EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing.

Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications

Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Eurocodes Background and Applications

EN 1995 Tension Perpendicular to Grain

Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch

Technische Universitt Mnchen

Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Timber Strength Classes

ft,90,k
1/30 ft,0,k

fv,k
1/10 fm,k

[EN 338]
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams

Distribution of Tension Perpendicular to Grain Stresses

D D t,90
F
Z
m m
Z

t,90

rin

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams

Distribution of Shear Stresses

h= h ap

max

max m max

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams

Distribution of high Shear and Tension Perpendicular to Grain Stresses

Shear Tension perp. to grain

Interaction

[SIA 265] (Kirchanschring, MPA BAU) (Neuburg on the Danube, MPA BAU)
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams

Brittle materials Size Effect

A member under tension stress is only as strong as the weakest link

F F F

F F F

m
The strength of a brittle material is a function fi V j
=
of its volume under uniform stress. f j Vi

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams in EC 5

.
.
.

[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.4.3, p. 48ff]

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams in EC 5

.
.
.

[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.4.3, p. 48ff]

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams in EC 5

.
.
.

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams

Strengthening Measures

Self-tapping
screws with
continuous
threads or
rin threaded
rods

Plywood /
Laminated
rin Veneer
Lumber

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams

Strengthening Measures Screws or threaded Rods

lad ef

lad max

Fritz Leonhardt, Vorlesungen ber Massivbau

Outer lamella

rin

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams

Strengthening Measures Plywood / Laminated Veneer Lumber

glued to Timber Member

t t Strengthening measures (screws /

plates) should be designed to carry full
tension perpendicular to grain stresses
and should cover the entire area under
tension perp. to grain stresses (curved
area)

rin

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Moisture Conditions

Ice-rink arena Gymnasium with skylights

(Ingolstadt, MPA BAU) (Benediktbeuern, MPA BAU)

20 mm 10 mm
= 25,1 % = 7,5 %
55 mm 70 mm
= 18,9 % = 10,5 %
95 mm 120 mm
= 19,1 % = 11,7 %
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Moisture Conditions Cracks caused by Shrinking

In Glulam Beams Crack Distribution enabled

c,90
t,90
f t,90

Stefan Khn

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Moisture Conditions Cracks caused by Shrinking

In Glulam Beams Crack Distribution enabled

c,90
t,90
f t,90

Stefan Khn

(Benediktbeuern, MPA BAU)

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Moisture Conditions Cracks caused by Shrinking

In Combination with Fasteners Crack Distribution impeded

Residual cross
section to
transmit shear
stresses and/or
stresses in
tension perp.

(Feldkirchen, Prof. Winter)

reduction of applicable strength values or cross sections by e.g. kcr

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams

Picture: Prof. H. Bla, TH Karlsruhe

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Concrete

Constant
tensile strength
in all directions

Fritz Leonhardt, Vorlesungen ber Massivbau

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Timber

ft,90,k 0.5

10 ft,0,k 21 [MN/m2]

Tensile strength changes with varying

angle between load and grain

ft,90,k 1/30 ft,0,k

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Timber

t,90

ft,90 t,90

c,90

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Timber Constructive Measures

t,90

ft,90

t,90

ft,90

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Timber

.
.

.
.
.

[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.5.2, p. 52ff]

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Timber

.
.

.
.
.

[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.5.2, p. 52ff]

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Timber Strengthening Measures

t,90

ft,90

c,90
Example of reinforcement in concrete structures

Strengthening measure /
> ad
hef

reinforcement by self-tapping
h screws with continuous
thread
ad

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Notched Beams in Timber Strengthening Measures

t,90
t t
ft,90

c,90
hef

Strengthening measure /
reinforcement by glueing
h

plywood / LVL to the sides of

beam, glueline pressed by
screws
Chair of Timber Structures r
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Cross Connections

Pictures: Prof. H. Bla, TH Karlsruhe

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Cross Connections Pure Compression (Fc)

F Perpendicular to Grain

Fc = F

Tension and Compression

Perpendicular to Grain
F
Fc = 1-*F; Ft = *F

F Pure Tension (Ft)

Perpendicular to Grain

Ft = F

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Cross Connections Influences on load-carrying Capacity

t t
ar

h1
h2
h3
hn
h

be

F F/2 F/2

Load-carrying capacity depends on stressed volume and stress

distribution / stress peaks and is therefore influenced by:
Ratio between distance be and beam depth h
Fastener spacing in grain direction / length ar
Penetration thickness t

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Cross Connections
.
.
.

[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 8.1.4, p. 59ff]

Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Cross Connections
.
.
.

[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 8.1.4, p. 59ff]

See also STEP C2 Tension perpendicular to the grain in joints

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Cross Connections Strengthening Measures

ad,t
Self-tapping screws
with continuous thread

ad,c
critical area
F F/2 F/2

Plywood / LVL,
glued, pressed by
screws

F F/2 F/2
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Openings

Pictures: Prof. H. Bla, TH Karlsruhe

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Openings

V/2

V V

V/2

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Openings

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Openings - Constructive Measures

Place in center line of member, at distance from supports

Size as small as possible (minimize reduction in cross section)

Round openings or chamfered corners (avoid stress peaks)

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Openings - Strengthening Measures

hro hd hro
a a

t t

hro hd hro
ar a ar ar a ar r a r

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Tension Perpendicular to Grain - Conclusion

Tension perpendicular to grain strength very low

Avoid tension perp. to grain stresses whenever possible
Members with tension perp. to grain stresses are:
Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered beams
Notched members, members with holes or cross connctions
Tension perp. to grain stresses also develop with changing
moisture content
Possible reinforcements are: Self-tapping screws with
continuous thread, drilled or glued-in rods, plywood / LVL
Proposal: reinforcements should be designed to carry full tension
perp. to grain stresses (cracked tension perp. to grain zone)

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels

Literature

Timber Engineering STEP 1, STEP 2; Centrum Hout; The

Netherlands
Erluterungen zu DIN 1052:2004; DGFH; Germany (in German)
CIB W18 Proceedings; TH Karlsruhe; Germany
Design of Structural Timber to EC5; Palgrave; GB
Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5; Blackwell Publishing; GB

Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction