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ME3322C Thermodynamics
Summer 2017
Lecture 12 for June 22 Thursday

This is for Part II of June 22 video recorded lecture.

Steady state two-ports

Adiabatic, isentropic, or isenthalpic processes (already covered on June 20)
Polytrophic processes for an ideal gas (already covered on June 20)
Isentropic efficiencies & examples

Entropy Balance for a Control Volume

(Eq. 6.34)

For a one-inlet, one-exit control volume at steady state,

with one boundary temperature, it reduces to

Q
0 m( s1 s2 ) cv
Tb

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Q
Steady State: 0 m( s1 s2 ) cv
Tb
Isentropic Processes:
Q
s2 s1 and 0 cv
Tb
Adiabatic Processes
Q0 and 0 m( s1 s2 ) cv
Reversible Processes:
Q
0 m( s1 s2 ) and cv 0
Tb
Any combination of two of them will lead to the third one. This applies for
both closed system and open system. For an open system, 1&2 means inlet
and outlet; for a closed system, 1&2 means initial and final states.

Isentropic Process for Ideal Gases

Express entropy in terms of T and p, and using
Table (without assuming constant specific heat):
p
s2 s1 s(T2 ) s(T1 ) R ln 2 0
p1
p2 s(T2 ) s(T1 ) exp s(T2 ) / R
exp exp s(T ) / R
p1 R 1
- If we know three our of the four parameters (T1, T2, p1, and p2),
we can find the fourth one.
- One may use the relative pressure pr to facilitating calculations;
see Eq. (6.41).
p2 exp s(T2 ) / R pr (T2 )

p1 exp s(T1 ) / R pr (T1 )

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Isentropic Process for Ideal Gases

Express entropy in terms of T and p, and assuming constant specific heats:

T p
s2 s1 c p ln 2 R ln 2 0
T1 p1
c p cv R ; c p / cv k
cv R / (k 1) ; c p kR / (k 1)
k /( k 1) ( k 1)/ k
p2 T2 T2 p2
or
p1 T1 T1 p1

Other Expressions
Express entropy in terms of T and v, and assuming constant specific heat:

T v
s2 s1 cv ln 2 R ln 2 0
T1 v1
1/( k 1) k 1
v2 T2 T2 v2
or
v1 T1 T1 v1

It can be shown using p1v1 RT1 and p2v2 RT2 that

k
p2 v1
or pv k const.
p1 v2
Already discussed last class.

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P-v and T-s diagrams for ideal gases

This was discussed last class. A quick recap.

6.12 Isentropic Efficiency

Four adiabatic two-port devices are considered
Turbine (reduce pressure and enthalpy to produce work)
Nozzle (reduce pressure and enthalpy to increase KE)
Pump and compressor (use work to increase the pressure and
enthalpy)

Under the same inlet conditions (1) and exit pressure (p2) , reversible
process would have a better performance (e.g., producing more power
for a turbine or more KE for a nozzle; consuming less power or work
for a pump or compressor).

Since it is adiabatic, entropy does not change in a reversible process.

With the same exit pressure (p2s = p2) as in the real process and the
entropy of the reversible process equal to that of the inlet (s2s = s1) ,
we can determine the exit state for the isentropic process (2s)

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Turbine (neglect KE, PE effect)

1 2

W cv
h1 h2
m

cv
s2 s1 0
m The isentropic turbine efficiency:
W cv

m h1 h2s
s

Nozzle (neglect PE effect)

V22 V2
h1 h2 1
2 2

cv The isentropic nozzle efficiency:

s2 s1 0
m
V22s / 2
nozzle
V22s V2 V22 / 2
h1 h2 s 1
2 2

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Compressor (neglect KE, PE effect)

1 2

Wcv
h2 h1
m
cv
s2 s1 0 The isentropic compressor efficiency:
m

Wcv
h2 s h1
m s

The work input is the smallest in a reversible process, under the

same inlet conditions and outlet pressure for adiabatic processes.

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Pump (neglect KE, PE effect)

1
2

Wcv
Wcv
h2 h1
m
cv
s2 s1 0 The isentropic pump efficiency:
m
Wcv (Wcv / m) s h2 s h1
p
h2 s h1 (Wcv / m) h2 h1
m s

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Pump Example (neglect KE, PE effect)

1 2

Wcv
Water at 25C enters an adiabatic pump at pressure 100 kPa and exits at 1
MPa. Give the efficiency of the pump is 85%, determine the exit temperature
of water. Assuming the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and independent of the
temperature and pressure, i.e., incompressible liquid model. Given the specific
heat of water is a constant cw 4.18 kJ/kg-K .
ANALYSIS: We do not need to use table to find the property change of water.

To be discussed on board.

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We will use projector and board to discuss this example.

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Internally Reversible Flow System

W cv Q V 2 V22
cv h1 h2 1 g z z
m int m int 1 2
2
rev rev

Wcv
1 TdS h1 h2
2
(A)
m int
rev

Using the Tds equation, which is a property relationship:

Tds dh vdp dh Tds vdp
2 2
h2 h1 Tds vdp (B)
1 1

Combining (A) and (B), we have Wcv 2

1 vdp (C)
m int
rev

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Internally Reversible Process

Steady-State Flow Processes
W cv
Wcv 2
m vdp
1 2 m 1

Q cv

Qcv 2
Tds
m 1

System will produce work when

its pressure is reduced. Work is
needed to provide to the system
to increase its pressure.

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Polytropic Processes
(1) pv const p1v1

Wcv 2 2 dp p
vdp p1v1 p1v1 ln 2
m 1 1 p
p1
1

(2) pv const
n
v const p n

Wcv 2 1 n
p2v2 p1v1 , n 1
2
vdp const p n dp
m 1 1 n 1

What if we have an ideal gas in a polytropic process?

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Test #4
Test#4 on June 27 (Tuesday) will not cover HW#6 due June 28.

Test#4 will focus on Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 up to and

including 6.7 (closed system analysis). The entropy concept
and entropy analysis for closed system.

Allow 5-page crib sheets and a calculator. Closed book.

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