Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor

Course Description

Microprocessor architecture, data types, addressing modes, instructions,

register organization, interrupts, memory management, interfacing the peripherals,
data communication and networks, coprocessor, multiprogramming and multitasking,
microprocessor applications, introduction to microcomputer design.

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Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor

Points

- Home Work and Quiz 20% (6 times +)

- Project 20% (4 times)
- Midterm 30%
- Final 30%

Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor

Project (1-2 peoples)

1. Hardware
2. LED, 7-Segment, Button
3. Counter
4. Clock

-PCB + Some items (Free from KU)

-Price approx 500 bath

-“first come first serve”.

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Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor

Software
1. ASM-51
2. SDCC (C language) or KEIL
3. Flash Magic
4. Protel (PCB Design)

What is a “Microprocessor”?

A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that

incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single
semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).

The microprocessor was born by reducing the word size of the CPU from
32 bits to 4 bits, so that the transistors of its logic circuits would fit onto a single part.
One or more microprocessors typically serve as the CPU in a computer system
, embedded system, or handheld device.

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What is the first “Microprocessor”?

There are 3 microprocessor developed and finished in the same period but the
first commercial microprocessor is developed and released by Intel. The first
Microprocessor is 4004. It is a 4 bit microprocessor that is released on November 15, 1971
, developed by Federico Faggin and Marcian Hoff.

Timeline

After the first microprocessor is released, Intel released the first 8-bits
microprocessor, 8008 in 1972. This microprocessor architecture is a precursor to the most
successful 8080 microprocessor that released in 1974. In the same year, Motorola also
released the 6800 series microprocessor. Zilog Company, which is established
by Marcian Hoff, released the Z80 microprocessor in 1976.

The first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI's TMS 9900, which was also
compatible with their TI-990 line of minicomputers. The 9900 was used in the TI 990/4
minicomputer, the TI-99/4A home computer, and the TM990 line of OEM microcomputer
boards.

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 Timeline

Intel followed a different path, having no minicomputers to emulate, and instead

"upsized" their 8080 design into the 16-bit Intel 8086, the first member of the x86 family
which powers most modern PC type computers. Intel introduced the 8086 as a cost effective
way of porting software from the 8080 lines, and succeeded in winning much business on
that premise. The 8088, a version of the 8086 that used an external 8-bit data bus, was the
microprocessor in the first IBM PC, the model 5150. Following up their 8086 and 8088,
Intel released the 80186, 80286 and, in 1985, the 32-bit 80386, cementing their PC market
dominance with the processor family's backwards compatibility.The integrated microprocessor
memory management unit (MMU) was developed by Childs et al. of Intel

Timeline

While 64-bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since
the early 1990s, the early 2000s have seen the introduction of 64-bit microchips targeted at
the PC market. With AMD's introduction of the first 64-bit IA-32 backwards-compatible
architecture, AMD64, in September 2003, followed by Intel's own x86-64 chips, the 64-bit
desktop era began.Both processors can run 32-bit legacy apps as well as the new 64-bit
software. With 64-bit Windows XP, Windows vista x64, Linux and Mac OS X that run
64-bit native, the software too is geared to utilize the full power of such processors.

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Timeline

What is a “Microcontroller”?

A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of

microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast
to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). In addition to all
arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor,
the microcontroller usually also integrates additional elements such as read-only
and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces.

Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and

devices, such as automobile engine control systems, office machines, appliances,
power tools, and toys. By reducing the size, cost, and power consumption compared to
a design using a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to electronically control many more processes.

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What is a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor designed

specifically for digital signal processing, generally in real-time computing.

- Designed for real-time processing

- Optimum performance with streaming data
- Separate program and data memories (Harvard architecture)
- Special Instructions for SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) operations
- The ability to act as a direct memory access device if in a host environment
- Processes digital signals converted (using an Analog-to-digital converter (ADC))
from analog signals. Output is then converted back to analog form using a Digital-to-
analog converter (DAC)

What is an Embedded system

Embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or

a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts.
In contrast, a general-purpose computer,
such as a personal computer, can do many
different tasks depending on programming.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to
specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it,
reducing the size and cost of the product, or
increasing the reliability and performance.
Some embedded systems are mass-produced,
benefiting from economies of scale. Physically,
embedded systems range from portable devices
such as digital watches and MP3 players, to
large stationary installations like traffic lights,
factory controllers, or the systems controlling
nuclear power plants.

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Where you can find microprocessor/controller ?

Where you can find microprocessor/controller ?

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How can “Microprocessor” work ?
In order to make a microprocessor work, ROM, RAM and I/O is needed.
microprocessor by itself alone cannot perform any command because a microprocessor
don’t have memory inside. The microprocessor system contains

1. Microprocessor (works as CPU)

2. Memories
3. I/O Device and Peripheral

They are connected by the “BUS SYSTEM” and the bus system can be separated into

- Address bus
Address Bus
- Data bus
- Control bus
Data Bus
CPU

Control Bus

ROM RAM I/O Peripheral

How can “Microprocessor” work ?

Microprocessor works in 2 steps:

1. Fetch Instruction (Read an instruction code from a Memory)

2. Execute Instruction (Work on that particular command)

Since a microprocessor is a digital device then a microprocessor work on a

binary system (0, 1 or On, Off).
Memory

Memory Fetch Execute Register

I/O Unit

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CPU
CPU consists of

1. Registers
2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
3. Instruction Decode and Control Unit
4. Instruction Register (IR)
5. Program Counter (PC)

Address bus
Data bus
Control bus

IR PC

Decode ALU Registers

Control

Sequence of Fetch
1. Program Counter (PC) Fetch by sending its address into the address bus.
2. Control unit sends “Read” command to control bus .
3. Memory after get the address and “Read” command, it send
the instruction data from that specific address to data bus.
4. Instruction Register (IR) get that instruction from data bus.
5. Decode Unit read the instruction in IR and ‘Execute’ that instruction.
6. Program Counter (PC) increase its own address in order to ready
for the next Fetch.

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Bus System

Bus system in the microprocessor unit is separated into 3 category:

Address bus : used to specific the location of instruction, data, and I/O unit.
Address bus is an unidirectional bus because the address come from CPU only.
Address bus is different in each system depended on bits of the CPU. If CPU is
n
an n-bits microprocessor then the total addresses that can refer to is 2 addresses

2 8 = 256
210 = 1,024 = 1 Kbyte

216 = 65,536 = 26 x 210 = 64 KByte

2 20 = 1,048,576 = 1 Mbyte

Bus System

Data bus : used to transfer data to memory, and to I/O unit. Address bus is a
bidirectional bus because the data come both in and out from CPU.

Control bus : control signal in the control bus are timing signals that are used
to synchronize external devices that are connected to CPU. The control signal will
synchronize the address and data bus. The control bus consists of Clock, Read,
Write, Interrupts and other signal depended on the CPU architecture.

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Input / Output Unit

I/O unit , Peripherals are devices that extended from CPU (not include
Memory). This unit is used to interface the microprocessor system to user
,to mass storage and to control/monitor system.

Mass storage can be separated to archival and online storage. Online storage
is magnetic disk or “Hard Disk” while archival storage is magnetic tape and
floppy disk. Online storage is a mass storage that CPU can always access the
information when CPU needs, but archival storage is a storage that user have to
prepare for microprocessor and tell CPU to access it.

Input / Output Unit

User Interface is a monitor, mouse, printer, keyboard, etc. some of these device
are bidirectional devices such as touch screen monitor. Others are one direction
Devices such as mouse is an input device, speaker is an output device.

Control/Monitor devices are the devices that are used to control or measure
some devices for example control relay that use to drive motor, measure
temperatures.

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Software

In order to make the microprocessor unit works as design, software is needed.

Microprocessor software can be separated into 3 hierarchies.

Software Application
( User Interface)

Operating System
(Command language, Utilities)

Input/Output Subroutine
(Directly Access to Hardware)

Hardware

Software

Input/Output Subroutine is the lowest level that controls the input and output
of the hardware directly. Example, read the input from keyboard, Display data to
a monitor, etc. Input/Output Subroutine is importance and difference for each
microprocessor (PC) system because microprocessor system has a different
hardware. This subroutine is contained in a BIOS and in track of a hard disk
called bootstrap loader. Since the program can be run only on RAM then
Bootstrap loader has a responsibility to copy that program from a hard disk and
place it in RAM.

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Software

Operating System will manage the sequence of operation and it is easier for
user to use a microprocessor system rather than use only Input/Output Subroutine.
Operating system consists of “command language” and “utility software”.

Application is a application software that design for a specific propose. User

interface is in this application level.

Microprocessor VS Digital Circuit

Microprocessor (MPU) is software approach because the microprocessor

system is flexible and programmable, while the digital circuit is a hardware
approach because it is fixed to the hardware. Moreover, digital circuit have to
redesigned every time when work is changed while MPU just change the software
One hardware can do them all

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Microprocessor VS Microcontroller

Microprocessor (MPU) is a CPU and it needs ROM, RAM, I/O in order to

work but Microcontroller (MCU) is a CPU + ROM,RAM,I/O then it need some
few extra devices in order to make it ready to work. Moreover, MCU is easier
than MPU for interface the Input/Output.

One of the most advantage of MCU is interrupt. Interrupt is a event that can
cause by hardware (hardware interrupt) or software (software interrupt). When
the interrupt happens, MCU will jump to assigned sub-program that is already
assigned. Interrupt is used in Real-Time situation programming such as a
chemical pumping system whenever the fluid level excess the limit of a tank then
interrupt will occur to make the MCU cut the motor power.

Microcontroller has some limit in memory. Microcontroller is used to control

the system that work on input/output while microprocessor is used in the larger
system such as PC or system that need a powerful processor and a large memory.

MCS-51 VS Z-80

Z-80 has a lot of instructions but 71% of them are multi-bytes instruction so Z-80
has to Fetch more than one time to get the complete instruction while MCS-51 has
62% of its instruction are single-byte instruction. Because of this reason MCS-51 is
faster and optimal than Z-80.

Table : Page 9

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MCS-51

MCS-51 series has many microcontrollers with the same architecture for example:
8031,8051,8952, etc. Most microcontroller in this series has both microcontroller
and microprocessor mode (set at EA pin).

MCS-51

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Question ?

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