)XQFWLRQDO 0DWHULDOV  1R   67& ,QVWLWXWH IRU 6LQJOH &U\VWDOV

&RPSRVLWHVFLQWLOODWLRQSDQHOVDQGHOHPHQWV
EDVHGRQILQHJUDLQHGJUDQXOHVRIFUXVKHG
FU\VWDOV
9/LWLFKHYVN\L


  
   

  

  
  

   ! "" #$  

 
    
7KH UHVXOWV RI FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV DQG HOH
PHQWV IRU YDULRXV DSSOLFDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG 7KH GHSHQGHQFHV RI WKH UHODWLYH OLJKW
\LHOG LQWHQVLW\ RQ SDUWLFOHV VL]H DQG WKLFNQHVV RI WKH SDQHO KDYH EHHQ VKRZQ 7KH VSDWLDO
UHVROXWLRQ RI WKH SDQHOV PDGH RI YDULRXV IUDFWLRQV RI WKH SRZGHU VFLQWLOODWRU KDV EHHQ
GHWHUPLQHG 7KH HQHUJ\ GHSHQGHQFH RQ ;UD\ DEVRUSWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ
SDQHO EDVHG RQ ZnSe DQG WKH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH RI HIIHFWLYH WKLFNQHVV RI WKH GLVSHUVHG DQG
VLQJOHFU\VWDO VDPSOHV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV WHVW
LQJ LQ WKH UHJLPH RI UHJLVWUDWLRQ RI VKDGRZ LPDJHV RI ELRORJLFDO DQG QRQELRORJLFDO WHVW
REMHFWV XQGHU ;UD\V KDYH EHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG $V D UHVXOW RI WKLV ZRUN WKH FRPSRVLWH
VFLQWLOODWLRQ PDWHULDO ZLWK LPSURYHG SURSHUWLHV RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUDPHWHUV KRPRJHQHLW\
FRPSDULQJ ZLWK VLQJOHFU\VWDO ZnSe KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ ]LQF VHOHQLGH VFLQWLOODWRUV
SRZGHU 7KLV PDWHULDO ZDV XVHG LQ SURGXFWLRQ RI WKH FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV DQG
HOHPHQWV IRU ;UD\ GHWHFWLRQ E\ PXOWLFKDQQHO SKRWRGHWHFWRUV

{ m  }} } 
 m    m
m m  mm m  
 | m   m
 } }   } m
}m  m}  

m ZnSe m mm }m  }
} m m m  
 m } } 
}m  m}  { m m 
}  m }}}
}  } 
 mm m 
 m m
} ZnSe l
m  m   m
}  } }

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH ODUJH VROLGVWDWH FRQYHUWLQJ

,Q WRGD\V GLJLWDO VHPLFRQGXFWRU UDGLRJ
UDSK\ WZR PDMRU PHWKRGV RI VFDQQLQJ DUH
LPSOHPHQWHG VXFK DV VFDQQLQJ ZLWK IXOO
OHQJWK PDWUL[ RI ;UD\ GHWHFWRUV DQG VFDQ
VWUXFWXUH PDWUL[ ZLWK ODUJH HQRXJK DUHD
WKDW LV FDSDEOH WR FUHDWH WKH GLJLWDO LPDJH RI
VFDQQLQJ REMHFW ZLWK D KLJK VSDWLDO UHVROX
WLRQ DQG JRRG GHSWK RI FRQWUDVW 7KLV PD
WUL[ LV D WZRGLPHQVLRQDO VXUIDFH GLYLGHG
QLQJ ZLWK XVH RI RQHGLPHQVLRQ GHWHFWRU LQWR FHOOV SL[HOV %DVLFDOO\ VXFK ;UD\ GH
)XOOOHQJWK PDWUL[ GLJLWDO UDGLRJUDSK\ LV WHFWRU FRQVLVWV RI D PDWUL[ PDGH IURP DPRU

       

        
SKRXV VLOLFRQ DQG D VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHO ZKLFK
LV GLUHFWO\ ERQGHG WR LW 7KH ;UD\ GHWHFWLRQ
RFFXUV GXH WR FRQYHUVLRQ E\ WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ
SDQHO RI ;UD\ SKRWRQ HQHUJ\ LQWR WKH HQ
HUJ\ RI UDGLDWLRQ PDLQO\ IURP WKH YLVLEOH
VSHFWUXP DQG WKH VXEVHTXHQW GHWHFWLRQ RI
WKLV OLJKW E\ VHPLFRQGXFWRU SKRWRGHWHFWRUV
7KH VDPH SULQFLSOH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ WKH RQH
GLPHQVLRQ GHWHFWRU VFDQQHUV WKH RQO\ GLI
IHUHQFH UHODWHV WR WKH GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHP GH
VLJQHG DV OLQH DUURZ RI SKRWRGLRGHV ZKLFK LV
PHFKDQLFDOO\ PRYHG UHODWLYH WR WKH VFDQQLQJ
REMHFW ,Q ERWK FDVHV WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH LPDJHV
RI WKH VFDQQLQJ REMHFW LV PDLQO\ GHWHUPLQHG
E\ SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHO RU )LJ  5DGLROXPLQHVFHQFH VSHFWUD RI ZnSe
HOHPHQW DSSOLHG LQ WKH ;UD\ GHWHFWRU VWDQGDUG VFLQWLOODWRU
$W WKH SUHVHQW WLPH DV D VFLQWLOODWLRQ PD
WHULDO IRU WKH PDQXIDFWXUH RI WKH VFLQWLOOD FU\VWDOV VL]H WKH KRPRJHQHLW\ RI OXPLQHV
WLRQ SDQHOV ;UD\ LQWHQVLI\LQJ VFUHHQV DQG FHQFH LV GHFUHDVLQJ GXH WR VHJUHJDWLRQ RI
RWKHU GLVSHUVHG VFLQWLOODWRUV DUH ZLGHO\ XVHG GRSDQWV LQ WKH FU\VWDO LQ WKH SURFHVV RI LW
VFLQWLOODWLRQ PDWHULDOV VXFK DV Gd2O2S(Tb) JURZWK 6HFRQGO\ V\QWKHVLV RI WKH VFLQWLOOD
CsI:Na CsI:Tl NaI:Tl ZnS:Cu (Zn,Cd)S:Cu WLRQ SRZGHU RI ZnSe ZLWKRXW FU\VWDO JURZWK
(Zn,Cd)S:Ag CdWO4 Bi4Ge3O12 %*2 VWHS YDULRXV ZHW V\QWKHVLV WHFKQLTXHV
(Y,Gd)2O3:Eu3+(Pr) Gd2O2S:Pr(Ce,F) DQG
RWKHUV >@ +RZHYHU IRU WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH
SKRVSKRUV XVHG D VHW RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SD
UDPHWHUV LV TXLWH OLPLWHG DQG GRHV QRW PHHW
DOO WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI PRGHUQ GHWHFWLQJ
V\VWHPV 7KLV LV UHODWHV WR WKH WHFKQLTXH RI
REWDLQLQJ SRZGHUHG SKRVSKRUV DQG WKH
PHWKRGV RI PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI WKH VFLQWLOOD
WLRQ SDQHOV RQ WKHLU EDVH 7R VROYH WKLV
SUREOHP ZH QHHG WR DSSO\ QHZ VFLQWLOODWLRQ
PDWHULDOV ZLWK SDUDPHWHUV WKDW VDWLVI\ WKH
UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH LQWURVFRSLF HTXLSPHQW
2QH VXFK VFLQWLOODWRUV LV ]LQF VHOHQLGH
VROLGSKDVH VLQWHULQJ HWF ZKLFK LV PRUH
SURGXFWLYH DQG HIILFLHQW PHWKRG IRU WKH
VFLQWLOODWLRQ SKRVSKRU PDQXIDFWXULQJ IRU
WKH SDQHOV GRHV QRW VKRZ JRRG UHVXOWV GXH
WR WKH KLJK OHYHO RI FRQWDPLQDWLRQ RI UDZ
PDWHULDOV E\ GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI LPSXULWLHV
7KH RSWLPDO VROXWLRQ RI WKLV SUREOHP LV
WKH XVH RI ]LQF VHOHQLGHEDVHG ILQHJUDLQHG
SRZGHUV RI FUXVKHG FU\VWDOV 7KH VWDUWLQJ
PDWHULDO IRU VFLQWLOODWLRQ SRZGHU REWDLQLQJ
SDVVHV D FHUWDLQ VWHSV RI VHOHFWLRQ DQG VRUW
LQJ LQ WHUPV RI LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH UHODWLYH
OLJKW RXWSXW DQG GXUDWLRQ RI WKH DIWHUJORZ
ZnSe
6FLQWLOODWRU ZnSe UHODWHV WR VHPLFRQGXF
WRU PDWHULDOV RI FODVV RI A2B6 JURXS ,W LV
ZLGHO\ XVHG LQ VFLQWLOODWRUVLOLFRQ SKRWR
GLRGH V\VWHPV IRU ;UD\ GHWHFWRUV RI PRGHUQ
PXOWLFKDQQHO ORZ HQHUJ\ PHDQV RI YLVXDOL]D
WLRQ RI KLGGHQ LPDJH V\VWHPV RI QRQGH
VWUXFWLYH FRQWURO PHGLFDO WRPRJUDSK\ UDGL
7KLV WHFKQRORJLFDO VWHS DOORZV XV SUHFLVH
FRQWURO WKH IXQFWLRQDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH PD
WHULDO IRU VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV ,Q WKH SURFHVV
RI FU\VWDOV FUXVKLQJ DQG WKH VXEVHTXHQW GL
YLVLRQ E\ IUDFWLRQV ZH DUH SHUIRUPLQJ D
WKRURXJK KRPRJHQL]DWLRQ RI WKH VFLQWLOOD
WLRQ SRZGHU DQG SURGXFLQJ VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQ
HOV ZLWK KLJK OHYHO RI KRPRJHQHLW\ LQKRPR
RJUDSK\ >@ &U\VWDOV RI ]LQF VHOHQLGH SRV JHQHLW\ RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUDPHWHUV GRHV QRW
VHVV D KLJK OXPLQHVFHQW HIILFLHQF\ H[FHHG   >@ $OVR PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI WKH
 WKRXVDQGV SKRWRQV0H9 DQG VKRUW DI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV VROYHV WKH SUREOHP RI
WHUJORZ GXUDWLRQ   DIWHU  PV
ZKLFK DOORZV UHJLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH VKDGRZ
LPDJH RI ELRORJLFDO REMHFWV LQ UHDO WLPH
$OVR DQ HPLVVLRQ FRORXU RI WKLV SKRVSKRU LV
RUDQJHUHG ZKLFK PDNHV LW SHUIHFWO\ VXLWHG
WR GHWHFWLRQ E\ VLOLFRQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU GH
OLPLWHG OLQHDU GLPHQVLRQV RI VLQJOH FU\VWDOV
EHFDXVH WKH\ KDYH QR VXFK OLPLWDWLRQV
)RU REWDLQLQJ WHVW REMHFWV LPDJH LQ PRG
HUQ LQWURVFRSLF GHYLFHV WKH PXOWLFKDQQHO
SKRWRGHWHFWRUV DQG ODUJHIRUPDW &&' DUH
FRPPRQO\ LQ XVH 6FLQWLOODWLRQ HOHPHQWV
YLFHV )LJ  +RZHYHU WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI EDVHG RQ VLQJOHFU\VWDOV IRU WKHVH SKRWRGH
VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV IURP VLQJOHFU\VWDO ]LQF WHFWRUV PXVW EH VHSDUDWHG LQWR LQGLYLGXDO
VHOHQLGH LV IDFLQJ D QXPEHU RI GLIILFXOWLHV HOHPHQWV SL[HOV WR DYRLG UHGLVWULEXWLRQ RI
)LUVWO\ DELOLW\ RI REWDLQLQJ D ODUJH DUHD WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI OLJKW VLJQDOV EHWZHHQ WKH
FU\VWDOOLQH VDPSOHV RI ZnSe LV WHFKQRORJL QHLJKERU FKDQQHOV RI WKH SKRWRGHWHFWRU ,Q
FDOO\ OLPLWHG EHFDXVH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ RI WKH WKH FDVH RI FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV

 
      

        

)LJ  ,PDJH RI WKH FU\VWDOOLQH SRZGHU RI

]LQF VHOHQLGH REWDLQHG E\ -60/9 VFDQ
QLQJ HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRSH
WKH VFDWWHULQJ SURSHUWLHV RI WKH GLVSHUVHG
PHGLXP YLUWXDOO\ HOLPLQDWH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ
RI WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI OLJKW VLJQDOV EHWZHHQ WKH
QHLJKERU FKDQQHOV RI WKH SKRWRGHWHFWRU DQG
ORFDOL]H WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ IODVKHV 7KLV HOLPL
QDWHV WKH QHFHVVLW\ RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV
VHSDUDWLRQ LQWR LQGLYLGXDO SL[HOV ,Q VRPH
FDVHV D GHFUHDVH RI SKRWRGHWHFWRUV SL[HO
)LJ  'HSHQGHQFHV RI WKH OLJKW \LHOG RQ WKH
SDUWLFOH VL]H DQG WKLFNQHVV RI WKH SRO\FU\VWDO
OLQH GLVSHUVHG VDPSOHV RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ
SDQHOV EDVHG RQ ZnSe(Te) &XUYH  FRUUH
VSRQGV WR WKH SDQHO VDPSOH ZLWK D SDUWLFOHV
VL]H RI  P FXUYH  SDUWLFOHV VL]H
LV  P FXUYH  SDUWLFOHV VL]H LV
 P FXUYH ! SDUWLFOHV VL]H LV 
 P FXUYH  SDUWLFOHV VL]H LV  P
RI D OD\HU RI SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH SDUWLFOHV RI LU
VL]H PDNHV WKH XVH RI FRPSRVLWH SDQHOV WKH
RQO\ DYDLODEOH RSWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH SRVVLELOLW\
RI VLQJOHFU\VWDO HOHPHQW VHSDUDWLRQ LQWR LQ
GLYLGXDO SL[HOV LV WHFKQRORJLFDOO\ OLPLWHG
7KH DLP RI WKLV ZRUN ZDV REWDLQLQJ WKH
VFLQWLOODWLRQ PDWHULDO LQ D IRUP RI FRPSRVLWH
VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV DQG HOHPHQWV IRU ;UD\
UHJLVWUDWLRQ RQ WKH EDVH RI ZnSe VFLQWLOODWRU
ZLWK LPSURYHG KRPRJHQHLW\ RI WKH VFLQWLOOD
WLRQ SDUDPHWHUV LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH VLQ
JOH FU\VWDO ZnSe 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH FKDUDF
WHULVWLFV RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH FRPSRVLWH VFLQ
WLOODWLRQ SDQHOV DQG HOHPHQWV IRU YDULRXV
DSSOLFDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG 7KH GH
SHQGHQFHV RI WKH UHODWLYH OLJKW \LHOG LQWHQ
VLW\ RQ WKH SDUWLFOH VL]H DQG WKLFNQHVV RI WKH
SDQHO KDYH EHHQ VKRZQ 7KH VSDWLDO UHVROX
WLRQ RI WKH SDQHOV PDGH RI YDULRXV IUDFWLRQV
RI WKH SRZGHU VFLQWLOODWRU KDV EHHQ GHWHU
PLQHG 7KH HQHUJ\ GHSHQGHQFH RQ ;UD\ DE
VRUSWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHO
EDVHG RQ ZnSe DQG WKH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH RI DQ
HIIHFWLYH WKLFNQHVV RI GLVSHUVHG DQG VLQJOH
FU\VWDO VDPSOHV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG 7KH
UHJXODU VKDSH )LJ  LQ WKH RSWLFDO LPPHU
VLRQ PHGLXP VLOLFRQH UXEEHU 7KH DYHUDJH
GHJUHH RI ILOOLQJ WKH FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQWV E\
VFLQWLOODWRUV SRZGHU ZDV DERXW  YRO
7KDQNV WR WKH KRPRJHQHRXV GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG
GHQVH SDFNLQJ RI WKH SDUWLFOHV LQ WKH VFLQWLO
ODWLRQ HOHPHQW WKH KRPRJHQHLW\ RI WKHLU
VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUDPHWHUV ZDV DW D OHYHO DERXW
  6DPSOHV RI WKH SDQHOV DUH PDGH E\
SRXULQJ D PL[WXUH RI SRZGHU VFLQWLOODWRU
DQG LPPHUVLRQ PHGLXP LQ WKH FRQWDLQHU
ZKLFK FRYHUHG ZLWK DQWLDGKHVLRQ PDWHULDO
0HDVXUHPHQWV RI ;UD\ OLJKW RXWSXW
YDOXH RI WKH VDPSOHV ZDV FDUULHG RXW DW
 N9  PN$ DQG  FP GLVWDQFH IURP
DQRGH E\ XVLQJ DQ LQVWDOODWLRQ IRU PHDVXUH
PHQW RI OLJKW \LHOG DQG DIWHUJORZ
6PLWKV +HLPDQQ $06  
5DGLROXPLQHVFHQFH VSHFWUXP RI WKH
VWDQGDUG VLQJOHFU\VWDO VFLQWLOODWRU ZnSe
ZDV REWDLQHG ZLWK XVH RI D VSHFWURPHWULF
FRPSOH[ .698 DQG ;UD\ VRXUFH DW
5(<(6, ;UD\ WXEH YROWDJH ZDV  N9 DQG
UHVXOWV RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV WHVWLQJ LQ
WKH UHJLPH RI UHJLVWUDWLRQ RI VKDGRZ LPDJHV
RI ELRORJLFDO DQG QRQELRORJLFDO WHVW REMHFWV
XQGHU ;UD\V KDYH EHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG
 ([SHULPHQWDO
D FXUUHQW ZDV  P$ )LJ  6FLQWLOODWLRQ
VLJQDO UHJLVWUDWLRQ ZDV FDUULHG RXW E\ XVLQJ
D 307 ZLWK WKH VSHFWUDO VHQVLWLYLW\
UDQJH IURP  WR  QP
'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ RI
VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV ZDV FDUULHG RXW E\ D
NQRZQ PHWKRG ZLWK KHOS RI DSSDUDWXV IRU
7KH REMHFWV RI VWXG\ ZHUH FRPSRVLWH VFLQ ;UD\ LPDJH UHJLVWUDWLRQ )LJ  $V ;UD\
WLOODWLRQ SDQHOV PDGH RI LQRUJDQLF VFLQWLOOD VRXUFH ZDV XVHG DQ DSSDUDWXV ,6292/7
WRU 7KH SDQHOV ZHUH SURGXFHG LQ WKH IRUP 7LWDQ ( ;UD\ *HQHUDWRU  DQG WKH VSD

        

        

)LJ  6FKHPH RI WKH DSSDUDWXV IRU ;UD\

LPDJH UHJLVWUDWLRQ DQG UHVROYLQJ SRZHU GHWHU
PLQDWLRQ

)LJ  &RPSDULVRQ RI WKH OLJKW \LHOG RI WKH EHFRPHV ORQJHU WKDQ WKH VL]H RI WKH SDUWL
GLVSHUVHG DQG FU\VWDOOLQH VFLQWLOODWRUV EDVHG FOHV WKHQ RQO\ D VPDOO IUDFWLRQ RI ;UD\
RQ ZnSe(Te) RI LGHQWLFDO GLPHQVLRQW\SH  UDGLDWLRQ LV DEVRUEHG LQ WKH PDWHULDO DQG
FU\VWDOOLQH VFLQWLOODWRU  GLVSHUVHG VFLQWLO LQGXFHV WKH OXPLQHVFHQFH 'LVVLSDWLYH SURS
ODWRU SDUWLFOHV VL]H LV  P  GLV HUWLHV RI WKH GLVSHUVHG VFLQWLOODWRU PHGLXP
SHUVHG VFLQWLOODWRU SDUWLFOHV VL]H LV  VXFK DV VFDWWHULQJ DQG UHDEVRUSWLRQ RI HPLW
 P ! GLVSHUVHG VFLQWLOODWRU SDUWLFOHV WHG OXPLQHVFHQFH SKRWRQV DOVR OHDGV WR UH
VL]H LV  P  GLVSHUVHG VFLQWLOOD GXFLQJ WKH OXPLQHVFHQFH ZLWK GHFUHDVH RI
WKH SDUWLFOH VL]H 7KH RSWLPXP WKLFNQHVV RI
WRU SDUWLFOHV VL]H LV  P GLV
WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV IRU PD[LPXP TXDQ
SHUVHG VFLQWLOODWRU SDUWLFOHV VL]H LV  P WXP \LHOG IRU WKH VDPSOHV ZLWK GLVSHUVLRQ RI

WLDO UHVROXWLRQ ZDV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH VWDQG

SDUWLFOHV RI  P LV  PP IRU
DUG WHVW REMHFW (1  'XSOH[ ,4, GLVSHUVLRQ  P LV  PP DQG
;UD\ VSHFWUD ZHUH PHDVXUHG E\ ; IRU GLVSHUVLRQ  P LV  PP
VSHFWURPHWHU RQ WKH EDVH RI CdTe XVLQJ DQ :KHQ WKH WKLFNQHVV RI WKH SDQHO PRUH WKHQ
;UD\ VRXUFH ,6292/7 7LWDQ ( ;UD\ *HQ RSWLPDO WKH ;UD\ UDGLDWLRQ LV DEVRUEHG LQ
HUDWRU  WKH XSSHU OD\HU RI WKH VDPSOH DQG LWV LQWHQ
ZnSe(Al) SRZGHU LPDJH ZDV REWDLQHG E\ VLW\ LQ WKH ORZHU OD\HUV RI WKH VDPSOH LVQW
XVDJH RI VFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRSH -60 VXIILFLHQW WR H[FLWH WKH PD[LPXP OXPLQHV
/9 )LJ 
 5HVXOWV DQG GLVFXVVLRQ
)RU RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUDPH
WHUV RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV WKH GHSHQG
HQFH RI OLJKW RXWSXW RI WKH SDQHOV RQ WKH
SDUWLFOH VL]H RI ZnSe VFLQWLOODWRU DQG WKH WKLFN
FHQFH $OVR VFLQWLOODWLRQ SKRWRQV IURP WKH
XSSHU OD\HUV GR QRW UHDFK WKH SKRWRGHWHFWRU
DQG UHOHDVHG LQ WKH IRUP RI WKHUPDO HQHUJ\
:KHQ WKH WKLFNQHVV RI WKH SDQHO LV OHVV WKDQ
WKH RSWLPDO WKH PD[LPXP OXPLQHVFHQFH RI
WKH SDQHO DOVR LVQW DFKLHYHG EHFDXVH RI ODFN
RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ PDWHULDO LQ WKH VDPSOH
)RU VDPSOHV RI WKH SDQHOV ZLWK VPDOOHU IUDF
QHVV RI WKH SDQHO ZDV GHWHUPLQHG )LJ 
7KH GHSHQGHQFH RI ZnSe OLJKW RXWSXW RQ
WKH GLVSHUVLRQ RI WKH SDUWLFOHV LV GHWHUPLQHG
E\ WKH GHJUHH RI DEVRUSWLRQ RI ;UD\V E\ WKH
VFLQWLOODWRU SDUWLFOHV 7KH ODUJH SDUWLFOH DE
VRUEV WKH JUHDWHU SRUWLRQ RI ;UD\V KHQFH
WKH OXPLQHVFHQFH LQWHQVLW\ LQFUHDVHV ZLWK
LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SDUWLFOH VL]H $FFRUGLQJ WR
)LJ  SDUWLFOHV ZLWK GLVSHUVLRQ RI 
 P KDYH WKH KLJKHVW LQWHQVLW\ RI OXPL
WLRQV RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ PDWHULDO WKH RSWL
PDO WKLFNQHVV RI WKH VFUHHQ EHFRPHV
VPDOOHU
/LJKW RXWSXW RI GLVSHUVHG DQG FU\VWDOOLQH
VDPSOHV RI VFLQWLOODWRUV EDVHG RQ ZnSe LV
SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ  7KH OLJKW RXWSXW RI WKH
VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV PDGH RI WKH FRDUVH SRZ
GHU RI ]LQF VHOHQLGH ZLWK SDUWLFOHV VL]H LQ
 P EHFRPHV FORVH WR WKH FU\VWDOOLQH
VDPSOH XS WR   RI WKH OLJKW RXWSXW RI
QHVFHQFH 7KXV SDUWLFOHV VL]H UHGXFLQJ OHDGV WKH FU\VWDO :LWK GHFUHDVLQJ RI SDUWLFOH
WR GHFUHDVLQJ WKH OXPLQHVFHQFH LQWHQVLW\ RI VL]H WKH OLJKW RXWSXW LV DOVR GHFUHDVLQJ $QG
WKH SDUWLFOHV DQG ZKHQ \RX UHDFK D FHUWDLQ IRU SDUWLFOHV ZLWK D ILQHQHVV RI  P
VL]H DERXW  P WKH OXPLQHVFHQFH EH UHDFKHV DERXW   IRU SDUWLFOHV ZLWK GLV
FRPHV YHU\ ORZ 7KLV LV GXH WR WKH HOHFWURQ SHUVLRQ LQ  JRHV XS WR   DQG IRU
FDSWXUH OHQJWK LQ WKLV PDWHULDO DQG LI LW GLVSHUVLRQ LQ  P JRHV XS WR  

 
      

        
7DEOH 5HVROYLQJ SRZHU RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ
SDQHOV EDVHG RQ ZnSe
6L]H RI ZnSe 7KLFNQHVV 5HVROYLQJ ;UD\
SDUWLFOHV LQ RI WKH SRZHU RI LPDJH
WKH SDQHO P SDQHO PP WKH SDQHO
OSPP
  

  

  
)LJ  ;UD\ VSHFWUD ZKLFK ZHUH PHDVXUHG DW
WKH WXEH YROWDJH  N9 DQG FXUUHQW  P$
&XUYH  FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH LQLWLDO ;UD\ VSHF
WUXP FXUYH  VSHFWUXP DIWHU SDVVLQJ ZLWK D SDUWLFOH VL]H RI  P KDYH D
WKURXJK WKH FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWRU ZnSe RI ORZHU UHVROYLQJ SRZHU  OSPP 7KH UH
 PP WKLFNQHVV VROYLQJ SRZHU RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV ZLWK
SRZGHU GLVSHUVLRQ LQ  P LV 
UHODWLYH WR WKH FU\VWDOOLQH VDPSOH 7KH SDUWL
FOHV ZLWK GLVSHUVLRQ OHVV WKDQ  P DUH RI
QR SUDFWLFDO LQWHUHVW GXH WR H[WUHPHO\ ORZ
OLJKW RXWSXW ZKLFK JRHV XS WR   &RP
SDULVRQ RI WKH OLJKW \LHOG RI WKH GLVSHUVHG
VDPSOHV DQG WKH FU\VWDOOLQH VDPSOHV ZHUH
PDGH LQ WKH VDPH FRQGLWLRQV DQG ZLWK WKH
VDPSOHV RI WKH VDPH GLPHQVLRQW\SH
)RU VXFFHVVIXO DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH VFLQWLO
ODWLRQ SDQHO LQ ;UD\ HTXLSPHQWV LW KDV WR
SRVVHVV WKH QXPEHU RI QHFHVVDU\ IHDWXUHV
VXFK DV VDWLVIDFWRU\ FRQWUDVW VHQVLWLYLW\ DQG
UHVROYLQJ SRZHU LQ D ZLGH G\QDPLF UDQJH
'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH W\SH RI ;UD\ V\VWHP WKH
UHVROYLQJ SRZHU FDQ YDU\ E\ XS WR  OSPP
IRU WKH WUDGLWLRQDO ILOP UDGLRJUDSK\ DERXW
 OSPP IRU FRPELQHG V\VWHPV RI ILOP DQG
LQWHQVLI\LQJ VFUHHQ DQG IURP  WR
 OSPP IRU GLJLWDO UDGLRJUDSK\ > @
)RU VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ GHSHQGHQFHV GHWHU
PLQDWLRQ RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV EDVHG RQ
ZnSe RQ WKH VL]H RI WKH SRZGHU SDUWLFOHV WKH
PHDVXUHG VDPSOH SDQHOV ZHUH GLYLGHG RQ
 OSPP 7DEOH 7KH GHWHULRUDWLRQ RI WKH
UHVROYLQJ SRZHU RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV
ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SDUWLFOHV VL]H FDQ EH H[
SODLQHG E\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SDQHOV WUDQVSDU
HQF\ GXH WR WKH HQODUJHPHQW RI WKH SDUWLFOHV
DQG WKXV UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH QXPEHU RI VFDW
WHULQJ FHQWHUV DQG OLJKW DEVRUELQJ VXUIDFH
LQ WKH VFLQWLOODWRULPPHUVLRQ PHGLXP V\V
WHP :LWK LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SDQHOV WUDQVSDU
HQF\ WKH VFDWWHULQJ FRQH RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ
IODVKHV DOVR LQFUHDVHV 7KH YDOXHV RI UHVROY
LQJ SRZHU RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV EDVHG
RQ ZnSe REWDLQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH RSWLPL]HG
SDUDPHWHUV RI ;UD\V
$Q LPSRUWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH VFLQ
WLOODWLRQ PDWHULDO LV HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ RI
;UD\ DEVRUSWLRQ ZKLFK GHWHUPLQHV WKH G\
QDPLF UDQJH RI WKH VFLQWLOODWRU )RU GHWHUPL
QDWLRQ RI WKH ;UD\V HQHUJ\ DEVRUSWLRQ HIIL
FLHQF\ RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ HOHPHQW RI  PP
WKLFN ZLWK SRZGHU SDUWLFOH VL]H LQ 
 P WZR ;UD\ VSHFWUXP ZHUH WDNHQ WKH
RULJLQDO VSHFWUXP DQG WKH VSHFWUXP DIWHU
WKUHH UDQJHV RI GLVSHUVLRQ WKH ILUVW  SDVVLQJ WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ HOHPHQW )LJ 
 P WKH VHFRQG  P WKH WKLUG 7KH RULJLQDO ;UD\ VSHFWUXP ZDV PHDVXUHG
 P H[SHULPHQWDO VHWXS LV DW ;UD\ WXEH YROWDJH  N9 DQG FXUUHQW
VKRZQ LQ )LJ   P$ ZLWK D ILOWHU DOXPLQXP SODWH RI
6FLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV PDGH RI WKH ILUVW  PP LQ WKLFNQHVV FXUYH  LQ )LJ  7KH
UDQJH RI GLVSHUVLRQ SRVVHVV WKH EHVW UHVROY FDOLEUDWLRQ RI VSHFWUXP ZDV FDUULHG RXW E\
LQJ SRZHU DSSUR[LPDWHO\  OSPP WKH ;UD\ WXEHV DQRGH PDWHULDO WXQJVWHQ
6XFK UHVROYLQJ SRZHU LV DFKLHYHG GXH WR WKH OLQHV RI WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF UDGLDWLRQ WXEH
VPDOO VDPSOH WKLFNQHVV  PP DQG YROWDJH ZDV  N9 DQG D FXUUHQW ZDV
UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO SDUWLFOH VL]H RI WKH VFLQWLOOD  P$ DV WKH ILOWHU WKH FRSSHU SODWH RI
WRU  P ZKLFK IRUP D GHQVH OD\HU RI  PP WKLFNQHVV LQ ZDV XVHG &XUYH  LQ
VFLQWLOODWLRQ PDWHULDO DQG ZLWKLQ WKLV OD\HU )LJ  FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH VSHFWUXP RI WKH
WKH VFDWWHULQJ RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ IODVKHV LV UDGLDWLRQ WUDQVPLWWHG WKURXJK WKH FRPSRVLWH
PLQLPDO 7KH SDQHOV EDVHG RQ ZnSe SRZGHU VFLQWLOODWLRQ HOHPHQW

        

        

)LJ  (QHUJ\ GHSHQGHQFHV RI WKH ;UD\ DE

VRUSWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ &XUYH  FRUUHVSRQGV WR
WKH DEVRUSWLRQ RI ;UD\V LQ WKH FRPSRVLWH
VFLQWLOODWRU ZnSe FXUYH  FDOFXODWHG DE )LJ  ;UD\ LPDJH RI WKH ELRORJLFDO WHVW RE
VRUSWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ RI ZnSe VLQJOHFU\VWDO
SODWH RI  PP WKLFNQHVV
7KH ;UD\ VSHFWUD DQDO\VLV JDYH XV WKH
HQHUJ\ GHSHQGHQFHV RI WKH ;UD\ DEVRUSWLRQ
HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWRU ZnSe
MHFW FKLFNHQ ZLQJ REWDLQHG E\ XVLQJ WKH
VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHO EDVHG RQ ZnSe ZLWK GLV
SHUVLRQ RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUWLFOHV RI 
 P
FXUYH  LQ )LJ  7KH ILJXUH VKRZV WKDW
]LQF VHOHQLGH HIIHFWLYHO\ DEVRUEV ORZHQHUJ\
;UD\V ZKLOH LQFUHDVLQJ RI WKH ;UD\ HQ
HUJ\ OHDGV WR WKH UHGXFLQJ RI DEVRUSWLRQ HI
ILFLHQF\ 7KH WKHRUHWLFDO FXUYH  LQ )LJ 
FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH ;UD\ DEVRUSWLRQ HIIL
FLHQF\ RI WKH VLQJOHFU\VWDO ZnSe SODWH
 PP LQ WKLFNQHVV ,W LV LQ JRRG DJUHH
PHQW ZLWK WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FXUYH  IRU WKH
FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQW ZnSe RI  PP LQ WKLFN
)LJ  ;UD\ LPDJH RI WKH QRQELRORJLFDO WHVW
QHVV 7KLV FRLQFLGHQFH DOORZV XV WR HVWDEOLVK
REMHFW PLFURFKLS REWDLQHG E\ XVLQJ WKH VFLQ
D FRUUHVSRQGHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH ;UD\ DEVRUS WLOODWLRQ SDQHO EDVHG RQ ZnSe ZLWK GLVSHUVLRQ
WLRQ HIIHFWLYH WKLFNQHVVHV RI WKH VLQJOHFU\V
RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUWLFOHV RI  P
WDO DQG FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQW 6XFK D JUHDW GLI
IHUHQFH LQ ;UD\ DEVRUSWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ RI
LW LV FOHDU WKDW GXH WR WKH KLJK KRPRJHQHLW\
VLQJOHFU\VWDO VDPSOH DQG FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQW
RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUDPHWHUV DQG KLJK
LV GXH WR WKH IDFW WKDW GHVSLWH WKH KLJK
FRQWUDVW VHQVLWLYLW\ RI WKH FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLO
SHUFHQWDJH RI VFLQWLOODWRUV SRZGHU LQ WKH
ODWLRQ SDQHOV EDVHG RQ ZnSe WKH KLJK OHYHO
LPPHUVLRQ PHGLXP DERXW  YRO  WKH
VWUXFWXUH RI FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQW UHPDLQV GLV
FUHWH $QG EHFDXVH WKH SDUWLFOH VL]H LV VXIIL
FLHQWO\ ODUJHU DQG KDV VWURQJO\ LUUHJXODU
JHRPHWULF VKDSH WKH HIIHFWLYH WKLFNQHVV RI
WKH FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQW VWDQGV LQ WKH VSHFL
ILHG UDQJH $ JRRG DJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ WKH
FDOFXODWHG DQG H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD DOORZV XV
WR FRPSDUH WKH HIIHFWLYH WKLFNQHVVHV RI WKH
;UD\ DEVRUSWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH VLQJOH
FU\VWDO DQG FRPSRVLWH VDPSOHV
,Q RUGHU WR WHVW WKH VKDGRZ LPDJH UHJLV
WHULQJ FDSDELOLWLHV RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV
EDVHG RQ ]LQF VHOHQLGH WKH ;UD\V LPDJHV RI
RUJDQLF DQG LQRUJDQLF WHVW REMHFWV VXFK DV
SLHFH RI FKLFNHQ ZLQJV DQG PLFURFKLS ZHUH
RI LPDJHV VKDUSQHVV DQG FRQWUDVW GHSWK ZDV
DFKLHYHG
 &RQFOXVLRQV
&RPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWLRQ PDWHULDO EDVHG RQ
]LQF VHOHQLGH SRZGHU WKDW SRVVHVVHV LP
SURYHG KRPRJHQHLW\ RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDUDPH
WHUV DQG KDV QR OLPLWDWLRQV RI OLQHDU GLPHQ
VLRQV LQ FRPSDUH ZLWK VLQJOHFU\VWDO ZnSe
KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG 7KH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH RI
WKH UHODWLYH OLJKW RXWSXW RQ WKH WKLFNQHVV
DQG SDUWLFOHV VL]H RI WKH ILQHJUDLQHG VFLQWLO
ODWRUV SRZGHUV LQ VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV KDV
EHHQ GHILQHG 7KH GHSHQGHQFLHV RI VSDWLDO
UHVROXWLRQ RI WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV EDVHG
WDNHQ )LJ  DQG )LJ  )URP WKH ILJXUHV RQ ZnSe RQ WKH WKLFNQHVV DQG SDUWLFOHV VL]H

 !
      

        
KDYH EHHQ GHWHUPLQHG 7KH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH FDO VWUHVV YLEUDWLRQ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH
RI VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ YDOXHV RI WKH VFLQWLOOD FKDQJHV LQ WKH UDQJH IURP & WR &
WLRQ SDQHOV WR WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG VWDQG 7KH GHYHORSHG FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWLRQ PD
DUGV RI WKH PRGHUQ GLJLWDO UDGLRJUDSK\ KDV WHULDO ZDV DSSOLHG LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO VDP
EHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG ,W KDV EHHQ GHWHUPLQHG SOHV RI VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV DQG HOHPHQWV IRU
WKDW WKH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHO EDVHG RQ ZnSe PXOWLFKDQQHO ;UD\ GHWHFWRUV
VFLQWLOODWRUV SRZGHU ZLWK D SDUWLFOH VL]H RI
 P DQG  PP LQ WKLFNQHVV 5HIHUHQFHV
DUH RSWLPDO IRU XVH LQ GHWHFWRUV IRU PHGLFDO
;UD\ LPDJLQJ DQG WRPRJUDSK\ 3DQHOV ZLWK
 :(YDQ (LMN &DUHO " # $   
D JUHDWHU SDUWLFOHV VL]H JUHDWHU WKDQ
%& "## '  %& & ( 
1R  
 P DQG  PP LQ WKLFNQHVV DUH
 /*DOFKLQHWVN\ 95\]KLNRY 16WDU]KLQVN\ HW
SHUIHFWO\ VXLWHG IRU LQGXVWULDO IODZ GHWHF DO ' )  * $ & +  $ , '
WLRQ DQG VHFXULW\ V\VWHPV GHWHFWRUV 7KH ED -& .# & -& %  $ 
VLFV RI WHFKQRORJ\ IRU FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOOD  
WLRQ SDQHOV DQG HOHPHQWV IRU ;UD\ GHWHFWLRQ  9/LWLFKHYVN\L 6*DONLQ 2/DODLDQWV HW DO
EDVHG RQ ILQHJUDLQHG SRZGHUV REWDLQHG E\
 %     
FUXVKLQJ WKH FKDOFRJHQLGH DQG R[LGH VFLQWLO  $0LNKDLORY 0HDQV DQG 0HWKRGV RI 0RGHUQ
ODWRUV VLQJOHFU\VWDOV KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG 5RHQWJHQRJUDSK\ %HO 6FLHQFH 0LQVN 
7KDQNV WR SODVWLFLW\ RI WKH LPPHUVLRQ  $0LNKDLORY LQ 3RVVLELOLWLHV DQG /LPLWDWLRQV
PHGLXP DURXQG WKH VFLQWLOODWRUV SRZGHU RI 0RGHUQ 0HWKRGV RI 0HGLFDO ,PDJLQJ &RQ
RXU FRPSRVLWH VFLQWLOODWLRQ SDQHOV DQG HOH IHUHQFH 0DWHULDOV %HO0$32 0LQVN 
PHQWV KDYH LQFUHDVHG UHVLVWDQFH WR PHFKDQL Y S

zLLLLL
mLL}L
L}Lm
{|LLm }

L m LL }} } 
L L Lm  L  m sm L
LmL mL mLm m mL L } L m L
{ m L L  mm L }L
}  |  L }mL 
Lm } mL
m L

mL ZnSe mm
mLmLL }m m  L }L }Lm sm
m L L L m
LL L LL }Lm L Lm } mL
m 
L m L } L L
mL L}L } L } L mm
LmLL L Lm LmL } ZnSe l
L m mmL L Lm 
L Lm } mL
m } }