Capacitors

A capacitor is a device used to store charge.

they can also store energy, in the form of electrical energy due to the electrical field that is generated
between the charged plates.

When in a circuit containing a cell and a resistor capacitors collect charge on these plates. One plate
collects positive charge and the other collects negative charge. You may therefore say that a capacitors
overall charge is 0 as the plates cancel out. Well not quite as when we talk about the charge a capacitor
holds we refer to the amount on just ONE of the plates.

Circuit symbols for capacitors

They are made of two parallel metal plates which are seperated by an insulting material called a dielectric.
These are two types of main capacitor, electrolytic and non-electrolytic.

Electrolytic capacitors can store a greater amount of charge but arepolarised (have a +ve and -ve lead)
and therefore must be connected in the correct way. Reversing the polarities of an electrolytic capacitor
results in them being damaged and possibly exploding.

Non-electrolytic capacitors store slightly less charge but are not polarised and can be connected anywhere
in a circuit.

Capacitance
Definition:

The amount of charge in the capacitor divided by the p.d across the capacitor plates
This can also be written as:

Q = charge /

V = p.d /

C = Capacitance/

The SI unit for capacitance is known as the .

Capacitance is usually measured in micro Farads ie

This is because 1F is actually a very large capacitance, much larger than is usually required in an electrical
circuit.

Energy stored in a capacitor

Graphs showing Charge against p.d and why the area under graph is electrical energy stored.

If we plot a graph with Q /C on the Y axis and V /V on the x axis we get a straight line through the origin.
We knew this would be the case before we drew the graph because looking at the equation Q=CV tells us
it will be directly proportional as it matches up to the equation of straight line which is y=mx+c.

As we have no constant, c, we know the graph will go through the origin.

The gradient of this graph is capacitance (it is Q over V).

If we reverse the axis, so p.d is on the and charge is on the then the gradient is and the
area under the graph is the amount of energy stored.

This is because a volt is defined as the amount of energy per unit of charge,

So

We also know the area under the graph is a triangle, the area of a triangle is a 1/2 base x height. so the
equations for calculating the amount of energy stored in a capacitor is:

We can also substitute Q with so the equation can also be written as

Charging a Capacitor
Discharging a Capacitor
Time constant,
The practical problem with an exponential graph is that the dependent variable never reaches a finite
value (maximum or 0). For capacitor circuits we use the time constant to enable a practical measure of
the time taken for a capacitor to charge or discharge.

In capacitor circuits we make the time constant equal to 1 for convenience.

Basic graph showing discharge of a capacitor. The graph is the same shape for Charge, voltage and negative current
against time.

This allows for a simple definition of the time constant to be made and as an easy use of the exponential
function.

The time costant

= value of resistor in circuit

 = capacitance of the capacitor

By making the time costant = 1 we can therefore work out what percentage the value will drop to.

if you put into your calculator you will get an answer of 0.37 to 2 sig fig.

of

This means that in the time period of 1 time constant the voltage across a capacitor will drop TO 0.37 of
its original value, or 37%.