Genetics: Mitosis & Meiosis

T
1. The two types of cell division that occur in eukaryotic organisms are ____________________ and

___________________. The type of cell division used for reproduction in prokaryotes is

TEACHERS GUIDE
____________________.

2. Organisms need new cells for ____________________, replacing old or damaged cells, and

____________________. Mitosis and meiosis ensure proper cell function by making sure new cells

have the appropriate amount of________.

3. Long, thread-like pieces of DNA in the nucleus are called ____________________.

____________________ are formed when chromatin condenses before cell division; humans have

_____ chromosomes in each cell.

4. The life span of a cell from its birth until it reproduces is called the ____________________.

List the two main phases of the cell cycle:

5. Briefly describe each of the 3 parts of Interphase.

G1 ____________________________________________________________

S ____________________________________________________________

G2 ____________________________________________________________

6. Draw a duplicated chromosome and label the chromatids and centromere.

7. Turtle Time Question: In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

8. Turtle Time Question: Why does DNA need to be synthesized before a cell divides?

2014 Science Island

1.C
9. The cell divides during the ____________________ phase. The two parts of cell division (or the

mitotic phase) are ____________________ and ____________________.

10. Mitosis is division of the ____________________ and ___________________. Cytokinesis is

division of the ____________________.

11. List the four phases of mitosis. __________________________________________________

12. The major events that occur during prophase include: chromatin condenses into

____________________, ____________________ breaks down, and the

____________________ forms.

13. The major events that occur during metaphase include: chromosomes line up in the

__________________ of the cell and __________________ are attached to the spindle fibers.

14. The major events that occur during anaphase include: ____________________ separate and start

to move towards opposite ends of the cell and the cell begins to ____________________.

15. The major events that occur during telophase include: ____________________ start to uncoil and

_________________________ forms around each chromosome region. During cytokinesis the

elongated cell begins to ____________________ at the middle. This happens about the same time

as ____________________.

16. Cytokinesis divides the cell into _______________ cells in both animals and plants, but

____________________ cells pinch in at the middle (cleavage furrow) and plant cells form a

____________________ to produce two daughter cells.

17. Turtle Time Question: In what phase of mitosis are the chromosomes lined up in the middle?

18. A summary of mitosis: mitosis happens in most regular ________________ cells, DNA is

replicated in the S phase of interphase, ____________________ are distributed equally into two

____________________ daughter cells.

19. Mitosis produces _______ identical daughter cells with the exact same ____________________

material as the parent cell.

20. Turtle Time Question: List the 4 phases of mitosis and briefly describe what is happening to the

chromosomes in each phase.

21. Explain how cytokinesis differs in animal cells compared to plant cells.

2014 Science Island

2.C
22. _________________ is the name given to the diseases in which the body cells divide constantly.

23. When ___________________ develops, the orderly process of cell division breaks down and cells

become ____________________________ as old and damaged cells survive when they should die

and new cells form when they are not needed.

24. Cancer becomes ___________________________________________________________.

25. One important difference between cancer and regular cells is

_______________________________________________________________________.

26. Cancer cells can ignore signals that tell __________________________________________.

27. Cancer cells ___________________ the normal cells to feed the tumor.

28. ____________________ is a special type of cell division needed for sexual reproduction that

occurs only in the sex organs. Meiosis in the testes produces _________________ cells. Meiosis in

the ____________________ produces egg cells. Sperm and egg cells are different from other

cells because they only have ____________________ the original chromosome number.

29. Sex cells are called ____________________. Eggs and sperm have _______ chromosomes.

30. There are _______ types of chromosomes and you get one of each type from each parent; 23 from

_______________ and 23 from ______________, but they match or carry the same sequence of

genes.

31. Meiosis produces ____________________ cells, each with half the original

____________________ number. Humans have 46 chromosomes, so after DNA synthesis there

are _______ chromosomes in the cell. After the first division there are two cells that each have

_____ chromosomes. After the second division there are four cells with _____ chromosomes each.

32. Turtle Time Question: Why is it important for meiosis to produce cells with only half the original

amount of genetic material?

33. A ____________________ shows the 46 chromosomes of an individual in pairs, lined up from the l

____________________ to the ____________________, with the last pair being the

____________________ chromosomes.

34. The two chromosomes of each matching pair are called ____________________ chromosomes.

They are similar to one another because they carry the same sequence of

____________________ controlling the same inherited traits. They are different from one

another because the genes may be different versions of the ____________________ or gene.

35. An example of different versions of a gene would be if you inherited a chromosome from your Dad

that carried a gene for ____________________ eyes, but the matching,

____________________ chromosome you inherited from your Mom carried a gene for

____________________ eyes.

2014 Science Island

3.C
36. Turtle Time Question: What is a display of a persons chromosomes called?

37. Cells are ____________________ if they contain homologous sets or two of each type of

chromosome. In humans the diploid number is _______. Cells are ____________________ if they

contain a single set of chromosomes or one of each type. All human cells are diploid except for

____________________ which are haploid.

38. Turtle Time Question: Some female geckos can go through parthenogenesis, which is the ability to

produce offspring from an unfertilized egg. Would you expect the offspring to be haploid or diploid?

Explain.

39. ____________________ is the union or fusion of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell. A

____________________ is a fertilized egg; the first cell of a diploid offspring.

40. Diploid organisms form ____________________ gametes through ____________________

AND haploid ____________________ form ____________________ organisms through the

process of ____________________.

41. In meiosis, _______________ replicates once in the S phase of interphase, but two divisions of

the ____________________ occur. This produces _______ haploid cells, which will develop into

____________________.

42. The names of the two cytoplasmic divisions that occur during meiosis are ____________________

and ____________________. The cells produced by meiosis only have half the number of

chromosomes and they are all genetically ____________________ from each other and the

parent cell.

43. The major events in Prophase I include: ____________________ (pairs of homologous

chromosomes) form and ____________________ occurs. The major event of

____________________ is tetrads line up in the middle of the cell.

44. The major event of Anaphase I is tetrads ____________________ and move towards

____________________ sides of the cell. The major events of Telophase I include

____________________ form around the two chromosome regions and cytokinesis begins about

the same time to separate the cell into _______ cells.

45. Meiosis I produces two cells with the same number of ____________________ as the parent cell,

but cells are no longer ___________________.

2014 Science Island

4.C
46. In Prophase II, the ____________________ are still attached at the centromere. The major

event in Metaphase II is sister chromatids line up in the ____________________ of each cell.

47. The major event in ____________________ is sister chromatids separate. Telophase II produces

_______________ cells with _______________ the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

48. So, the final product of meiosis is _______ genetically ___________________,

____________________ daughter cells.

49. Homologous chromosomes or ____________________ separate during Meiosis I.

____________________ separate during Meiosis II.

50. Turtle Time Question: Which phase of meiosis is most similar to anaphase of mitosis?

51. An organism that has 2 sets of homologous chromosomes, can produce _______ possible gametes

from each cell that undergoes meiosis.

52. There are around _______________ possible chromosome combinations in the gametes of a human.

53. The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes is called

____________________.

54. Crossing over can occur when tetrads form in ____________________.

55. Crossing over increases genetic variation because it produces a ____________________

chromosome that contains a new combination of genetic information from different parents, called

____________________. Crossing over can occur ____________________ times, in random

locations, between any ____________________ pair of chromosomes.

56. Turtle Time Question: Describe two factors that increase genetic variation in offspring.

57. Use the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis.

2014 Science Island

5.C
 Mitosis
Meiosis

2014 Science Island

6.C
Draw and label Mitosis:

Draw and label meiosis:

2014 Science Island

7.C