Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293

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Journal of Hydrology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol

Dual permeability ow behavior for modeling horizontal well production

in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs
Jian-Chun Guo, Ren-Shi Nie , Yong-Lu Jia
State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 0086.610500, Sichuan Province, China

a r t i c l e i n f o s u m m a r y

Article history: Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs are composed of by matrix, fracture, and vug systems. This paper is
Received 5 July 2011 the rst investigation into the dual permeability ow issue for horizontal well production in a fractured-
Received in revised form 7 July 2012 vuggy carbonate reservoir. Considering dispersed vugs in carbonate reservoirs and treating media
Accepted 12 July 2012
directly connected with horizontal wellbore as the matrix and fracture systems, a test analysis model
Available online 26 July 2012
This manuscript was handled by Philippe
of a horizontal well was created, and triple porosity and dual permeability ow behavior were modeled.
Baveye, Editor-in-Chief, with the assistance Standard loglog type curves were drawn up by numerical simulation and ow behavior characteristics
of John W. Nicklow, Associate Editor were thoroughly analyzed. Numerical simulations showed that type curves are dominated by external
boundary conditions as well as the permeability ratio of the fracture system to the sum of fracture
Keywords: and matrix systems. The parameter j is only relevant to the dual permeability model, and if j is one, then
Dual permeability the dual permeability model is equivalent to the single permeability model. There are seven main ow
Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir regimes with constant rate of horizontal well production and ve ow regimes with constant wellbore
Flow behavior pressure of horizontal well production; different ow regimes have different ow behavior characteris-
Horizontal well tics. Early radial ow and linear ow regimes are typical characteristics of horizontal well production;
Modeling duration of early radial ow regime is usually short because formation thickness is generally less than
Inter-porosity ow
100 m. Derivative curves are W-shaped, which is a reection of inter-porosity ows between matrix, frac-
ture, and vug systems. A distorted W-shape, which could be produced in certain situations, such as one
involving an erroneously low time of inter-porosity ows, would handicap the recognition of a linear ow
regime. A real case application was successfully implemented, and some useful reservoir parameters (e.g.,
permeability and inter-porosity ow factor) were obtained from well testing interpretation.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction size in fractured reservoirs. Camacho-Velzquez et al. (2005) wrote

Carbonate reservoirs have complex structures, and they have
generated great scientic interests while posing signicant research
challenges (Gua and Chalaturnyk, 2010; Jazayeri Noushabadi et al.,
2011; Popov et al., 2009; Rawnsley et al., 2007; Rzonca, 2008). Each
reservoir is composed of different combinations of matrix, fracture,
and vug systems, and, thus, has varying properties of porosity, per-
meability, and uid transport behavior (Abdassah and Ershaghi,
1986; Liu et al., 2003; Mai and Kantzas, 2007). The ow problem
of uids through a porous media reservoir is a complicated inverse
structure, which is exacerbated in certain instances by the elusive
ow behavior characteristic of carbonate reservoirs (Corbett et al.,
2010). Therefore, a vital task of researchers is to establish test mod-
els that evaluate the properties of these reservoirs.
Conversely, the ow problem for vertical well production in car-
bonate reservoirs is well known. Bourdet and Gringarten (1980)
used type curves analysis to determine ssure volume and block
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13540751180.
E-mail address: nierenshi2000@126.com (R.-S. Nie).
on oil transient ow modeling in naturally fractured vuggy carbon-
ate reservoirs and analyzed its pressure transient and decline curve
behaviors. Corbett et al. (2010) studied the numerical well test
modeling of fractured carbonate rocks, and discovered that numer-
ical well testing has its limitations, especially when simulating dis-
perse vugs. Izadi and Yildiz (2007) examined transient ow in
discretely fractured porous media, and Jalali and Ershaghi (1987)
investigated pressure transient analysis of heterogeneous naturally
fractured reservoirs, and formulated a pressure vs. time log curve.
Additionally, Leveinen (2000) established a composite model with
fractional ow dimensions for well test analysis in fractured rocks,
Nie et al. (2011) investigated a ow model for triple porosity car-
bonate reservoirs by conceptualizing vugs as spherical shapes,
Wu et al. (2004, 2007, 2011) studied a triple continuum pressure
transient model for a naturally fractured vuggy reservoir, and
Pulido et al. (2006) established a well-test pressure theory of anal-
ysis for naturally fractured reservoirs, considering transient inter-
porosity matrix, micro fractures, vugs, and fractures ow.
Many studies on ow phenomena of horizontal wells in porous
media reservoirs have been performed in the last 25 years, several

0022-1694/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.07.021
282 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293

of which are briey outlined as follows. Boughrara and Reynolds

(2009) analyzed injection/falloff data from horizontal wells. Goode
and Thambynayagam (1987) used a box-shaped reservoir model to
look at pressure drawdown and buildup analysis of horizontal
wells in anisotropic media, and an analysis of semi-log curves of
pressure vs. time was performed. Hashemi et al. (2006) carried
out a well test analysis of horizontal wells in gas-condensate reser-
voirs. Kuchuk et al. (1991) presented analytic solutions in real time
for horizontal wells in box reservoirs and plotted pressure and
pressure derivative curves. Kuchuk and Hbashy (1996) analyzed
pressure behavior of horizontal wells in multilayer reservoirs with
crossow and formulated analytic solutions. Ng and Aguilera
(1999) analyzed well test analysis of horizontal wells in bounded
naturally fractured reservoirs. Ozkan and Raghavan (1991a,b)
solved a horizontal well model and fractured well model for both Fig. 1. Naturally fractured-vuggy reservoir scheme.
box and cylindrical reservoirs, and for both homogeneous and dual
media reservoirs. Peres and Reynolds (2003) researched and ana-
lyzed the theory of injectivity tests on horizontal well, and Sheng
(2008) studied the analytical steady-state solution of single-probe
tests in horizontal well.
Four main models are used to study ow phenomena in porous
media reservoirs: (1) triple porosity and single permeability mod-
els for vertical well production in fractured-vuggy reservoirs. In
Pulido et al. (2006) and Nie et al. (2011), the pathway connected
to the wellbore was a fracture system where ow from the matrix
system to the wellbore was ignored and the fracture system was
treated as the main pathway, thus considering inter-porosity ows
from the matrix and vug systems to the fracture system; (2) triple
porosity and dual permeability models for vertical well production
in fractured-vuggy reservoirs. Camacho-Velzquez et al. (2005)
considered the vug system as a continuum medium. Thus fracture
system and vug system were treated as pathways directly con-
nected to the wellbore and inter-porosity ows between matrix, Fig. 2. Horizontal well production in a reservoir.
fracture and vug systems were considered; (3) ow models of hor-
izontal well production in homogeneous reservoirs (Duan et al.,
1998; Ozkan and Raghavan, 1991a,b); and (4) dual porosity and wellbore. The plan view of a horizontal well in a naturally frac-
single permeability ow models of horizontal well production in tured-vuggy reservoir is shown in Fig. 3. Vugs are assumed to be
naturally fractured reservoirs. The fracture system was treated as dispersed throughout the reservoir, while the media directly con-
the main pathway and inter-porosity ow from the matrix system nected to the horizontal wellbore are treated as matrix and frac-
to the fracture system was considered (Ng and Aguilera, 1999; ture systems. Fluid ow through the matrix and fracture systems
Ozkan and Raghavan, 1991a,b). into the wellbore and inter-porosity ows between the three sys-
In this paper, a dual permeability ow model of well test anal- tems are parameters of interest. A triple porosity and dual perme-
ysis for horizontal well production in a fractured-vuggy carbonate ability ow behavior of uid ow will be modeled in the following
reservoir was investigated for the rst time. It was assumed that sections (see Fig. 4).
vugs were dispersed throughout carbonate reservoirs, as a result, In order to establish and solve the mathematical model by using
pathways directly connected to the wellbore were treated as ma- an analytical method, certain assumptions and simplications
trix and fracture systems. Inter-porosity ows from a vug system
to both a fracture and matrix system, and inter-porosity ow from
a matrix system to a fracture system were considered in this arti-
cle. Its worth noting that, if parameter j equals one, the model can
be reduced to a single permeability ow model. For convenience of
establishing and solving a mathematical model, some simplifying
assumptions were adopted, such as sugar cube fractures and uni-
form entry into wellbore. Thus, like any model, this one has limita-
tions due to these postulations; however, the model is tested
against real world data.

2. Physical modeling

Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs are naturally structured

by matrix system and fracture system and vug system (see
Fig. 1); however, these three types of systems are relatively inde-
pendent in physical properties. Given the formation of a single
horizontal well and a pressure drop between the wellbore and
the reservoir (see Fig. 2), uid in the reservoir will ow into the Fig. 3. Horizontal well plan view in naturally fractured-vuggy reservoir.
 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293 283

!
@2p
fD 1 @ p fD 1 @2p
fD
j kmf e2S p
mD  p
fD
@r 2D r D @r D h2D @z2D
kvf e2S p fD uxf e2S p
vD  p fD 2
For a matrix system, the governing differential equation in a
radial cylindrical system is:
!
@2p
mD 1 @ p mD 1 @2p
mD
1  j  kmf e2S p
mD  p
fD
@r 2D rD @rD 2
hD @z 2
D

kvm e2S p mD uxm e2S p

vD  p mD 3
Fig. 4. Dual permeability ow scheme in triple porosity media.
For a matrix system:

were made (e.g., complex fracture geometry). These assumptions kvf e2S p fD  kvm e2S p
vD  p mD uxv e2S p
vD  p vD 4
are not necessarily valid in real situations; unfortunately this is a Well production condition for constant rate or constant well-
limitation of this model that cannot be avoided. bore pressure production:
Physical model assumptions are as follows:
mD jr 1 p
p fD jr 1 5
D D

(1) Sugar cube fractures as seen in classical multiple porosity For constant rate production:
media models are used (Rasmussen and Civan, 2003; War-  
ren and Root, 1963; Wu et al., 2004); the shape of matrix fD
@p mD
@p 1
lim jrD 1  jrD  6
blocks and vugs varied with different shape with different rD !0 @r D @r D u
geometric shape factor am and av (Al-Ghamdi and Ershaghi,
For constant wellbore pressure production:
1996; Camacho-Velzquez et al., 2005; Corbett et al., 2010).
(2) Rock and liquid are considered slightly compressible, each 1
lim jp
fD 1  jp
mD  7
having a constant compressibility. rD !0 u
(3) A single horizontal well production at constant rate or at
External boundary conditions for top are:
constant wellbore pressure was used; the external boundary  
of side was considered innite, closed, or constant pressure mD 
@p fD 
@p
  0 closed 8
while the external boundaries of top and bottom was closed @zD zD 1 @zD zD 1
or constant pressure (see Fig. 2). p fD jz 1 0
mD jz 1 p constant pressure 9
D D
(4) Fluid entry into the wellbore from the formation is assumed
uniform; hence every point source along a wellbore was External boundary conditions for bottom are:
equal.  
mD 
@p fD 
@p
(5) Isothermal and Darcy ow is considered.   0 closed 10

@zD zD 0 @zD zD 0
(6) The wellbore storage effect (i.e., during the initial stages of
well opening uid in the wellbore ows while uid in the mD jz 0 p
p fD jz 0 0 constant pressure 11
D D
formation does not) only considered for constant rate
External boundary conditions for bottom for side are:
production.
(7) The skin effect (i.e., if the area near the wellbore is damaged mD lim p
lim p fD 0 infinite 12
rD !1 r D !1
due to drilling operations, additional pressure drops due to
well production are felt; the skin is this additional pres- fD jr r 0
mD jr r p
p constant pressure 13
sure drop) was considered for both constant rate production D eD D eD

and constant wellbore pressure production.  

mD 
@p fD 
@p
(8) At time t = 0, pressure is uniformly distributed in the reser-   0 closed 14
voir and is equal to initial pressure (pi).
@r D rD reD @r D rD reD

3. Mathematical modeling 3.2. Solution to mathematical model

3.1. Dimensionless mathematical model By using separation of variables, the model can be solved in hor-
izontal and vertical directions. According to the model solving pro-
The mathematical model of a horizontal well in a naturally frac- cess (see Appendix B), the point source solution in Laplace space
tured-vuggy carbonate reservoir is shown in Appendix A. for modeling horizontal well constant rate production can be ex-
The Laplace transform is based on tD, and functions as follows: pressed by:
Z 1
D rD ; u
LpD r D ; t D  p pD rD ; t D eutD dt D 1 X
1
fD Rf  Z f
p Rfn  Z fn 15
0
n0
D is dimension-
where pD is dimensionless pressure in real space; p
p  p  p 
less pressure in Laplace space; tD is dimensionless time in real Rfn Afn;1 I0 n1n r D Afn;2 I0 n2n r D Bfn;1 K0 n1n rD
space; u is time in Laplace space. p 
The dimensionless mathematical models in Laplace space are as Bfn;2 K0 n2 rD 16
follows:
For a fracture system, the governing differential equation in a
kn kn
radial cylindrical system is: n1n r1 2
; n2n r2 2
17
hD hD
284 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293

Table 1
Parameters for different external boundaries of top and bottom.

External boundaries Eigenvalue Eigenfunction Z w kn

Top Bottom

p 
p  p

Closed Closed kn = (np)2 cos kn z D 1
2 cos kn zwD cos kn rhw zwD

p 
p  p
rw 
Constant pressure Constant pressure kn = (np)2 sin kn zD 1
2 sin k n zwD sin kn zwD

 2
p 
p  p
rhw 
Closed Constant pressure kn n  12 p sin kn zD 1
2 sin kn zwD sin kn h zwD

 2
p 
p  p
rw 
Constant pressure Closed kn n  12 p cos kn zD 1
2 cos kn zwD cos kn h zwD

Taking a new radial coordinate r0 around horizontal wellbore Marhaendrajana and Blasingame, 2001), the qDbi and q0 Dbi vs. tDd
and a new perpendicular coordinate z0 , such that the origin (0, 0) are similarly obtained.
is the center of wellbore the equation is: Type curves reect the ow behavior characteristics of under-
s ground reservoirs graphically.
q  2
zD h  zwD h
r 0D z02
D y D
2
y2D
rw 4.1. Horizontal well constant rate production
s
 2
h 4.1.1. Flow regime recognition
zD  zwD 2 y2D 18
rw Fig. 5 shows the characteristics type curves for wellbore pres-
sure dynamic responses during horizontal well production under
q
rw 2 varying external boundaries in a fractured-vuggy reservoir. The
zD r 02
D  y D zwD 19
h curves are the typical response of uid ow to constant rate pro-
At the wall of the wellbore: duction of horizontal wells. Flow regimes can be recognized from
these type curves.
r rw ; r 0D 1; yD 0; pfD pwD 20 For a constant pressure boundary on top or bottom, pressure
rw derivative curves decrease early and swiftly (see curves u and
zD zwD 21
h v). Formation thickness is usually much smaller than radial dis-
where the dimensionless pressure at the wall of the wellbore in tance of the side external boundary; therefore the pressure wave
Laplace space by superposition integrals to point source solution must spread rst to the constant pressure boundary of top or
along the horizontal length (Duan et al., 1998; Ozkan and Raghavan, bottom.
1991a,b) can be expressed by: For a closed boundary on both top and bottom, an entire tran-
sient ow process can be clearly shown. The following seven ow
1 Z
X L=2=r w
wD regimes can be recognized:
p Rfn xD ; n1n ; n2n ; kn dxD  Z w kn 22
n0 L=2=rw
Regime I: Pure wellbore storage regime. Curves for pressure and
p  p  p  derivative of pressure are on an upward sloping line with a
Rfn Afn;1 I0 n1n xD Afn;2 I0 n2n xD Bfn;1 K0 n1n xD
slope of 1.
p 
Bfn;2 K0 n2n xD 23

The parameters of the perpendicular function Z w kn in Eq. (22)

are shown in Table 1.
When considering wellbore storage for constant rate produc-
tion, and using Duhamels principle (Ozkan and Raghavan,
1991a,b; Van Everdingen and Hurst, 1949), the solution in Laplace
space for modeling horizontal well constant rate production can be
obtained by the equation:
sD
p
wD
p 24
sD
1 C D u2 p
The solution in Laplace space for modeling horizontal well con-
stant wellbore pressure production can be expressed by the equa-
tion (Ozkan and Raghavan, 1991a,b):
1 Fig. 5. Wellbore pressure response type curves for horizontal well production. The
D
q 25
sD
u2 p type curves were simulated using a set of xed parameters. The type curves are
controlled by different external boundary conditions. All the full lines represent
pressure curves and all the dashed lines represent pressure derivative curves. The
4. Flow behavior characteristics green curves (curves r) represent an innite formation with closed top and closed
bottom. The red curves (curves s) represent a nite formation with constant
pressure side, closed top and closed bottom. The navy blue curves (curves t)
In real space, the dimensionless wellbore pressure (pwD) and the represent a nite formation with closed side, closed top and closed bottom. The
derivative (dpwD/dtD) can be obtained using Stehfest numerical blue curves (curves u) represent an innite formation with closed top and constant
inversion (Stehfest, 1970) to convert p wD back to pwD. Using this pressure bottom. The pink curves (curves v) represent an innite formation with
method we can obtain the standard bi-logarithmic type curves of constant pressure top and constant pressure bottom. The pressure curves (curves
r, s and t) are overlapped in Stages (IVI) for a formation with closed top and
a well test analysis (Nie and Ding, 2010) of pwD and p0wD  t D =C D closed bottom, and the pressure derivative curves (curves r, s and t) do the same
vs. tD/CD. The standard bi-logarithmic type curves of a rate decline way. (For interpretation of the references to color in this gure legend, the reader is
analysis (Blasingame et al., 1991; Doublet and Blasingame, 1994; referred to the web version of this article.)
 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293
Fig. 6. Main regime ow schemes for horizontal well production.
Regime II: Skin effect regime. The shape of the derivative curve
looks like a hump.
Regime III: Early, or rst, radial ow regime (Fig. 6a). Slope of
the pressure derivative curve is zero. Duration of the regime
is very short because formation thickness is usually less than
100 m. Radial ow regime will stop when pressure wave
spreads to the closed boundary on top or bottom. This regime
would be hardly observed for a small thickness (e.g., h = 30 m
in Figs. 711).
Regime IV: Linear ow regime (see Fig. 6b). The pressure deriv-
ative curve is a line with a slope of 0.5.
Regime V: Inter-porosity ow regime of vug system to fracture
system. Because fracture permeability is better than matrix per-
meability, inter-porosity ow of vug subsystem to fracture sub-
Fig. 7. Wellbore pressure response type curves affected by j. The type curves were
simulated by changing the parameter value of j for an innite formation with
closed top and closed bottom. The blue curves (curves r) represent j = 0.5. The
red curves (curves s) represent j = 0.9. (For interpretation of the references to
color in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 8. Wellbore pressure response type curves affected by uid capacitance
coefcients. The type curves were simulated by changing the parameter value of
xm and xv for an innite formation with closed top and closed bottom. The red
curves (curves r) represent xm = 0.94,xv = 0.05. The blue curves (curves s)
represent xm = 0.88,xv = 0.11. (For interpretation of the references to color in this
gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
285
system takes place rst. The curve of pressure derivative is V-
shaped, which is a reection of inter-porosity ow of vug to
fracture.
Regime VI: Inter-porosity ow regime of matrix system to frac-
ture system and vug system to matrix system. The pressure
derivative curve is also V-shaped. However this V-shaped curve
is controlled by two physical processes; one process is inter-
porosity ow of matrix system to fracture system, and the other
is inter-porosity ow of vug system to matrix system.
Regime VII: Late, or second, pseudo-radial ow regime (Fig. 6c).
Inter-porosity ows have already nished and the pressures
between matrix, fracture, and vug systems have gone up to a
state of dynamic balance. Different side external boundaries
Fig. 9. Wellbore pressure response type curves affected by kvf. The type curves were
simulated by changing the parameter value of kvf for an innite formation with
closed top and closed bottom. The red curves (curves r) represent kvf = 107. The
blue curves (curves s) represent kvf = 109. (For interpretation of the references
to color in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this
article.)
Fig. 10. Wellbore pressure response type curves affected by kmf. The type curves
were simulated by changing the parameter value of kmf for an innite formation
with closed top and closed bottom. The red curves (curves r) represent
kmf = 109. The blue curves (curves s) represent kmf = 1011. (For interpretation
of the references to color in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web
version of this article.)
286 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293
Fig. 11. Wellbore pressure response type curves for a big kmf and a big kvf. The type
curves were simulated using a set of xed parameters for an innite formation with
closed top and closed bottom.
yield different curve shapes (see curves r, s and t). For
innite formation, derivative curves converge to 0.5 line (the
logarithmic value of pressure derivative is 0.5) and slope of the
pressure derivative curves is zero. Pressure derivatives decrease
for a constant pressure boundary and tilt up for a closed bound-
ary. For a constant pressure boundary transient ow becomes
steady state ow. For a closed boundary transient ow becomes
pseudo-steady state ow, in which the type curves converge to
a straight line with unit slope (see curves t).
Type curve shapes in regimes III and IV are typical of uid ow
in porous media for horizontal well production. The shape and po-
sition of type curves are dominated by horizontal length (L), forma-
tion thickness (h), ratio of horizontal permeability to perpendicular
permeability (kh/kp), and relative location of horizontal wellbore in
formation (zwD).
Type curve shapes in regimes V and VI are typical of uid ow
in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir. The pressure derivative
curve is W-shaped owing to the occurrence of three inter-porosity
ows between matrix, fracture, and vug systems. Shape and
location of type curves are dominated by the permeability ratio
of fracture system to the sum of fracture and matrix systems (j),
inter-porosity ow factors (kvf, kmf and kvm), and uid capacitance
coefcients (xf, xm and xv).
4.1.2. Parameter inuence
Duan et al. (1998) and Hashemi et al. (2006) detail studies on
the inuences of the parameters L, h, kh/kp and zwD on type curves
for homogenous reservoirs. Inuences of the parameters L, h, kh/kp
and zwD on type curves for fractured-vuggy reservoir are omitted
here because they are similar to homogenous reservoirs.
The physical properties (permeability, inter-porosity ow
factor, and uid capacitance coefcient) of matrix, fracture, and
vug systems differ across reservoirs (Abdassah and Ershaghi,
1986; Mai and Kantzas, 2007), and each reservoir has a distinct
set of uid ow behaviors. The inuence of the physical properties
parameters (j, kvf, and xm) on type curves is discussed in the
following analysis.
Fig. 7 shows the type curves affected by parameter j. According
to the denition of j = kfh/(kfh + kmh), the range of j must be zero to
one, and if j is one, then the dual permeability model in a triple
porosity reservoir is equivalent to the single permeability model
in a triple porosity reservoir. A bigger j leads to an upward shift
in the dimensionless pressure curve and deeper V-shape on the
right of the dimensionless pressure derivative curve (see curves
s). The bigger j is, the faster pressure depletion occurs.
The uid capacitance coefcient of matrix system (xm) repre-
sents the relative capacity of uid stored in a matrix system. If
xm is large, there could be relatively more reserves in a matrix sys-
tem. The uid capacitance coefcient of vug system (xv) and the
uid capacitance coefcient of fracture system (xf) behave in the
same way. Type curves are certainly dominated by the three
parameters. According to the denitions of the three parameters
(see Appendix C), they are related such that xf + xm + xv = 1. To
have a convenient analysis and observation, one of the three
parameters has to be xed. When xf is xed as 0.01 and xm is
set as 0.94, xm is equal to 0.05. When xf is xed as 0.01 and xm
is set as 0.88, xm is equal to 0.11. Therefore if xf is xed, the
change in type curves with changes in xv and xm can be easily ob-
served. Fig. 8 shows the type curves characteristics that are af-
fected by xv and xm. As xv increases, the rst V-shape on the
left deepens (see curve s). As xm increases, the second V-shape
on the right deepens (see curve r).
The inter-porosity ow factor of vug system to fracture system
(kvf) represents the starting time of inter-porosity ow of the vug
system to the fracture system. The inter-porosity ow factor of ma-
trix system to fracture system (kmf) and inter-porosity ow factor
of vug system to matrix system (kvm) are dened in a similar man-
ner. Fig. 9 shows the type curve characteristics affected by kvf. As
kvf increases, start time of inter-porosity moves back (see curves
r). Derivative curve r (kvf = 107) shows that the rst V-
shape inuences lines with a slope of 0.5 in a linear ow regime
because the inter-porosity ow starts before the linear ow regime
has nished. Fig. 10 shows the type curves characteristics affected
by kmf. As kmf increases, start time of inter-porosity moves back
(see curves r). Derivative curve u (kmf = 109) shows that
the second V-shape inuences the rst V-shape. Fig. 11 shows
the type curves characteristics for a large kvf (kvf = 106) and a large
kmf (kmf = 107), the W-shape is extremely distorted. If inter-poros-
ity ow between three systems in a real fractured-vuggy reservoir
occurred too early, observations of linear ow regimes would be
handicapped.
4.2. Horizontal well constant wellbore pressure production
Fig. 12 shows the type curve characteristics associated with de-
cline rate response for a horizontal well production under different
external boundaries in a fractured-vuggy reservoir. The type curve
characteristics display the typical response pattern found in uid
ow for horizontal well production at constant wellbore pressure.
Flow regimes are also recognized by their distinct type curves.
For a constant pressure boundary on top or bottom, the curve
for a dimensionless rate integral derivative function goes down
early and swiftly (see curves u and v).
For a closed boundary on both top and bottom, an entire tran-
sient ow process is also clearly shown. The following are the ve
main ow regimes:
Regime I: Early, or rst, radial ow regime (Fig. 6a). Well rate
declines while the curves of dimensionless rate integral func-
tion and dimensionless rate integral derivative function are a
pair of parallel downward sloping lines, which is a stylized fact.
Regime II: Linear ow regime (Fig. 6b). The curves of dimen-
sionless rate integral function and dimensionless rate integral
derivative function are not parallel.
Regime III: Inter-porosity ow regime of vug system to fracture
system. The curve of dimensionless rate integral derivative
function is concave, which is a reection of vug inter-porosity
ow to fracture.
Regime IV: Inter-porosity ow regime of matrix system to frac-
ture system and vug system to matrix system. The curve of
 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293
Fig. 12. Decline rate response type curves for horizontal well production. The type
curves were simulated using a set of xed parameters. The type curves are
controlled by different external boundary conditions. All the full lines represent rate
curves and all the dashed lines represent rate derivative curves. The green curves
(curves r) represent an innite formation with closed top and closed bottom. The
red curves (curves s) represent a nite formation with constant pressure side,
closed top and closed bottom. The navy blue curves (curves t) represent a nite
formation with closed side, closed top and closed bottom. The blue curves (curves
u) represent an innite formation with closed top and constant pressure bottom.
The pink curves (curves v) represent an innite formation with constant pressure
top and constant pressure bottom. The rate curves (curves r, s and t) are
overlapped in Stages (IVI) for a formation with closed top and closed bottom, and
the rate derivative curves (curves r, s and t) do the same way. (For interpre-
tation of the references to color in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the
web version of this article.)
dimensionless rate integral derivative function is concave
owing to the concurrence of two inter-porosity ows.
Regime V: Late, or second, pseudo-radial ow regime (Fig. 6c).
Different external side boundaries yield different curve shapes
(see curves r, s and t). For an innite formation, curves
of dimensionless rate integral derivative function converge to a
downward sloping line. For a constant pressure boundary, the
curve of dimensionless rate integral derivative function goes
down and transient ow would ultimately become steady state
ow. For a closed boundary, type curves converge to a straight
line with unit slope (see curves t). The curves of dimension-
less rate integral function and dimensionless rate integral deriv-
Fig. 13. Buildup pressure curve with shutting-down time.
Table 2
Formation and well parameters.
h (m) L (m) rw (m) zw (m) Ue
37 860 0.1 18 0.061
h = formation thickness; L = horizontal wellbore length; rw = well radius; zw = the perpendicular distance of horizontal well from bottom; Ue = effective porosity; Ct = total
compressibility; l = oil viscosity; q = average oil rate before shutting-in; tp = production time before shutting-down.
287
ative function converge to a straight line with negative unit
slope and transient ow ultimately becomes pseudo-steady
state ow.
Inuences of all kinds of parameters (j,kvf, and xm) on type
curves can be determined by using these analysis methods.
5. Real case application
Well test analysis is the eye used to discern elusive ow
behaviors in an otherwise unobservable reservoir. Formation prop-
erty parameters can be estimated via well test interpretation
(Bourdet, 2002; Chaudhry, 2004). For the purposes of this study,
a pressure buildup test was performed on a well in a fractured-
vuggy carbonate reservoir; the testing time was June 823, 2010.
The curve of wellbore pressure (pws) and shutting-down time
(Dt) is shown in Fig. 13. Formation and well parameters are shown
in Table 2. After the well test was performed the resulting data was
interpreted.
The main interpretation procedures were as follows:
(1) Loglog pressure and pressure derivative curves of well test-
ing data were plotted (see curves r and s in Fig. 14).
(2) Transient pressure characteristics were identied and ana-
lyzed roughly based on Fig. 14. Two distorted concaves of
the pressure derivative curve were observed and the deriva-
tive curve did not have a standard W shape. The concave
curve should be the reection of the inter-porosity ows
among the fracture, matrix, and vug systems.
(3) The curves of well testing data were preliminarily matched
by the theoretical type curves of model. The basic methods
and formulations for calculating formation and well param-
Fig. 14. Preliminary match curves used to exhibit the procedures used for well test
interpretation. One procedure is plotting the loglog curves of well testing data, and
the other is preliminary tting of well testing data curves to the theoretical type
curves of model. The green curve (curve r) is the pressure data of well testing. The
blue curve (curve s) is the pressure derivative data of well testing. The red full
curve (curve t) is the pressure data of model. The red dashed curve (curve u) is the
pressure derivative data of model. (For interpretation of the references to color in
this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Ct (MPa1) l (MPa s) B q (m3/d) tp (h)
0.0014 1.58 1.24 81.23 4960
288 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293

Table 3
Well testing interpretation results.

Curve-tting procedure kf (103 lm2) km (103 lm2) Cs (m3/MPa) S kh/kp j

Preliminary tting 28.67 6.29 3.95 1.07 10.00 0.82
Improved tting 31.55 4.71 4.14 2.38 13.62 0.87
Fitting procedure xf xv xm kvf kmf kvm
Preliminary tting 0.01 0.05 0.94 1.11  109 1.05  1011 1.0  1012
Improved tting 0.008 0.14 0.852 8.43  107 3.62  108 1  108

eters were detailed in Bourdet (2002) and Chaudhry (2004). tem to fracture system, in which the pressure derivative curve is
The preliminary match interpretation results are shown in concave; (4) Regime IV, inter-porosity ow regime of matrix sys-
Table 3. tem to fracture system and vug system to matrix system, in which
(4) The curve-tting was improved by changing the parameter the pressure derivative curve is also concave; (5) Regime V, late, or
values related to the theoretical model. The matched curves second, pseudo-radial ow regime, in which the slope of pressure
of well testing interpretation are shown in Fig. 15. It can be derivative curve is zero. The linear ow regime is not observed be-
seen from Fig. 15 that a matching effect is desirable. Well cause there are early times of inter-porosity ows (kvf = 8.43 
testing interpretation results are shown in Table 3. 107 and kmf = 3.62  108) according to interpretation results.
Curve-tting is sensitive to model parameters. If a model
The uid capacitance coefcient of matrix system (xm) is 0.852, parameter value is not a real formation parameter value, or is
the uid capacitance coefcient of vug system (xv) is 0.14, while not approximate to a real formation parameter value, curve-tting
the uid capacitance coefcient of fracture system (xf) is 0.008; will not perform well. The inter-porosity ow factor of vug system
this implies that 85.2% and 14% of reserves are stored in matrix to fracture system (kvf) and the uid capacitance coefcients of ma-
system and vug system respectively. The matrix and vug systems trix and vug systems (xm and xv) were selected as examples to
provide the main oil accumulation space. The effective permeabil- show how model parameters inuence curve-tting. Fig. 16 shows
ity of matrix system (km) is 4.71  103 lm2 while the effective the sensitivity of curve t to kvf. Theoretical curves changed when
permeability of fracture system (kf) is 31.55  103 lm2, which im- kvf went from 8.43  107 in Fig. 15 to 5  107. As a result, the
plies the fracture system is the main ow passageway. Presently,
the effective permeability of vug system (kv) cannot be ascertained
by using an assumption of pseudo-state inter-porosity ow for vug
system in the well test model because the permeability of vug sys-
tem is considered in the inter-porosity ow factors of vug system
(kvf) and (kvm). The inter-porosity ow factors (kvf), (kmf), and
(kvm) are 8.43  107, 3.62  108, and 1  108, respectively,
which indicate that the time sequence of inter-porosity ow is in-
ter-porosity ow of vug system to fracture system, inter-porosity
ow of matrix system to fracture system, and inter-porosity ow
of vug system to matrix system. The wellbore storage coefcient
(Cs) is 4.14 m3/MPa, which means the oil volume in wellbore would
increase 4.14 m3 if wellbore pressure decreases by 1 MPa. The skin
factor (S) is 2.38, which indicates that there is some formation
damage near the wellbore; the formation damage could be re-
moved by using an acidizing operation.
According to the theoretical ow regimes reected in the type
Fig. 16. Match curves of well test interpretation used for the sensitivity analysis for
curves, ve ow regimes can been observed from Fig. 15: (1) Re-
inter-porosity ow factor of vug system to fracture system (kvf). kvf was changed
gime I, wellbore storage and skin effect regime; (2) Regime II, early, from 8.43  107 of Fig. 15 to 5  107, and the theoretical curves changed with kvf
or st, radial ow regime, in which the slope of pressure derivative accordingly. The t of the curve to the data form real testing was poor.
curve is zero; (3) Regime III, inter-porosity ow regime of vug sys-

Fig. 17. Well test interpretation match curves used for the sensitivity analysis for
Fig. 15. Improved match curves for well test interpretation. uid capacitance coefcients of matrix and vug systems (xm and xv).
 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293 289

!
rst concave of pressure derivative of real testing data was not @ 2 pm 1 @pm kmp @ 2 pm km kv
matched well. Fig. 17 shows the sensitivity of curve t to xm and  am p  pf av p  pm
@r2 r @r kmh @z2 kmh m kmh v
xv. The uid capacitance coefcient of fracture system xf was
xed as 0.008. Theoretical curves changed when xm went from l/m C mt @pm
A:2
0.852 in Fig. 15 to 0.942 and xv went from 0.14 in Fig. 15 to 3:6kmh @t
0.05. As a result, the two concaves of pressure derivative of real For vug system:
testing data were not matched well. Hence, Fig. 15 demonstrates
a curve that is a good t.
l/v C vt @pv
av kv pv  pm  av kv pv  pf A:3
In sum, the real curve characteristics of well testing show a tri- 3:6 @t
ple-porosity and dual-permeability ow behavior and interpreta- Initial condition:
tion results are credible.
pf jt0 pm jt0 pv jt0 pi A:4

6. Conclusions Well production condition at constant rate production:

" Z  #
zw e=2
1 @p @p
The dual permeability ow model for horizontal well produc- ~ lim lim
q kmh r m kfh r f dz
e!0 e!0 1:842  103 le zw e=2 @r @r
tion in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir was established and
solved, standard type curves were drawn up, and dual permeability A:5
ow behavior characteristics were theoretically analyzed. The fol- Z L=2
lowing conclusions can be drawn: ~dx
qB q A:6
L=2
(1) Vugs can be assumed to be dispersed in fractured-vuggy car-
bonate reservoir and the media directly connected with Z L=2 Z L=2

wellbore can be treated as the matrix and fracture systems. pw jr!0 pm r; tdx pf r; tdx A:7
L=2 L=2
Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs exhibit a triple poros-
Well production condition at constant wellbore pressure
ity and dual permeability ow behavior.
production:
(2) Type curves are dominated by inter-porosity ow factors,
external boundary conditions, and uid capacitance coef- lim pm lim pf pw A:8
r!r w r!r w
cients. Different parameters have different inuences on
type curves. " Z  #
zw e=2
(3) Seven ow regimes for modeling production of horizontal 1 @pm @pf
~ lim lim
q kmh r kfh r dz
wells at a constant rate can be recognized and ve ow e!0 e!0 1:842  103 le zw e=2 @r @r
regimes for modeling production of horizontal wells at a A:9
constant wellbore pressure can be recognized.
(4) Curves of pressure derivatives are usually W-shaped owing Z L=2
to the occurrence of three inter-porosity ows between qB ~dx
q A:10
L=2
matrix, fracture, and vug systems. The W-shape can be dis-
torted by an early time of inter-porosity ow. External boundary conditions for top are:
(5) Successful real data interpretation of well testing reveals the  
@pm  @pf 
model can be applied to real case studies. 0 closed A:11
@z zh @z zh

Acknowledgments
pm jzh pf jzh pi constant pressure A:12
External boundary conditions for bottom are:
This article was supported by the project of national rst-level  
discipline in Oil and Gas Engineering from Chinas central govern-
@pm  @pf 
0 closed A:13
ment for development of local colleges and universities. The @z z0 @z z0
authors would like to thank the support of SWPU (Southwest
Petroleum University). The authors would also like to thank the pm jz0 pf jz0 pi constant pressure A:14
reviewers and editors whose critical comments were very helpful External boundary conditions for side are:
in preparing this article. The authors would also like to thank the
freelance editor, Dr. Magdeline Laba from Cornell University, for limpm limpf pi infinite A:15
r!1 r!1
her careful revisions to the English.
pm jrre pf jrre pi constant pressure A:16
Appendix A. Mathematical model  
@pm  @pf 
0 closed A:17
Governing differential equations for horizontal well production @r rre @r rre
in a radial cylindrical system:
For fracture system: where pf,pm, and pv [MPa] are pressure of fracture, matrix, and vug,
! respectively; pw [MPa] is wellbore pressure; pi [MPa] is initial for-
@ 2 pf 1 @pf kfp @ 2 pf km kv mation pressure; r [m] is radial distance; rw [m] is real wellbore ra-
am p  pf av p  pf
@r 2 r @r kfh @z2 kfh m kfh v dius; re [m] is radial distance of side external boundary; z [m] is
perpendicular distance from bottom; zw [m] is perpendicular dis-
l/f C ft @pf
A:1 tance of horizontal well from bottom; e [m] is a variable in z direc-
3:6kfh @t
tion; t [h] is production time; kf,km, and kv [lm2] are permeability of
For matrix system: fracture, matrix, and vug, respectively; kfp and kmp[lm2] are per-
pendicular permeability of fracture and matrix, respectively; kfh
290 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293

and kmh [lm2] are horizontal permeability of fracture and matrix, @2p
fD 1 @ p fD 1 @2p
fD m1 m
2  2p
p  0 B:2
respectively; l [mPa s] is uid viscosity; /f, /m, and /v [fraction] 2
@r D r D @r D hD @z2D j fD j mD
are porosity of fracture, matrix, and vug, respectively; am and av
[m2] are geometric shape factor of matrix block and vug, respec-
@2p
mD 1 @ p mD 1 @2p
mD m2 m3
tively; Cft, Cmt, and Cmt [MPa1] are total compressibility of fracture, 2 fD
p mD 0
p
2
@r D r D @r D hD @zD
2 1  j 1  j
matrix, and vug, respectively; q [m3/d] is production rate from point
source; q [m3/d] is production rate of horizontal well at wellhead; B B:3
[dimensionless] is uid volume factor. !
Dimensionless denitions are shown in Appendix C. Main k2vf
dimensionless differential equations are as follows: m1  kmf  kvf  uxf e2S B:4
uxv kvf kvm
For fracture system:
! 
@ 2 pfD 1 @pfD 1 @ 2 pfD kvf kvm
j kmf e 2S
pmD  pfD m2 kmf e2S B:5
@r 2D rD @r D h2D @z2D uxv kvf kvm
@pfD !
kvf e2S pvD  pfD xf e2S A:18 k2vm
@t D m3  kvm  kmf  uxm e2S B:6
uxv kvf kvm
For matrix system:
! Using the method of separation of variables, the model can be
@ 2 pmD 1 @pmD 1 @ 2 pmD solved. Dimensionless pressures in Laplace space can be separated
1  j 2
2 2
 kmf e2S pmD  pfD
@r D r D @r D hD @z D by
@pmD fD Rf r D Z f zD
p B:7
kvm e2S pvD  pmD xm e2S A:19
@t D
For vug system: mD Rm rD Z m zD
p B:8
@pvD Substitute Eq. (B.7) into Eq. (B.2):
kvf e2S pvD  pfD  kvm e2S pvD  pmD xv e2S A:20 
@t D 1
2
hD R00f R0f  rRf =Rf Z 00f =Z f k B:9
Initial condition: rD
pfD jtD 0 pmD jtD 0 pvD jtD 0 0 A:21 where r must be the function related to m1, m2, m3 and j.

Well production condition for constant rate or constant well- 1 0

R00f R  nRf 0 B:10
bore pressure production: rD f
pfD jrD 1 pmD jrD 1 A:22 k
nr 2
B:11
For constant rate production: hD
 
@pfD @p
lim jrD 1  jrD mD 1 A:23 Z 00f kZ f 0 B:12
r D !0 @r D @r D
By the same method:
For constant wellbore pressure production:
1 0
lim jpfD 1  jpmD  1 A:24 R00m R  nRm 0 B:13
r D !0 rD m
where j [dimensionless] is permeability ratio of fracture system to
Z 00m kZ m 0 B:14
the sum of fracture and matrix systems; kmf [dimensionless] is in-
ter-porosity ow factor of matrix into fracture; kvf [dimensionless]
is inter-porosity ow factor of vug into fracture; kvm [dimension- B.2. Solutions in horizontal direction
less] is inter-porosity ow factor of vug into matrix; xf,xm, and
xv [dimensionless] are uid capacitance coefcient of fracture, ma- With no ow in the vertical z direction, Eqs. (B.2) and (B.3)
trix, and vug, respectively; S [dimensionless] is skin factor similar to would become:
vertical well; pfD,pmD, and pvD are dimensionless pressure of frac-
ture, matrix, and vug, respectively; rD is dimensionless radial @ 2 RfD 1 @RfD m1 m2
R R 0 B:15
distance; zD is dimensionless perpendicular distance; hD is dimen- @r 2D r D @r D j fD j mD
sionless formation thickness; tD is dimensionless production time.
@ 2 RmD 1 @RmD m2 m3
RfD RmD 0 B:16
@r 2D rD @r D 1  j 1  j
Appendix B. Solving the dimensionless mathematical model
The general solutions of Eqs. (B.15) and (B.16):
B.1. Separation of variables
p 
p 
Rf Af I0 rrD Bf K0 rrD B:17
By Eq. (4):
p 
p 
Rm Am I0 r r D B m K0 r r D B:18
fD kvm p
kvf p mD
vD
p B:1 For innite external boundary of side:
uxv kvf kvm
Substitute Eq. (B.1) into (2) and (3): Af Am 0 B:19
 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293 291

where Af, Am, Bf and Bm are undetermined coefcients; I0() = mod- 1 j 1  ja2
Bf;1  Bf;2 B:32
ied Bessel function of the rst kind, zero order; K0() = modied j 1  ja1 u j 1  ja1
Bessel function of the second kind, zero order.
For constant pressure boundary:
Because the modeling must have solutions, coefcients Bm and p  p  p 
Bf cannot = 0, so substitute Eqs. (B.17) and (B.18) into Eqs. (B.15) I0 n1 r eD Af;1 I0 n2 reD Af;2 K0 n1 r eD Bf;1
and (B.16): p 
K0 n2 r eD Bf;2 0 B:33

q
jm3 1  jm1   jm3 1  jm1 2  4j1  jm1 m3  m22
r B:20
2j1  j

p  p  p 
If the two roots of Eq. (B.20) are r1 and r2, the general solutions a1 I0 n1 r eD Af;1 a2 I0 n2 r eD Af;2 a1 K0 n1 r eD Bf;1
of Eqs. (B.15) and (B.16) are p 
p p p a2 K0 n2 r eD Bf;2 0 B:34
Rf Af;1 I0 r1 r D Af;2 I0 r2 r D Bf;1 K0 r1 r D
p
Bf;2 K0 r2 r D B:21 For closed boundary:
p p  p p  p p 
p p p n1 I1 n1 r eD Af;1 n2 I1 n2 r eD Af;2  n1 K1 n1 r eD Bf;1
Rm Am;1 I0 r1 rD Am;2 I0 r2 rD Bm;1 K0 r1 rD p p 
p
Bm;2 K0 r2 r D B:22  n2 K1 n2 r eD Bf;2 0 B:35

where Af,1, Af,2, Am,1, Am,2, Bf,1, Bf,2, Bm,1 and Bm,2 are undetermined p p  p p 
coefcients. a1 n 1 I1 n1 r eD Af;1 a2 n2 I1 n2 r eD Af;2
Substitute Eqs. (B.21) and (B.22) into Eq. (B.15): note, the model p p  p p 
 a1 n1 K1 n1 r eD Bf;1  a2 n2 K0 n2 r eD Bf;2 0 B:36
must have solutions for a xed rD in formation, Bessel functions
must not = 0, therefore, the following relationships can be derived: where I1() = modied Bessel function of the rst kind, rst order;
Am;1 a1 Af;1 ; Am;2 a2 Af;2 ; Bm;1 a1 Bf;1 ; Bm;2 a2 Bf;2 K1() = modied Bessel function of the second kind, rst order.
For constant pressure and closed boundary, there are four
B:23
equations and the four coefcients (Af,1, Af,2, Bf,1, Bf,2) which can
a1 jr1 m1 =m2 ; a2 jr2 m1 =m2 B:24 be easily calculated.

For horizontal wells, ow in vertical z direction must be consid- B.3. Solutions in vertical direction
ered with the general solutions of Eqs. (B.15) and (B.16) equaling:
p  p  p  The general solution of Eq. (B.12) is
Rf Af;1 I0 n1 r D Af;2 I0 n2 rD Bf;1 K0 n1 r D p  p 
p  Z f C cos kzD D sin kzD B:37
Bf;2 K0 n2 r D B:25
p  p 
Rm a1 Af;1 I0 n1 r D a2 Af;2 I0 n2 rD (1) Closed boundary for both top and bottom
p  p  Substitute Eq. (B.37) into Eqs. (8) and (10):
a1 Bf;1 K0 n1 rD a2 Bf;2 K0 n2 rD B:26
D 0; k kn np2 ; n 0; 1; 2 . . . B:38
k k p 
n1 r1 2
; n2 r2 2
B:27 where k is the eigenvalue of eigenfunction cos kzD .
hD hD
C is relevant to eigenvalue, eigenfunction, and the relative location
Now seek the solution to constant rate production: of horizontal wellbore zwD. In addition, C depends on the production
Substitute Eqs. (B.25) and (B.26) into the well production condi- manner of the horizontal well. For constant rate production, in the
tion Eqs. (5) and (6): innite acting pseudo-radial ow stage, pressure derivative curves
p p p must be radial ow zero slope. Eq. (B.39) completely satises the
1  a1 I0 n1 Af;1 1  a2 I0 n2 Af;2 1  a1 K0 n1 Bf;1 conditions.
p
1  a2 K0 n2 Bf;2 0 B:28 1 p 
C cos kn zwD ; kn np2 ; n 0; 1; 2 . . . B:39
2
1
j 1  ja1 Bf;1 j 1  ja2 Bf;2 B:29 So the solutions in vertical direction are
u p  p 
1
Substitute Eqs. (B.25) and (B.26) into the side external boundary Z fn cos kn zwD cos kn zD ; kn
2
conditions Eqs. (12)(14):
np2 ; n 0; 1; 2 . . . B:40
For innite boundary:
(2) Constant pressure boundary for both top and bottom
Af;1 Af;2 0 B:30
By the same method, the solutions in vertical direction are

p
1 1  a1 K0 n1
Bf;2
p
p B:31
u j 1  ja2 1  a1 K0 n1  j 1  ja1 1  a2 K0 n2
292 J.-C. Guo et al. / Journal of Hydrology 464465 (2012) 281293

1 p  p 
Z fn sin kn zwD sin kzD ; kn np2 ; n 0; 1; 2 . . . References
2
B:41 Abdassah, D., Ershaghi, I., 1986. Triple-porosity systems for representing naturally
fractured reservoirs. SPE 13409-PA.. SPE Formation Evaluat. 1 (2), 113127.
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