Professional Documents
Culture Documents
8I Heating and
Cooling
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Contents
Radiation
Summary activities
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What is heat?
Heat is a type of energy.
Heat is the name for the type of kinetic energy possessed
by particles.
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What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
(It is not the total amount of energy contained in the object.)
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Heat transfer
The correct phrase for heat transfer is thermal transfer.
HOT COLD
Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.
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The particle model
The differences between solids, liquids and gases can be
explained by the particle model:
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Temperature and energy
What happens to the gas as the temperature increases?
Would this be the same for solids and liquids?
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Contents
Radiation
Summary activities
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Conduction experiment
Conduction of heat in different materials can be investigated
in an experiment.
Apparatus: 8 cm strip of copper
8 cm piece of wood
Bunsen burner
stopwatch
blob of wax
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Conduction experiment
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Conduction in metals
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Conduction compare a metal and a non-metal
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Conduction in liquids
Metals are good conductors of heat and non-metals are
poor conductors of heat (insulators).
Are liquids good at conducting heat?
Use some gauze to hold an
ice cube at the bottom of a 100C
tube of water.
Carefully heat the
water at the top of the tube
only, until this water is 0C
boiling.
If the liquid is good at
conducting, the ice should
quickly melt it doesnt.
Liquids are poor conductors of heat (i.e. good insulators).
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Conduction in gases
Liquids are poor conductors of heat (good insulators).
Are gases good at conducting heat?
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Conduction summary table
non-metals insulators
liquids insulators
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Convection and density
To understand how heat can be transferred by convection,
the idea of density is important.
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Convection current in a liquid
The movement of hotter areas in a liquid can be seen using
potassium permanganate as a dye:
This cycle is called a
convection current.
heat heat
Can you explain how the convection current moves using
the idea of density?
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Convection current in a gas
Convection currents cannot occur in solids because the
particles are held in fixed positions but can they occur
in gases?
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Convection currents in coal mines
When shaft mining was first used to mine coal,
convection currents caused by an underground fire
were used to ventilate the shafts:
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Convection currents in a pan of boiling water
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Contents
Radiation
Summary activities
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Radiation
Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves.
These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves,
but with a longer wavelength.
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Radiation experiment results table
black
white
White
silver
red
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Radiation experiment results analysis
Either:
a) Draw a bar chart of your results.
Put temperature change on the y axis
and colour on the x axis.
Or:
b) Draw a line graph of your results.
Put temperature on the y axis
and time on the x axis.
Draw four lines on the graph, one for each colour.
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Radiation investigation
A cup of tea takes up to 30 minutes to go cold.
This depends on the colour and shape of the cup.
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Contents
Radiation
Summary activities
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States of matter and temperature
Water can be a solid, liquid or gas.
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Changes of state
Each change of state is given a different name:
melting boiling
solid liquid gas
freezing condensing
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Changes of state activity
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Changes of state heating curve
If a solid is heated, its temperature rises until it reaches
the melting point of the solid.
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Changes of state heating curve
boiling as
g
liquid gas
temperature
i d
melting u condensing
liq
solid liquid
l i d
so freezing
time
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Changes of state cooling curve activity
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What is evaporation?
Evaporation occurs when the particles in a liquid escape
to form a vapour.
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Evaporation experiment
Evaporation from different liquids can be investigated
using this experiment:
Take four equal masses of cotton
wool and soak each one in a different
liquid ethanol, water, propanol and
octanol.
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Evaporation experiment results table
ethanol
water
propanol
octanol
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Evaporation experiment results analysis
Either:
1. Draw a bar chart of your results.
Put temperature change on the y axis.
Put type of liquid on the x axis.
Or:
2. Plot a line graph of your results.
Put temperature on the y axis.
Put time on the x axis.
Plot four lines, one for each liquid.
Are any of the results anomalous?
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Contents
Radiation
Summary activities
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Glossary
conduction The way that heat energy travels through
solids because their particles are close together.
conductor A material that allows heat energy to flow
through it.
convection The way that heat energy travels through
liquids and gases because their particles are free to move.
heat A form of energy, measured in joules (J).
heating The transfer of heat energy.
insulator A material that does not allow heat energy to
flow through it.
radiation The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic
waves, and which does not need a medium.
temperature How hot or cold an object is, measured in
degrees Celsius (C).
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Anagrams
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Heat transfer questions
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Heat transfer energy losses
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Multiple-choice quiz
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