsu/14vanhocpgvn13.html.
Xem thm:Truyn thuyt "Ngu C -- Lng Wong" ca dn Mng trong cun "Les Muong"
ca Jeanne Cuisinier (1946 -- Gographie humaine et sociologie, Institut d'Ethnologie, Paris):
"Ngy xa ngy xa, c mt nng cng cha x Mng tn l Ngu K, mang tin kip mt
con nai c m ngi sao (cerf toil), ci mt ng hong t con vua Yt tn Long Vuong,
gc vn loi c. t lu sau, Ngu K sinh c 50 con gi v 50 con trai. Nhng ri cm
khng lnh canh chng ngt. T ch con ci khng n thc ung, Ngu C v Long
Vuong a ci v vi nhau. Cui cng, Ngu K v Long Vuong nh phi chia tay, mi ngi
mt ng. Ngu K dn 50 ngi con ln min rng ni, v Long Vuong dn 50 ngi con kia
xui v min sng bin. Ngu K v m con to nn nhng dng vua cha mc o mu en,
v Long Vuong, cc gia nh vua mc o mu vng.
Nhn y, cng nn c thm "Truyn Liu Ngh" ca L Triu Uy (t "Thi Bnh Qung k"
- i Tng, thuc nhng th k v sau rt xa) m Ng S Lin trong "Ton th" xem nh
mt c liu tham kho xc minh quan h ni i gia cha ng nh v cha Kinh
Xuyn: "Vy th ng nh cng vi Kinh Xuyn i i g con cho nhau, k t lu..." v c
th ngm xc nh u C b Lai bc tnh, b ri.Tht ra, truyn Liu Ngh ny, vua T
c vn xc nh ch l truyn do nh tiu thuyt vit, khi bn bc cng Quc s qun
triu Nguyn trong vic bin son "Cng mc". Chng ta cng s thy rt r "Truyn h
Hng Bng" ("Lc Long Qun -- u C v trm trng") v "Truyn Liu Ngh" ny hu nh
ch ging nhau vi chi tit v a danh, khng ng k. (Xem bn vi tnh ca Website Vit
Kim, truy cp theo link ca Website Vit Hc: viethoc.org, ti mn php sao chp, to
thnh mt tp ph, thuc WebTgTXA. ny; hoc c th c cc trang tm kim - lu tr ca
Google)
(17) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 9), sd., tr. 243.
(18) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 9), sd., tr. 73 & 75. Cc nh lm s ngy xa da vo t
liu Trung Hoa hiu chnh, c l khng tho ng. Nu Lc Long Qun ly con gi Lai,
l ri vo trng hp hn nhn ng huyt (ch ly chu thc b li), mc d hn nhn ng
huyt vn l tp tc qun hn thi hng hoang c i. Ti thy thin s, GSTS. L Mnh Tht
vn s dng chi tit u C l v tr ca Lai, khi Lai b li ti hnh cung ca Lc
Long Qun, Lc Long Qun lin cp u C vi s tho thun ca u C (c l u C ngh
mnh b Lai b ri), v Lc Long Qun chin u chng s xm nhiu ca Lai theo
yu cu ca nhn dn, ng nh nguyn bn trong "Lnh Nam chch qui" l thch hp hn.
(19) Xem: Nguyn Vn Siu, "Phng nh d a chi", Nxb. Vn ho -- Thng tin, 2001, tr.
173-175; Trn Th Php, "Lnh Nam chch qui", bn dch ca L Hu Mc, Khai Tr xut
bn, 1960, xem bi dn nhp ca L Hu Mc v Maspro, Przyluski, tr.16-17; L Mnh
Tht, "Lch s Pht gio Vit Nam", tp II, Nxb. Tng hp TP.HCM., tr. 18-19; xem thm:
Hai bi ca Stephen O'Harrow, sch dn (ch thch 2), tr. 18 & 52.
(21) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 244.
(22) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 244.
(23) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 246-247.
(24) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 247-248.
(25) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 247.
(26) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 87.
(27) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 94-95. Trch "Lnh Nam chch qui": "tr tht
thn vn t, Kim Quy khai thu, dn vng nhp hi" (Cm by tc sng t c vn, thn Ra
Vng r nc, a vua vo bin).
(28) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 100.
(29) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 109.
(30) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 116.
(32) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 126-128.
(33) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 129.
(34) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 131-132.
(35) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 133.
(36) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 137.
(37) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 136-137.
(38) L Mnh Tht, sd. (ch thch 1), sd., tr. 138.
(40) Khi vit nh vy, ti chng minh ngun gc dn tc An Dng vng theo nhn nh
s khi ca "Cng mc". Xem: "An Dng vng -- "gic Thc" hay anh hng bi trng?"
(Trn Xun An):
http://tranxuanan.writer.googlepages.com/suy_nvmsvdtlscdnta_b2.htm
B cu ngoi l (01-04 HB8):
2) Vn L Pht T, Triu Quang Phc [+] v s phc hin truyn thuyt An Dng vng,
c th k c truyn thuyt Ch ng T: Phi chng s phc hin l mt cch phn nh s
tht lch s bng th php vn chng dn gian? Trong thc t, vic gi r ly thng tin
tnh bo khng phi him hoi g, m c th lp i lp li trong nhiu thi i khc nhau. Xin
lu gip l Triu Quang Phc, L Pht T u chng s xm lc ca thc dn phong kin
Trung Hoa v u l o hu Pht gio, nhng li chia r nhau, tranh chp vi nhau bi
nguyn do l tham sn si v v minh. Xem thm: V Triu Quang Phc -- L Pht T trong
s phc hin truyn thuyt An Dng vng -- Triu :
http://tranxuanan.writer.googlepages.com/suy_nvmsvdtlscdnta_b6.htm
Trn Xun An
& Cc bi khc:
http://tranxuanan.writer.googlepages.com/baimoi-sachmoi-tinmoi-13
12-04 HB8