Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 10201025

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Minerals Engineering
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mineng

Production of high purity molybdenum compounds from a CuMo acid-washed

liquor using solvent extraction. Part 1: Laboratory studies
J.W. An a, Y.H. Lee a, S.J. Kim a, T. Tran b, S.O. Lee c, M.J. Kim a,*
a
Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
b
School of Chemical Science and Engineering, UNSW, Australia
c
Research Center, KC Corporation, Chonnam, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Solvent extraction, using Alamine 304-1 for loading (extraction) and ammonia for stripping, was used for
Received 17 June 2008 selectively recovering molybdenum from acid wash liquor produced by a Mo processing plant. The
Accepted 20 August 2008 results showed that the extraction could be completed in 3 stages, using Alamine 304-1 as the extractant
Available online 11 October 2008
(10%, v/v in Anysol 150 diluent), with almost all the Mo(VI) recovered from an acidic sulfate wash liquor,
containing 1015 g/L Mo(VI), 10 g/L Cu(II) and 2 g/L Fe(III), using an O/A volumetric ratio of 3:2. Using
Keywords: ammonia (12.5%, w/v), at an O/A ratio of 5:1, all the Mo(VI) from an Alamine liquor containing 17.5 g/L
Molybdenum
Mo could be removed in one strip, yielding a solution with 87.0 g/L Mo(VI). High purity (>99.9%) MoO3
Solvent extraction
High purity
and CaMoO4 were produced from this pure liquor via an intermediate hydrate precipitate (MoO3  H2O).
Precipitation The study also showed that understanding the stability and speciation of various soluble and solid Mo
species are essential for the development of an efcient recovery process.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Several treatment processes have been proposed for the recov-
ery of molybdenum from various primary and secondary sources.
The process generally employed is dependent on the type of mate-
rial requiring treatment and has been widely reviewed in the liter-
ature (Kholmogorov and Kononova, 2005; Gupta, 1992; Van den
Berg et al., 2002).
Molybdenum is primarily recovered from molybdenite (MoS2)
ores or concentrates. After roasting, or leaching using nitric acid
or nitrate/sulfuric acid (Valenzuela et al., 1995), technical-grade
molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is produced. Various high purity
Mo products, such as molybdenum trioxide (mono- or di-hydrate),
ammonium molybdate (di-, tetra- and hepta-molybdate), calcium
molybdate (CaMoO4) and sodium molybdate di-hydrate (Na2-
MoO4  2H2O), can be processed via solvent extraction and precip-
itation. Other pyro-and hydro-metallurgical processes, such as salt
roasting (Kar et al., 2005), carbothermic reduction (Kar, 2005), soda
ash oxidative leaching using Na2CO3/H2O2 (Park et al., 2006a,b)
and chlorination, etc., can also be used for treating other low grade
materials and spent hydro-rening catalysts. The recovery of
Mo(VI) ions from the leached solution is normally conducted using
ion exchange (Kononova et al., 2003; Kholmogorov et al., 2004),
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 62 530 1727; fax: +82 62 530 1729.
E-mail address: junkim@chonnam.ac.kr (M.J. Kim).
carbon adsorption (Junea et al., 1996; Kar et al., 2004; Park et al.,
2006b) or solvent extraction.
Several solvent families have been tested for the extraction of
Mo(VI). The most commonly used solvents are organic phosphoric
acids, such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) (Zheng
and Fan, 1986), tributyl phosphate, oxime and amines. Valenzuela
et al. (1995) used PC-88A, a non-specic alkyl phosphonic extract-
ant (at 0.4 mol/L in aliphatic diluent SCAID-100), to selectively
recover MoO2 4 ions (at >96% recovery) from a plant leach liquor at
pH 0.8, leaving other impurities behind, such as Fe(III), Cu(II) and
Re(VII). When the extraction of Mo(VI) was conducted at pH > 2.5,
more than 20% and 60% of the Cu(II) and Fe(III), respectively, were
co-extracted. The Mo-loaded organic was then stripped using
2.5 mol/L ammonium hydroxide, yielding a 3040 g/L molybdate
solution for subsequent MoO3 precipitation.
Iatsenko-Gerhardt et al. (2001) used 15% (v/v) di-isododecyl-
amine (DIDA) in kerosene to extract Mo from a 13.6 g/L Mo(VI)
solution produced from an oxidizing-roasted molybdenite concen-
trate, achieving >99% metal recovery in a two stage process, with
less than a total of 2% impurities co-extracted, such as Fe, Cu, Mn
and Mg, etc.
A mixture of D2EHPA and hydrogenated tetra propylene (HTP)
was used to extract Mo from a sulfate leaching solution produced
from the treatment of uranium ore (Brassier-Lecarne et al., 1997).
A (3070, v/v) D2EHPA-HTP solvent was able to selectively
extract 99% of the Mo, leaving other impurities behind, such as P,
V and Si.

0892-6875/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2008.08.011
 J.W. An et al. / Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 10201025
Saily et al. (1996) studied the solvent extraction of Mo from
solutions produced by leaching a low grade ore and spent NiMo
catalysts. Using cyanex 302 (mono-) and cyanex 301 (di-) sulfur
analogues of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphonic acid, it was
found that Mo(VI) could be selectively recovered in preference to
V(V), Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) over a wide range of solution
pH. The extractions of W(VI) and Fe(III) were partially selective
over a limited range, but require further separation by selective
stripping.
Zhang et al. (1996) used LIX63 (5, 8-diethyl-7 hydroxydode-
cane-6-oxime) diluted in Exxol D80 (up to 40%, v/v LIX63) to selec-
tively extract Mo(VI) and V(VI) from pH 1.5 sulfuric acid containing
also Al(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III). At pH higher than 4, all metals
are extracted into the organic phase. After extraction, V(VI) is
selectively stripped with 2M sulfuric acid, leaving Mo(VI) behind,
which can be subsequently recovered by ammonia stripping. This
technique was successfully applied for the recovery of Mo from
plant liquor produced from the leaching of a spent hydrodesulfuri-
zation catalyst.
A process for recovering Mo from a catalyst containing also Ni,
Co and Al was developed by Ivam Macedo et al. (2008) using acid
and tertiary amines for selective extraction of Mo. Earlier Alguacil
Priego et al. (2004) used a mixture of sulfuric acid and sodium ni-
trate to leach Mo and Cu from a molybdenite concentrate. LIX860
was then used to extract Cu using sulfuric acid whereas Mo was
recovered from the solvent by stripping with ammonium hydrox-
ide, which was further processed to high purity Mo products.
Most reported studies only deal with the selective extraction of
Mo (VI) from several other base metals, with the exception of
Cu(II). A preliminary evaluation of chelating solvents used for the
extraction of Mo(VI) showed that D2EHPA (PA88A), oxime (LIX
chemicals) and phosphonic acid (Cyanex chemicals) could extract
both Cu(II) and Mo(VI) into solution, unless the pH was controlled
during extraction. It was then decided to use an anion exchange
solvent to rst extract the Mo(VI), which exists predominantly as
MoO2 4 (as shown later in this paper), leaving behind cations, such
as Cu2+ and Fe3+.
Herein, the results of a study to evaluate a process for recover-
ing Mo(VI) from Mo(VI)Cu(II) sulfate liquors produced from the
acid washing stage in a Mo processing plant, from which the equi-
librium conditions for the extraction (loading) and stripping of
Mo(VI) were determined, and a solvent extraction stage circuit de-
signed. From the pure molybdate liquors, several high purity Mo
products were precipitated and evaluated.
2. Experimental
The MoO3 produced by roasting a MoS2 concentrate at Kwangy-
ang Metal Corp., Korea (KMC), generally contains 55% Mo, with
46% Cu as a major impurity. An acid washing step has to be incor-
porated into the plant system for the removal of Cu and other
metal ions, such as iron, but the dissolution step also dissolves
Mo, which then has to be recovered.
The washing was simulated in the laboratory by suspending
300 g of MoO3 product in 300 mL 13% sulfuric acid, which yielded
Table 1
The results of the ICP and AAS analyses of the acid-washed and ammonia stripped
liquors (mg/L)
Purities Fe K Na Mg Zn Ca Si Cu
Acid washed liquor 2223 335 350 778 604 748 4.4 9675
Ammonia stripped ND ND 45.8 ND ND ND 3.3 ND
liquor
ND: Non-detectable by ICP-MS.
1021
1012 g/L Mo(VI) and 1015 g/L Cu after 20 min. Other impurities
found in the wash liquors include Fe, K, Na, Mg, Zn, Ca, Si and As, as
shown in Table 1. The mass balance of Cu showed that as long as
the sulfuric acid concentration was set at >2% (v/v), almost all
the Cu could be removed, resulting in <0.1% Cu in the nal MoO3
product.
The characteristics of the extraction of Mo(VI) from the washed
acid liquor (A) were studied using shaking tests. The organic phase
(O) was 10% (v/v) Alamine 304-1 (from Cognis Corp., USA), diluted
in a commercial aromatic diluent (Samsung Total Anysol 150).
Various aliquots of A and O were used in a series of shaking tests
to represent mixtures of A/O with volume ratios from 1:5 to 10:5.
After shaking for 5 min, the mixtures were left to stand for 2 min
in a separating ask, where the two phases then separated. The
aqueous phase was then subjected to Mo and other chemical anal-
yses, using ICP-MS (Agilent, 7500CE) and Varian 250 AAS. Stripping
tests were conducted following similar procedures to the extrac-
tion using either ammonia or NaOH. The precipitation of MoO3
and other products was conducted in stirred beakers. XRD analyses
of these products were carried out using a D/MAS Ultima3 (Rigaku
Co. Japan) X-Ray diffractometer. All solvent extraction and precip-
itation tests were conducted at ambient temperature. All chemical
reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
3. Results and discussion
In a process used by KMC, the acid-washed liquor (23%, v/v
sulfuric acid) from the processing plant were assayed to contain
approximately 1015 g/L Mo(VI), 10 g/L Cu(II) and <2 g/L residual
Fe(III). The recovery scheme involved solvent extraction, using
10% (v/v) Alamine 304-1 diluted in Anysol 150, to selectively re-
move Mo(VI) from the wash liquor. The Cu(II) remaining in solu-
tion could then be recovered as 8590% Cu metal by cementation
using iron scraps or by standard solvent extraction (using oxime
chemicals) and electrolysis. The wastewater was then neutralized
to precipitate other residual metal ions, including Fe(III), before
re-use.
3.1. Solvent extraction of Mo(VI)
The extraction of Mo(VI) from the acid wash solution, using Ala-
mine 304-1, and its reverse process (stripping), using ammonia, is
represented by the following equations:
Loading of Mo onto Alamine 304-1 (represented as N3R):
N3 R H HSO4 ! N3 RH ---HSO4  1
2N3 RH ---HSO4  MoO2 2
4 ! 2N3 RH---MoO4 
2HSO4 2
Stripping using NH4OH:
2N3 RH ---MoO2 
4  2NH4 OH
! 2NH4 MoO2
4 H2 O 2N3 R 3
Note: the loading stage requires acid, which caused the pH of
the A phase to rise. Conversely, the stripping stage causes a net loss
of OH- (i.e. Caustic is required for stripping) and a drop in the pH.
The results of the Mo loading using 10% Alamine 304-1 are sum-
marized in Table 2, which show the equilibrium conditions for
both the aqueous and organic phases. From the chemical analyses
As of the aqueous samples, mass balance calculations were performed
144 to determine the concentration of Mo(VI) in the organic phase as
42.2 well as the loading efciency.
The McCabe-Thiele diagram used for designing the stages of the
solvent extraction plant is shown in Fig. 1, which indicates that
1022 J.W. An et al. / Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 10201025

Table 2 At O/A ratios >3:2, a loading efciency of >99.8% was observed,

Loading characteristics of Mo, A: aqueous phase, 2% (w/v) sulfuric acid wash liquor, O: as shown in Table 1.
10% (v/v) Alamine 304-1 in Anysol 150 diluent
The stripping of Mo(VI) from a loaded Alamine 304-1 organic
O/A Volumetric Mo (g/L), A Mo (g/L), O Loading solution was also evaluated using ammonia and NaOH. To prepare
ratio (from analysis) (by calculation) efciency (%) the loaded organic solution, 280 mL of an acid wash solution con-
Original sample 11.8 taining 10.9 g/L Mo(VI) was extracted with 170 mL 10% (v/v) Ala-
1:5 8.26 17.5 29.8 mine 304-1 solution. The resulting organic solution, with a
1:2 4.56 14.4 61.2
1:1 1.27 10.5 89.2
calculated Mo concentration of 17.5 g/L, was then used for the
1.5:1 0.02 7.83 99.8 stripping tests, and showed over 97% Mo transfer into the organic
2:1 0.02 5.87 99.9 phase.
3:1 0.009 3.92 99.9 Several stripping tests were conducted with various O/A ratios:
5:1 0.005 2.35 100
5:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10. At an O/A ratio of 5:1, the transfer of
10:1 0.004 1.18 100
Mo(VI) from the organic phase to the stripped solution was close
to 100%, which should yield an ammonium molybdate liquor of
87.0 g/L Mo(VI), leaving less than approximately 0.1 g/L Mo in
the organic phase. The use of higher O/A ratios would cause the
with a feed of 11 g/L, at an O/A volumetric ratio of 3:2 (represented solution pH to drop to the region where MoO3 would precipitate.
by the operating line shown in Fig. 1), three stages are required to Sodium hydroxide can not be used for effectively stripping the
transfer almost all the Mo(VI) from the acid wash liquor to the or- Mo(VI) from the organic phase due to the precipitation of sodium
ganic phase. The stage concentrations of Mo(VI) of each phase (A molybdate salt. Therefore, it is vital to understand the stability of
and O) are also recorded on the McCabe-Thiele diagram. The various Mo species, as the chemical speciation of different molyb-
Mo(VI) concentration of the loaded organic after 3 stages of loading date compounds dictates the pH range at which stripping should
from this diagram was estimated to be 17.5 g/L, showing a com- be conducted to yield a MoO2 4 (molybdate) solution free from pre-
plete transfer of Mo(VI) from the aqueous to the organic phase. cipitate. Therefore, the STABCAL program (Huang, 2007) was used

20
Lo
Loaded
a de dOrganic
Org a nic:17.5g/L
:17.5g /L C B
18
S
STAGE
TAGE 11
16 E
O1 :14.4g/L
:14.4g /L
14 S TAGE 22
STAGE
[Mo], O (g/L)

12

10
O/A=3/2=1.5
O/A=3/2=1.5
8
O2 :6.5g /L F
6
STAGE
S TAGE 33
4 ININEE
G LL
ING
R
R AT
2 OP
EE A2:4.4g/L
A2:4.4g /L A1:9.9g /L
A3 A
H
0 FEED
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11.8
[Mo], A (g/L)

Fig. 1. McCabe-Thiele diagram showing the equilibrium and operating lines for the loading of 11 g/L Mo(VI) into 10% (v/v) Alamine 304-1 in Anysol 150.

+2

+1
Mo O3 3
MoO
Eh (volts)

Mo O442-2-
MoO
0
Mo O22
MoO

-1
Mo
Mo

-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

pH

Fig. 2. Eh-pH and stability diagram for the Mo(0.1 M)NH4OH(0.5 M) system.
 J.W. An et al. / Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 10201025 1023

a - 1 1

- 2 Na22Mo
Na Mo2O2O
7 7
Mo O3 3
MoO
+

Mo (VI), log(mo l/L)

- 3 Na Mo2O2O
Na22Mo 7 7
MoOO4422--
Mo
- 4 Mo O3 3
MoO

- 5

- 6
HMoOO4-4-
HMo

- 7

- 8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

pH

b -1

Mo O3
-2
+
Ca Mo O4
-3
Mo (VI), log(mo l/L)

Mo O3
-4 Ca Mo O
CaMo O44

-5

-6
HMo O4-
HMoO
-7
Mo O42-
-8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH

Fig. 3. Stability diagrams for (a) Mo(0.1 M)Na(0.5 M) and (b) Mo(0.1 M)Ca(0.5 M), shaded area-solid (a) MoO3  H2O (b) MoO3  2H2O.

to determine the speciation of the various solution systems By neutralizing the molybdate liquor to pH < 5.5 using concen-
considered. trated nitric acid, according to the above diagram, MoO3 can be
formed. The predominant soluble specie in this system is
3.2. Mo(VI) speciation study MoO24 , at various distributions depending on the solution pH.

There are many ways to precipitate high purity Mo salts from 3.4. Na and CaMo systems
the molybdate solutions produced from solvent extraction. The
simplest method is to adjust the solution to pH 2 by the addition The stability diagrams for the Mo(0.1 M)Na(0.5 M) and
of concentrated nitric acid, as practiced in industry (Gupta, 1992; Mo(0.1M)Ca(0.5 M) systems are shown in Figs. 3a and b, respec-
Habashi, 1997) in the production of MoO3  2H2O, also commonly tively. In the presence of Na+ ions, Fig. 3a shows that for the Mo(VI)
referred to as molybdic acid (H2MoO4  H2O), with an expected pur- to be maintained as MoO2 4 in the aqueous solution, the pH has to
ity of >99.9%. be adjusted to >7.8 during stripping. The sodium molybdate solid
The stripping and precipitation processes applied to produce (Na2Mo2O7) was observed to precipitate when NaOH was used
high purity products, such as MoO3  2H2O, calcium molybdate, Ca- for the stripping, making the recovery process difcult to handle.
MoO4 and sodium molybdate; Na2Mo2O7, were modeled herein
using STABCAL. Using these predictions, the optimum conditions
for these processes could be selected. Table 3
Chemical analysis by ICP-MS, showing the composition of the Mo oxide monohydrate
(MoO3  H2O) intermediate product
3.3. Mo-NH3 system
Mo As Al Fe K Na Si S
170 ppm ND ND ND ND 20 ppm ND
The Eh-pH and stability diagrams for the Mo(0.1M)NH3(0.5 M)
system, as shown in Fig. 2, respectively, conrmed that using 0.5 M 66.62% W Mg Zn Ca Re Pb P
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ammonia to strip the Mo(VI) from the organic phase, a molybdate
MoO2
4 solution could be easily obtained at pH > 6.0.
ND: non-detectable by ICP-MS.
1024 J.W. An et al. / Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 10201025

T (c) It is possible to produce calcium molybdate from a MoO2 4 solu-

tion, as shown in Fig. 3b. High purity CaMoO4 is stable over a wide
pH range, as shown, as long as the pH is maintained above 2.2. Dur-
Extrapol. Peak 219.52 c ing the test work, it was also observed that any residual sulfate car-
Peak Value - 3.26 c
2 ried over from the acid washing stage would contaminate the
Peak 219.50 c
product due to the formation of calcium sulfate.

3.5. Product characterization and purity

4
From the speciation modeling, it was evident that high purity
SDTA MoO 3.H2 O
Extrapol . Peak 327.88 c products, such as calcium molybdate, can be produced from inter-
Peak Value - 4.76 c mediate MoO3  H2O or MoO3  2H2O precipitated from a high pur-
MoO 3.H2O, 14.6973 mg
Peak 326.83 c
6 ity molybdate solution. As an example, a typical Mo intermediate
product yielded from this study was >99.9% pure, with minor As
100 200 300 400 500 c
and Si impurities at 170 and 20 ppm, respectively. Other potential
(a) MoO3.H2O impurities were below limits of detection of the ICP, as listed in
Table 3.
T (c) To achieve this, a precursor MoO3  H2O (conrmed by using
Differential Thermal Analysis, as shown in Fig. 4a) was produced
by precipitation using HCl, which was subsequently calcined at
450 C to produce highly pure MoO3. When nitric acid was used
Extrapol. Peak 248.92 c Extrapol. Peak 415.47 c as the neutralizing agent, MoO3  2H2O was produced, which re-
2 - 3.76 c Peak Value
Peak Value - 3.12 c quired a slightly higher dehydration temperature, as shown in
Peak 247.83 c Peak 415.67 c
Fig. 4b. The XRD pattern of the nal roasted product, as shown in
Fig. 5, conrmed the MoO3 crystal structure of the material pro-
duced by this method.
4
Extrapol. Peak 330.87 c The production of high purity calcium molybdate CaMoO4 re-
Peak Value - 4.10 c quires the addition of CaCl2 to a pure molybdate solution, which
SDTA MoO .2H O Peak 329.83 c was prepared by dissolving the MoO3  H2O precursor into a non-
3 2
MoO .2H O, 14.3253 mg
3 2 sulfate medium. The presence of sulfate ions would cause the pre-
6
cipitation of calcium sulfate, which contaminates the nal calcium
100 200 300 400 500 c
molybdate product. This means that high purity calcium molyb-
(b) MoO3.2H2O date CaMoO4 can only be produced by dissolving high purity
MoO3  H2O into a non-sulfate medium, such as NH4OH, followed
Fig. 4. DTA pattern of the precipitated MoO3  H2O recovered using (a) HCl and by precipitation with Ca2+ ions from CaCl2, of which crystallinity
MoO3  2H2O using (b) HNO3.
was conrmed as shown in Fig. 6.
The results indicate that MoO3  H2O could initially be pro-
duced as a precursor prior to the formation of other high purity

3000
Product

2000

1000
Intensity (CPS)

Standard peaks

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2 theta (degree)

Fig. 5. XRD analysis of MoO3 calcined at 450 C for 3 h.

 J.W. An et al. / Minerals Engineering 22 (2009) 10201025
1600
800
Intensity (CPS)
10 15 20 25
Fig. 6. X-ray diffraction analysis of the CaMoO4 produced.
molybdenum products. The use of ammonia for stripping was
essential, as the Mo stripped was in a soluble form MoO2
4 , which
was stable over a wide pH range.
4. Conclusions
Solvent extraction, based on Alamine 304-1 (10%, v/v), was used
to selectively extract Mo(VI) from an acid wash liquor containing
1015 g/L Mo(VI), 12 g/L Cu(II) and 2 g/L Fe(III). One-stage strip-
ping of a loaded organic could be performed using ammonia
(12.5%, w/v) for the complete transfer of the Mo(VI) to the aqueous
phase, which would yield a high purity molybdate solution, where
high purity (>99.9%) MoO3  H2O precursor could be precipitated by
adjusting the pH to 2 by the addition of HCl. From this precursor,
high purity MoO3 could be produced by calcination. Alternatively,
high purity CaMoO4 could be produced by rst dissolving the
MoO3  H2O precursor in ammonia, followed by precipitation using
calcium chloride.
Acknowledgement
Assistance from KEMCO (Korea Energy Management Corpora-
tion) for this research was greatly appreciated.
References
Alguacil Priego, F.J., Alonso Gamez, M. Adeva Ramos, P., 2004, Hydrometallurgical
procedure for dissolution and separation of molybdenum and other metals from
molybdenite concentrates (Procedimiento hidrometalrgico para la disolucin
y separacion de molibdeno y otros matales de concentrados de molibdenita),
CODEN: SPXXAD ES 2211316 A120040701, Patent written in Spanish.
Brassier-Lecarne, C., Baron, P., Chevalier, J.L., Madic, C., 1997. Acidic
organophosphorus solvent extraction process for the purication of Mo in
tailings from uranium ore treatment. Hydrometallurgy, 5767.
Gupta, C.K., 1992. Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum. CRC Press, Florida. ISBN 0-
8493-4758-0.
Habashi, F., 1997. Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy Molybdenum, vol. III. VCH
Wiley, Germany. pp. 13611402, chapter 27.
1025
Product
St
Standard peaks
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
2 theta (degree)
Huang, H.H., 2007. STABCAL: Software Package for Chemical Speciation Modelling,
Montana Tech, USA <http://hhuang@mtech.edu>.
Iatsenko-Gerhardt, N., Palant, A.A., Petrova, V.A., Tagirov, R.K., 2001. Solvent
extraction of molybdenum(VI), tungsten(VI) and rhenium(VII) by di-
isododecylamine from leach liquors. Hydrometallurgy 60, 15.
IvamMacedo, V., Jr., Jssica, F.P., Julio, C.A., in press. Hydrometallurgical route to
recover molybdenum, nickel, cobalt and aluminum from spent hydrotreating
catalysts in sulphuric acid medium, J. Hazard. Mater.
Junea, J.M., Singh, S., Bose, D.K., 1996. Investigations on the extraction of
molybdenum and rhenium values from low grade Mo concentrate.
Hydrometallurgy 41, 201209.
Kar, B.B., 2005. Carbothermic reduction of hydro-rening spent catalyst to extract
molybdenum. Int. J. Min. Process 75, 249253.
Kar, B.B., Datta, P., Misra, V.N., 2004. Spent catalyst: secondary sources for
molybdenum recovery. Hydrometallurgy 72, 8792.
Kar, B.B., Murphy, B.V.R., Misra, V.N., 2005. Extraction of molybdenum from spent
catalyst by salt-roasting. Int. J. Miner. Process 76, 143147.
Kholmogorov, A.G., Kononova, O.N., 2005. Processing mineral raw materials in
Siberia: ores of molybdenum, tungsten, lead and gold. Hydrometallurgy 76, 37
54.
Kholmogorov, A.G., Kononova, O.N., Panchenco, O.N., 2004. A review of the use of
ion exchange for molybdenum recovery in Russia. Can. Metallur. Quarter. 43,
297304.
Kononova, O.N., Kholmogorov, A.G., Kachin, S.V., Kalyakina, O.P., Sadovkaya, E.V.,
2003. Ion exchange recovery of Mo from nitric acid solutions using
macroporous anion exchangers with long-chained cross-linking agents.
Hydrometallurgy 68, 8387.
Park, K.H., Reddy, B.R., Mohapatra, D., Nam, C.W., 2006a. Hydrometallurgical
processing and recovery of molybdenum trioxide from spent catalyst. Int. J.
Miner. Process 80, 261265.
Park, K.H., Mohapatra, D., Reddy, B.R., 2006b. Selective recovery of Mo from spent
HDS catalyst using oxidative soda ash leach/carbon adsorption method. J.
Hazard. Mater. B138, 311316.
Saily, A., Khurana, U., Yadav, S.K., Yandon, S.N., 1996. Thiophosphonic acids as
selective extractants for molybdenum recovery from a low grade ore and spent
catalysts. Hydrometallurgy 41, 99105.
Valenzuela, F.R., Andrade, J.P., Sapag, J., Tapia, C., Basualto, C., 1995. The solvent
extraction separation of molybdenum and copper from acid leach residual
solution of Chilean molybdenite concentrate. Miner. Eng. 8, 893904.
Van den Berg, J.A.M., Yang, Y., Nauta, H.H.K., van Sandwijk, Reuter, M.A., 2002.
Comprehensive processing of low grade suldic molybdenum ores. Miner. Eng.
15, 879883.
Zhang, P.W., Inour, K., Yoshizuka, K., Tsuyama, H., 1996. Extraction and selective
stripping of molybdenum (VI) and vanadium (IV) from sulfuric acid solution
containing aluminum (III), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and iron (III) by LIX63 in Exxsol
D80. Hydrometallurgy 41, 4553.
Zheng, Q., Fan, H., 1986. Separation of molybdenum from tungsten by di-2-
ethylhexyl phosphoric acid extractant. Hydrometallurgy 16 (3), 263270.