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Ayer, A.J. (1971), Language, Truth and Logic, Harmondsworth: Penguin. E: ,


, . . -, : , 1994.
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420-468, vol.4, no.1, 1-40
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Language A.J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism, Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, . 60-81.
Carnap, Rudolf. (1967), The Logical Structure of the World, Berkeley: The University of
California Press.
Feigl, Herbert. (1970), The Orthodox View of Scientific Theories: Remarks in Defence as
well as a Critique M.Radner S. Winokur (eds), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy
of Science, vol. IV, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, . 3-16
Friedman, Michael. (1991), The Re-Evaluation of Logical Positivism, The Journal of
Philosophy, vol. LXXXVIII, no. 10, 505-523.
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Hempel, Carl. (1965) Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of
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Principles of Morals, L.A. Selby -Bigge (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press
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.

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Losee, John. (1980), An Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford: Oxford
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Carnap.

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Philosophers, La Salle: Open Court
K.
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.

. .
(correspondence rules-Carnap)
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Bridgman), (bridge principles-Hempel),
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4.1.2


. Popper
Bacon


.
, (theory-ladenness of
observation), Hanson ( 1958) Patterns of
Discovery ( ). ,
,
,
, . Hanson
Wittgenstein, Kant,
(
) .

. Hanson Gestalt
1920.
,
.

Hanson Gestalt
. ,
- (. 4.2) - (. 4.3),
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. , Brahe,
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, .

. ,
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.
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.

Brahe Kepler
, , . ,
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theorie physique ( )
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,
. (Hanson 1958, . 16-17)

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.
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.

. ,
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Hanson Polanyi ()
Thomas Kuhn ( ) Paul Feyerabend (
). , , .
,
;
,
, ;
.

4.1.2 :

Hanson
.
4.2 O Thomas Kuhn

T.S. Kuhn

.
Kuhn
.

Kuhn

Kuhn
.

, , , , ,
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Karl Popper. T
.
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3 , ,
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6 -


Thomas Kuhn ( ) ,
1962,
, , ,
.

. N.R. Hanson ()
(1958), M. Polanyi () (1958), S. Toulmin () (1961)
Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism (, ) Paul
Feyerabend () (1962), ,
Karl Popper ()
. , Kuhn,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
Kuhn .


: ,

, ,
,
, ,
.

Thomas Kuhn,
5, 6

. ,
,
, Kuhn (paradigm).

4.2.1


, ,
.
,
(Almagest) ,
Principia ,
, (Kuhn 1981, . 73).
Kuhn
(Kuhn 1990)
25 (Kuhn 1970, . 181).


, ,
, ,
. .

5
, (1957),
.
6
Kuhn ,
(, 1997).

.
(disciplinary matrix)
(exemplar) Kuhn (Postscript)7

. . , ,
(theory), (lexicon),
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(conceptual scheme).

.
(.., F=m.a),
, , , (.,
), (..,
), (..,
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, , ,
(1981, . 107-110 1970, . 186-187).

,
,
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Kuhn
. , .
.

, ,

7
Postscript (1970)
.
. ,
,
.


4.2.1 :

Kuhn
.

4.2.2

,
,
Kuhn (normal science).

, (puzzles).
, ,
,

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.
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,
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.
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8
Kuhn .
Vii .


. ,
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.


4.2.3 :

4.2.4

, Kuhn :

1. ,
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.
2. , ,
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3. .
Kuhn (revolution).
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.

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( , . 159)

, Kuhn, Herbert Butterfield ()


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,

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4.2.4 :

, Kuhn,
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4.2.5

Kuhn () ,
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( , . 180).
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9. Kuhn ,
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, ,
.

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, , ( , . 53).

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Kuhn Gestalt
. Gestalt
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.

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,

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4.2.6 -


Kuhn,

. Kuhn .

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.

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, (Kuhn, 1992, p 14).
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(1981, . 49-250).
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11
whig history , . Herbert
Butterfield The Whig Interpretation of History (1931, New York: 1965). O Butterfield
Whigs
,
.

4.2.6 Kuhn

1. ;
2. ;
3. Kuhn
;
4.
;
5.
;
6. , Kuhn,
;
7. Kuhn
;

1.
.

.
.
2.

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,
.
. 132 .
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.

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,

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. Kuhn, ,
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5. . . 140-141 .
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,
. ,
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.
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.
. ,
, . To
Kuhn

. , Kuhn

.
4.3 Paul Feyerabend

Paul Feyerabend ,
Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism (,
) Against Method ( ).

Feyerabend

Feyerabend

Feyerabend

, , , ,
, , ,

Paul Feyerabend
. , Kuhn ,

. Kuhn,
Popper , Feyerabend
,
.

4.3.1 -
4.3.2
4.3.3

Paul Feyerabend , , , ,
, , , , (1985, . 127).
Popper , Wittgenstein

. , ,

60 70.
12,
, ,
-.

,
. (1995)
.
Feyerabend The New York Times Anti-science philosopher
dies ( ).

12
: 20
.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
,
. , Kuhn, o Feyerabend
60.

,

.

Thomas Kuhn Paul Feyerabend


. :
- ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
. , ,
(Huene 1995, et al: 1997)
,
. O
Kuhn

, Feyerabend

,
.

4.3.1 A -

O Feyerabend, Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism,


Kuhn,
.
, ,
( ..
) , , ,

. (
Ernest Nagel ( ), 1949),
(.. Hempel Oppenheim, 1948). ,
( )
( ),
, .

.

o Feyerabend
,
. ,
, ,
(impetus) (momentum),
,


. , ,
. (
), (rules of usage),
,
.

.
(Feyerabend 1962, . 82).

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(contextual theory of meaning),
.
, ,
,
.
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,
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] (Feyerabend 1981, . x). Feyerabend

-.
(pragmatic theory of observation)

, ,
(Feyerabend
1962, . 36). ,
.
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. , ,
- .
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),
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.
(underdetermination thesis)
. , Feyerabend, : ,
,

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.

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.

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.
,

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.

(Feyerabend 1962, . 50).
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,
( , . 30). , Feyerabend,


(Preston 1997, . 126)
(Feyerabend 1962, . 66)13,
.
,
, ad hoc ,
. ,
Feyerabend, ,
, ,
.

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, .
Feyerabend :

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,

, ,
(Feyerabend 1981, . 107).

,
Feyerabend,
, ,

( , .
105).
.

13
.
Feyerabend ,
(relational) Berkeley
(), Huygens (), Leibniz () Mach () (. 6.3).
.




, , .


,
a fortiori (Feyerabend 1962, .
71).
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,

.

,
.
Kuhn. Kuhn
Feyerabend
. Kuhn, , ,
, .
, ,
.
Kuhn :
. ,
Feyerabend.
Feyerabend
. ,
. Feyerabend

. , Feyerabend,
, ..
(Feyerabend 1978, . 279).
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, , .
,
Feyerabend.


4.3.1 , Feyerabend,

4.3.2

,
, Feyerabend
.
,
,
,
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,

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78) .
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,

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.
[ ]
, Einstein ( , . 49). O Feyerabend
Einstein :
(anything goes). ad hoc ,
, , , , , ,
( , . 103, 223-224).
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,
.

. , , ,
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, ( , . 223).
,
( , . 68),
,
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Feyerabend .
Feyerabend , , , ,
,
,
( , . 211). ,
.
, , .


. ()

( , ,
.) ( , . 64).

14
Feyerabend uhn
.
Feyerabend
.
Kuhn. Kuhn
, ,
. Feyerabend
, ,
. Feyerabend
. .


4.3.2 :

Feyerabend,
.

4.3.3

Feyerabend, :
, , ,
, ,
. Feyerabend
. , ,
.
, ,
( , , ).
, Feyerabend,
, ,
( , . 362). ,
( , . 76).

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.

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( , . 358).
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.
.

-extra scientiam nula


salus- .

,
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.

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.
.
.

15

.

4.3.3 :

Feyerabend
.

1. Popper Feyerabend;
2. Kuhn Feyerabend;
3.
.
4. ;

1. Popper Feyerabend
. Popper
, Feyerabend
.

,
.
2. , ,

.


.
3. . 158-159 .
4.

.

.




. Kuhn Feyerabend
, .


4.1.1:
. ().
, , ,
.
.

4.1.2: . Hanson , , ,

.

4.2.1: . , Kuhn, ,
, ,
. ,
( ,
)
. , , Kuhn,
.

4.2.3: . Kuhn,
.
.
.

4.2.4: . ,
.

4.2.5: (). Kuhn


,
.

4.2.6: (). Kuhn,



. ,
Kuhn .

4.3.1: (). Feyerabend


.

4.3.2: . Feyerabend ,
.

4.3.3: . Feyerabend
.

.

, ., , ., , ., (1997), Thomas S. Kuhn:


, 6 , . 73-143.
Feigl, Herbert. (1970), The Orthodox View of Theories Michael Radner Stephen
Winokur (eds), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. IV, Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, . 3-16
Feyerabend, Paul. (1962), Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism, H. Feigl G.
Maxwell (eds), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. III, Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, . 28-97
Feyerabend, Paul. (1978), Against Method, London: Verso. : ,
. . , . , : , 1983.
Feyerabend, Paul. (1981), Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method: Philosophical Papers,
vol. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Feyerabend, Paul. (1985), , 38, 117-135
Feyerabend, Paul. (1995), Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend, Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press. : , M. . ,
: , 1997
Hanson, N.R. (1958), Patterns of Discovery, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Hempel, C. G. and Oppenheim, P. (1948), Studies in the Logic of Explanation, Philosophy
of Science, vol. 15, 135-175
Hoyningen-Huene, Paul. (1995), Two Letters of Paul Feyerabend to Thomas S. Kuhn on a
Draft of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Studies in the History and Philosophy of
Science, Vol. 26, No 3, 353-387
Kuhn, T.S. (1957), The Copernican Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kuhn, T.S. (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press; 2nd ed.(1970) Enlarged. : ,
. . , . , : , 1981
Kuhn, T.S. (1970), Logic of Scientific Discovery or Psychology of Research I. Lakatos
and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Kuhn, T.S. (1990), The Road Since Structure, Philosophy of Science Association, Vol. 2,
. 3-13
Kuhn, T. S. (1992), The Trouble with the Historical Philosophy of Science. Robert and
Maurine Rothchild Distinguished Lecture, 19 November 1991. Cambridge: An Occasional
Publication of the Department of the History of Science, Harvard University
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(ed.), Science and Civilization, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
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Toulmin, S. (1961), Foresight and Understanding, New York: Harper and Row


Gutting, G. (ed.) (1980), Paradigms and Revolutions. Applications and Appraisals of Thomas
Kuhns Philosophy of Science, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press
T.S. Kuhn.
Hacking, I. (ed.) (1981), Scientific Revolutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press

.
Horwich, P. (ed.) (1993), World Changes. Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science, Boston:
MIT Press
T.S. Kuhn .
Hoyningen-Huene, P. (1993), Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions. Thomas Kuhns
Philosophy of Science, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
T.S. Kuhn.
, . (1993), Kuhn Wittgenstein, :
T.S. Kuhn L. Wittgenstein.
:

: ,
.
.

: Kuhn
. Kuhn, , , ,

.

:
.
,
.

: .
, .

: Feyerabend

.

: Kuhn
,

.

: Feyerabend
, ,
.

:

.
:
, ,
.

:
, .
.

: .
,
.

:
.

: ., .

: Kuhn
,

.

:
.

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