Stability of stapes 382 Figure 9.5 The method of slices (AC) is divided by vertical planes into a series of slices of width 4, as shown in Figure 9.5. The base of each slice is assumed to be a straightline. For any slice the inclination of the base to the horizontal is a and the height, measured on the centreline, is h, The analysis is based on the use of a lumped factor of safe defined as the ratio of the avallable shear strength (¢) to the shear strength (r,,) which must be mobilized to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium, ie ‘The factor of safety is taken to be the same for each slice, implying that there must be mutual support between slices, ie. forces must act between the slices. ‘The forces (per unit dimension normal to the section) acting on a slice are: 1 The total weight of the slice, W = 7bH (y,, where appropriate) 2 The total normal force on the base, MV (equal to ol). In general this force has two components, the effective normal force NV" (equal to o‘) and the boundary water force U/ (equal to ui), where u is the pore water pressure at the centre of the base and / the length of the base. 3 The shear force on the base, 7 = tml 4 The total normal forces on the sides, H, and Z 5 The shear forces on the sides, X, and Any extemal forces must also be included in the analysis, ‘The problem is statically indeterminate and in order to obtain a solution assumptions must be made regarding the intersice forces # and X; in general the resilling solution for factor oF safety isnot exact “@ 1974, 1879, 1988, 1987, 1982, 1997, 2008 RF Craig, Spon Press: ==td The method slices 353 Considering moments about ©, the sum of the moments of the shear forces Ton the failure are AC must equal the moment of the weight ofthe soll mass ABCD. ‘or any slice the lever arm of Wis r sma, therefore DTr =f rsina y Now V5 cancel BWsina For an effective stress analysis (in terms of tangent parameters c' and #): Die +r tang BW sina ly + tangEN’ a ia EWsina (93a) NV: a where Z, is the arc length AC, Equation 9.3(a) is exact but approximations are iced in dete the forces M", For a given faire arc the value of F will depend on the way in which the forces N" are estimated, fowever, the criical-state strength is normally appropriate in the analysis of slope stability, ie. # = ‘efore the factor of safety is given by F (9.30) frst Vc tng? ‘accurate methods of analysis, is usually within the range 5~20%. wth For an analysis in terms of total stress the parameter c, is used in Equation 9.3 Conscridlle, (2) (with $= 9) and the value of wis zero. The factor of safety then becomes RR on Ane a As" does not appear in Equation 9.5, an exact value of F is obtained, Use of the Fellenius method is not now recommended in practice The Bishop routine solution In this solution it is assumed that the resultant forces on the sides of the slices are horizontal, ie of | Vee. Feel Ntang) Resolving forces in the vertical direction W = N' cosa +ulcosa+ fina + x tang! sina. wT I/F) sina — udcosel * [eosa + (an g’sina)/ Tis convenient to substitute J=bseca From Equation 9.3(a), after some rearrangement, seco. 1 Fe pia [e+ 7 won) ee ar oD Bishop [2] also showed how non-zero values of the resultant forces (1 ~ ¥2) could be introduced into the analysis but this refinement has only a marginal effect on the factor of safety The pore water pressure can be related to the total ‘fil pressure’ at any point by mane of the dimensionless pore pressure ratio, defined as Oy prise 8) (© 1974, 1978, 1969, 1987, 1982, 1997, 2004 RF Craig, Spon Press‘he mated of sles 288 gq, Waere appropriate). For any slice, a) Ss Hence Equation 9.7 can be written as 43 1 " seca (oP ewtaa ler n-ne TimaungyAyy (9.9) the factor of safety occurs on both sides of Equation 9.9, a process of successive approximation must be used to obtain a solution but convergence is fapid. Due to the repetitive nature of the calculations and the need to select an adequate qumber of tial failure surfaces, the method of slices is particularly suitable for solution by computer. More complex slope geometry and different soil strata can be introduced Tn most problems the value of the pore pressure ratio r, is not constant over the ‘whole failure surface but, unless there are isolated regions of high pore pressure, an average value (weighted on an area basis) is normally used in design. Again, the factor of safety determined. by this method is_an underestimate but the error is unlikely to exceed 7% and in most cases is less than 2% Spencer [18] proposed a method of analysis in which the resultant interslice forces are parallel and in which both force and moment equilibrium are satisfied. Spencer showed that the accuracy of the Bishop routine method, in which onl ‘moment equilibrium is satisfied, is due to the insensitivity of the moment equation to the slope of the interslice forves. ionless cients for homogeneous slopes, based on Equation 9.9, have been published by Bishop and Morgenstem [4]. It can be shown that for a given slope angle and given soil properties the factor of safety varies linearly with 17, and can thus be expressed as (9.10) where me and m are the stability coefficients. The coeflicients m and » are functions of 8, @ depth factor D and the dimensionless factor “/7H (which is zero if the critical-state strength is used) Example 9.2 Using the Fellenius method of slices, determine the factor of safety, in terms of effective stress, of the slope shown in Figure 9.6 for the given falure surface (a) using peale strength parameters ©” = 1OKN/m? and & = 29° and (b) using crtcal- state parameter Gly = 31°, The unit weight of the soll both above and below the iter woeyaaanie’ \ OLD (@) The factor of safety is given by Equation 9.4. The soil mass ie divided into slices 1.5m wide, The weight 17) of each slice is gen by W = qh =X 1.5 xh = 30KKN/mStability f stopes 356 Figure 9.6 Example 9.2 (Uprug fo Ff, ve ‘The height h for each slice is sét off below the centre of the base, and the normal Big C and tangential components # cos a and h sin a, respectively, are determined graphically, as shown in Figure 9.6, Then W cosa = 30hcosa W sina =30hsina The pore water pressure atthe centre ofthe base ofeach slice is taken to be Py where 2,, is the verical distance of the centre point below the water table (as shown in the figure). This procedure slghly overestimates the pore water pressure. 37, which strictly should be y,z,, where z, is the vertical distance below the point of Croley intersection of the water table and the equipotential through the centre of the slice base, The error involved is on the safe side ‘The arc length (L,) is calculated as 14.35m, The results are given in Table 9.1 EW cosa = 30 x 17.50 = $25kN/m DW sina = 30 x 8.45 = 254kN/m_ 3(W cose — ul) = 525 — 132 « 393KN/m (© 1974, 1978, 1983, 1987, 1882, 1987, 2004 RF Craig, Spon Press a2Table 9.1 Slice No. hoosa(m) hsnacm) x (anime) 1 075 155.9 155 OL 2 1.30 010 118 150177 3 270 040 162 155251 4 3.25 too 18.1 160 29.0 5 3.45 Lm 174 170 29.4 6 3.10 235° 118 195 22.0 7 1.90 2.25 0 2.35 a 8 0.55 0.95 0 215 0 17.50 845 14,35 132.0 ly + tan QE(W cos. = ul EW sina 14354218 yy 254 (b)Tnterms of erical-sate strength a Zo-3/ =n X95) 0.93 4g asafe Deformation is likely to resuit in strains along a potential failure suface excee the value corresponding to peak strength. Therefore the strength mobilized for stability is likely to fall below the peak value and to approach the critical-state ‘Walue. Therefore the slope is unsafe. It should be noted that in case (a), the proportion of shear strength represented by c', generally a parameter of uncertain value, is 40%, 9.4 ANALYSIS OF A PLANE TRANSLATIONAL SLIP Ik is assumed that the potential falure surface is parallel to the surface of the slope and is at a depth that is small compared with the length of the slope. The slope can then be considered as being of infinite length, with end effects being ignored. The slope is inclined at angle 8 to the horizontal and the depth ofthe falure plane is, as shown in section in Figure 97. The water table is taken to be parallel to the slope ata height of mz Analysis ofa plane translational slip 389 seepage is roughly parallel to the slope. A slip has developed on a plane parallel to the surface at a depth of Sm. (1) Determine the factor of safety along the slip plane ‘using (a) the critical-state parameter 4 =28° and (b) the residual strength ) parameter @; = 20°. (2) Analyse the stability of the slope by the limit state method. 1 Equation 9.12 applies in both cases, (@) Interms of eriical-state strength (©) Interns of residual strength to2tan20° ~aotan iz = O87 2 In the limit state method the characteristic values of the ® parameters are divided by the partial factor 1.25. Thus the design values are tan! (3 =) = 125 pd i) ° 6, = tan Ge = 16 ‘With the water table at the surface the value of m= 1 (@) The design disturbing force per m? is Sa = jaizsin feos 8 = 20 x $x sin 12° cos 12° = 20.3kN ‘The design resisting force per m? is Ry=(o~u)tand, = (tat — %)z C08? Ban 23° 10.2 x $ x cos* 12° tan 23° 20.7kN ‘The design disturbing force is less than the design resisting force; therefore, in terms of critical-state strength, the limit state for overall stability is satisfied, (>) With @=16" the design resisting force becomes 14.0kKN. The design disturbing force remains 20.3KN; therefore, in terms of residual strength, the Limit state is not satisfied. (© 1974, 1878, 1963, 1987, 1892, 1997, 2006 RF Craig, Spon Press