NUTRO VESSELS INDO GROUPS LIMITED AT SALEM

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

An internship is an opportunity offered by an employer to potential employees,

called interns, to work at a firm for a fixed, limited period of time. Interns are usually
undergraduates or students, and most internships last for any length of time between one
week and one months.

Internships also called "placements", "work placements" or "industrial placements"

may be part-time or full-time. They are usually part-time if offered during a university
semester and full-time if offered during the summer, winter or Easter holidays, when they
typically last 4-12 weeks. Placements are usually full-time, and take place irrespective of
term time or holiday time.

Internships offer students a period of practical experience in the industry relating to

their field of study. This experience is valuable to students as a means of allowing them to
experience how their studies are applied in the "real world", and as work experience that can
be highly attractive to potential employers on a candidate's

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

An internship provides a great opportunity for prospective employees to gain

experience in a particular field or industry, determine if they have an interest in a particular
career, create a network of contacts, or gain university module credits. Interns may also have
the possibility of putting themselves forward for forthcoming opportunities for paid work,
during their internship.
OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP TRAINING:

Student and graduate internships are very important, because they substantially
increase the chance of graduates finding employment. To an employer, a candidate who has
spent time working for a firm within a particular industry shows dedication to a particular
career, enthusiasm for a particular job and importantly, has experience.

1. Internships are Great Experience

Internships are also very useful to interns themselves as they offer the chance to find
out what working for a particular company, or within a certain industry, is really like.
Internships also allow interns to make contacts with managers and recruiters, which
can later be used to negotiate full-time employment.

2. Getting an Internship

Internships can be highly competitive, in fact most internships receive more

applications than employer's graduate schemes themselves. Often candidates are
required to visit companies for interviews and/or assessment days where they must
impress recruiters sufficiently in order to be offered the internship.

3. Internships can get you Hired

It is not unusual for graduates to return to the organization who hired them as an
intern, for full-time employment. Graduate recruitment surveys have found that
almost half of all employers convert at least a fifth of their interns into
permanent staff members.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

There were some limitations in conducting the organization study at Nutro vessels indo
groups Ltd. Those are following

There were difficulties in obtaining data from executives and managers due to their
busy work schedule.
An in-depth study of the company could not be carried out due to shortage of time.
 The reliability of data used for study is largely depends upon the companies reports
and the information given by executives.
The company has the limitation to disclose their financial details, so a detailed
analysis of financial performance of the company is not possible.

CHAPTER II

INDUSTRY PROFILE AND COMPANY PROFILE

COMPANY PROFILE

ABOUT NUTRO VESSELS INDO GROUPS LTD:

Nutro Boilers Engineering began manufacturing boilers in Establishment 2002. The

company CEO G. Perumal Managing Director,- P.Anbhuselvan, As the demand for
boilers grew, Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd was soon in need of a larger facility.

In 2002. Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd broke ground for a new factory just south of
Los Angeles in an area where orange groves once stood. Just down the street was Downeys
North American Rockwell plant that built many of the Apollo spacecraft and another
company that made Apollo Motor Homes.

In 2006, Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd opened a second plant in Puerto Rico to better
serve East Coast customers. A few years later, the finished interstate highway system made
this plant obsolete and it closed.

Much has changed since then. The Apollo factory closed and became a movie studio. The
motor home facility now makes trolley tourist buses. One thing that hasn't changed is that
Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd is still making boilers in Southern California. The reasons for
that can be found in these beliefs that shape our family owned business:

We believe our boilers and tanks should be built to last.

We believe boiler maintenance should be simple.
We believe in treating customers with respect.
We believe in helping boiler operators and owners understand our products.
We keep a file on every boiler we've ever built. We may know more about your Nutro
vessels indo groups Ltd than you do.
 We believe in research, development and long term testing.

We recently moved to a new location in nearby Commerce, California. We were

fortunate to find a building twice as large as our former one and yet close enough to retain all
our employees. We have just completed a new R&D lab with full boiler testing and
demonstration capability. We have also added a machine shop to enhance our manufacturing
processes.

From our dependable steam and water boilers to our high efficiency Dura fins, Nutro
vessels indo groups Ltd has boilers for almost every application and budget. Our dedicated
representatives throughout the United States and Canada offer strong local support while our
in-house tech service hot line is ready to answer any questions you might have. We greatly
appreciate your interest in Nutro vessels and look forward to working together.

MILESTONES:

Year Achievement
2005 Introduced Take-A-Part (Knockdown)
Boilers, Weatherproof Boilers, UL "A"
Labeled Boiler - Burner Packages, Hinged
Head plates.
Introduced Nutro vessels Blow down Tanks
2006 and Condensate Return Tanks.
Shipped 1,100 Oil Fired Domestic Hot Water
2008 Heaters
First Durafin Boilers Ship.
2011

2014 Moved to NEW Location: 5832 Garfield

Avenue, Commerce, CA 90040.
MISSION STATEMENT

Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd manufactures the worlds largest Scotch marine firetube
boiler. Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd pioneered the first water backed boiler over 15
years ago and the first packaged boiler over 10 years ago.
Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd are built to last and carry the only 15-year warranty in
the industry. In addition to the quality and dependability, the conservative design
provides excellent fuel to steam efficiency resulting in the best life cycle costs in the
industry.
Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd also offers a full line of desecrators, surge tanks and
blow down heat recovery systems.
These feed water systems are also designed and built to a quality standard which
allows us to offer a 10 year warranty, the only one in the industry.
Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd is well aware of the changing environmental
requirements.
While our standard Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd burners can attain less than 30 ppm
, we know that some regions of the United States are requiring emissions as low as 9
PPM.
High efficiency, availability and low emissions:

VISION STATEMENT

Nutro vessels indo groups Ltd is recognized as one of the most innovative biomass
boiler suppliers in the world.
We have a well-known and established reputation for supplying biomass boilers and
combustion systems with exceptionally high efficiencies and availabilities, high fuel
flexibility, and low emission impact.
Moreover, the systems have very low maintenance costs. The companys boiler and
combustion system concept is based on more than 30 years of hands-on experience
with steam generation and biomass combustion.
INDUSTRY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION OF THE ORGANIZATION

INTRODUCTION

Nutro vessels indo Company, manufacturer of quality hydronic-heating products,

has introduced more new, high efficiency products over the last several years than any other
company at any time in the history of hydronic heating! From new ENERGY STAR certified,
gas-fired residential boilers to high efficiency oil-fired boilers including advanced design,
three-pass, cast iron boilers along with the industrys only, three-pass, oil-fired, boiler
steam boiler and the only atmospheric gas boiler made in India, , the expansive lineup of
heating products from Nutro vessels Company boasts the highest average efficiency,
exceeding 85% with maximum efficiencies over 95%.

And it doesnt stop there! Nutro vessels indo groups now offers the broadest line of
condensing boilers available from any manufacturer anywhere. In addition, Nutro vessels
group has developed and introduced exclusive user-friendly boiler control systems for many
of its products. The Nutro vessels indo groups IQ and Nutro groups Sage2.2 Control Systems
offer unparalleled features and benefits that are unmatched in the boiler industry.

Truly, the nutron vessels indo groups brand has set the new standards for hydronic
heating equipment in residential and commercial product for gas-fired and oil-fired
application with water and boiler steam boiler and super high efficiency condensing boilers.
To provide this extensive product lineup, nutro vessels indo groups has invested in world
class manufacturing facilities and new assembly operations in Lancaster, Pennsylvania with
state-of-the art computer numerical controlled machines providing exacting product
tolerances. Quality, made in India cast iron sections are produced for Nutro groups by
Casting Solutions,. Along with the best engineering capabilities available anywhere, nutro
vessels groups with its made in the India, quality product lines delivers world-class
marketing, technical sales, and sales support unmatched in South India.

Profile of nutron vessels indo groups ltd:

Nutro vessels indo groups private limited is established at thekkalur, 35 kms from
Salem, the Manchester of south side. The company has carved niche of its own in the
competitive yarn market. The promoter's group of garments embodies the true spirit of
enterprise, a trait the Manchester of south Nutro vessels is well-known for. Our state-of-art,
fully integrated unit is to produce highest quality medium, find and super-fine count cotton
yarn, at par with the best in the world promoted by far sighted visionaries with technical
expertise and impeachable business acumen.

Sales Turnover: 1 million USD

Year Estd : 2005
Main Business Area : Manufacturing and Agent services

Other Area Of Business : Manufacturer of Heat Recovery Boiler steam

Generators (HRSG), Utility Boilers, Water
Tube Boiler and Pressure Vessel.

Share Capital & Number of Employees:

Authorized Capital: 150,000,000

Paid up capital: 9,000,000

Number of Employees: 1800

Nutro vessels Co. is a highly qualified company in design, supplying,

manufacturing, installation and commissioning of different types of heat recovery boiler
steam generators (HRSGs), package, industrial and power plant boilers as well as other
related equipments and accessories in the field of power, oil, gas, petrochemical industries,
power plants and other industrial in domestic and foreign markets.

Relying on the expert human resources, learning and developing technical

knowledge, utilizing maximum production capacity and cooperating with foreign and
domestic suppliers, while observing the shareholders rights and gaining customers
satisfaction, this company advances toward the sustainable development of society and aims
to realize Irans 20-year perspective. In line with the country is policies and objectives to
developer power plans and related technology, the license agreement of technologies transfer
was concluded.
 Under this license agreement, over 70 heat recovery boiler steam generators have
been installed and utilized in the downstream of 160 MW gas turbines up to now. The
significant role of oil, gas and petrochemical industries has lead Nutro vessels and
Equipment Co. in to accomplishes several projects for supplying boiler steam and utilities in
the form of EP and EPC for these industries. These boilers were mostly manufactured by
outsourcing and by using the capacity and skills of domestic subcontractors in the frame work
of cohesive management and supervision on suppliers up to early 2010.

According to the new perspective of the company since 2010, adjoining a factory to
the company near Tehran, has provided the possibility of manufacturing the main parts of
boiler and other related products. Creating new horizons in fulfilling the customers needs
and gaining their satisfaction on quality, cost and time.

Nowadays, regarding the actualization of energy costs, while various industries and
investors need increasing efficiency, Nutro vessels and Equipment Co. has focused on
developing products variety in order to design and supply industrial heat recovery boilers and
boiler steam recovery from the wasted heat in industries and also process packages
particularly in oil, gas and petrochemical industries and in the next years, this company major
activities will be devoted to these plans.

Customers requirement regarding after sale services in global level as well as

Nutro vessels and Equipments commitment to competitor the product and service chain, has
led us to codifying some particular roles since 2010 in the form of customer and after sale
services.

Managements and personnels commitment to fulfill the actual needs of stakeholders

and environmental conservation as well as benefiting from the modern scientific management
systems ensure a prosperous future in achieving the customers satisfaction and expanding
the companys contribution to the domestic and foreign markets.
 In many cases, manufacturing facilities provide Boilers are pressure vessels designed
to heat water or produce boiler steam , which can then be used to provide space heating
and/or service water heating to a building. In most commercial building heating applications,
the heating source in the boiler is a natural gas fired burner. Oil fired burners and electric
resistance heaters can be used as well. Boiler steam is preferred over hot water in some
applications, including absorption cooling, kitchens, laundries, sterilizers, and boiler steam
driven equipment.

Boilers have several strengths that have made them a common feature of buildings.
They have a long life, can achieve efficiencies up to 95% or greater, provide an effective
method of heating a building, and in the case of boiler steam systems, require little or no
pumping energy. However, fuel costs can be considerable, regular maintenance is required,
and if maintenance is delayed, repair can be costly.

Guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of boilers is provided

primarily by the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), which produces the
following resources:

Rules for construction of heating boilers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
IV-2007
Recommended rules for the care and operation of heating boilers, Boiler and Pressure
Vessel
Boilers are often one of the largest energy users in a building. For every year a
boiler system goes unattended, boiler costs can increase approximately 10% (1).
Boiler operation and maintenance is therefore a good place to start when looking for
ways to reduce energy use and save money.

MATERIALS FOR BOILER INDUSTRY:

The pressure vessel of a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically
of wrought iron. Stainless steel, especially of the austenitic types, is not used in wetted parts
of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. However Nutro vessels stainless
steel is often used in super heater sections that will not be exposed to boiling water, and
electrically-heated stainless steel shell boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure
Equipment Directive" for production of boiler steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.
 In live boiler steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily
fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes
(particularly forboiler steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher
thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes
this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as steel) are used instead.

For much of the Victorian "age of boiler steam ", the only material used for boiler
making was the highest grade of wrought iron, with assembly by riveting. This iron was often
obtained from specialist ironworks, such as at Creator Moor , noted for the high quality of
their rolled plate and its suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as
high-pressure boilers.

In the 20th century, design practice instead moved towards the use of steel, which is
stronger and cheaper, with welded construction, which is quicker and requires less labour. It
should be noted, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode far slower than their modern-day
steel counterparts, and are less susceptible to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This
makes the longevity of older wrought-iron boilers far superior to those of welded steel
boilers.

Cast iron may be used for the heating vessel of domestic water heaters. Although such heaters
are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is usually to produce hot water,
not boiler steam , and so they run at low pressure and try to avoid actual boiling. The
brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure boiler steam boilers.

CONFIGURATIONS OF BOILER:

Boilers are classified into different types based on their working pressure and
temperature, fuel type, draft method, size and capacity, and whether they condense the water
vapor in the combustion gases. Boilers are also sometimes described by their key
components, such as heat exchanger materials or tube design. These other characteristics are
discussed in the following section on Key Components of Boilers.

Two primary types of boilers include

Fire Tube Boiler

Cast iron sectional
Fire Tube Boiler:

In a Fire tube boiler, hot gases of combustion flow through a series of tubes surrounded
by water. Alternatively, in a Water tube boiler, water flows in the inside of the tubes and the
hot gases from combustion flow around the outside of the tubes. A drawing of a water tube
boiler is shown in Figure

Fire tube boilers are more commonly available for low pressure boiler steam or hot
water applications, and are available in sizes ranging from 500,000 to 75,000,000 BTU input.
Water tube boilers are primarily used in higher pressure boiler steam applications and are
used extensively for comfort heating applications. They typically range in size from 500,000
to more than 20,000,000 BTU input.

Cast Iron Sectional Boilers:

Cast iron sectional boilers are another type of boiler commonly used in commercial
space heating applications. These types of boilers dont use tubes. Instead, theyre built up
from cast iron sections that have water and combustion gas passages. The iron castings are
bolted together, similar to an old boiler steam radiator. The sections are sealed together by
gaskets. Theyre available for producing boiler steam or hot water, and are available in sizes
ranging from 35,000 to 14,000,000 BTU input.
 Cast iron sectional boilers are advantageous because they can be assembled on site,
allowing them to be transported through doors and smaller openings. Their main
disadvantage is that because the sections are sealed together with gaskets, they are prone to
leakage as the gaskets age and are attacked by boiler treatment chemicals.

Water-tube boiler:

In this type, tubes filled with water are arranged inside a furnace in a number of
possible configurations. Often the water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing
water and the upper ones boiler steam and water; in other cases, such as a mono-tube boiler,
water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils.

This type generally gives high boiler steam production rates, but less storage
capacity than the above. Water tube boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and
are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the high-pressure water/boiler
steam is contained within small diameter pipes which can withstand the pressure with a
thinner wall.
THE USE OF BOILER SYSTEMS IN PRACTICE

Industrial hot water boiler systems for generating thermal heat are very
similar to the household heating boilers in our cellars. The main difference is that industrial
boilers are dimensioned significantly larger, so their heating capacity is not only sufficient for
a family home but also for hotels, hospitals, skyscrapers, industrial buildings or entire
districts. When using process heat generated by boiler steam boiler systems the individual
applications are far more versatile. They are used in many industry sectors. But is all this just
hot air or what exactly is the boiler steam used for Let us choose a few industrial sectors and
have a closer look at them.

SAFETY ISSUES IN MANUFACTURING OF BOILER:

All combustion equipment must be operated properly to prevent dangerous

conditions or disasters from occurring, causing personal injury and property loss. The basic
cause of boiler explosions is ignition of a combustible gas that has accumulated within the
boiler. This situation could arise in a number of ways, for example fuel, air, or ignition is
interrupted for some reason, the flame extinguishes, and combustible gas accumulates and is
reignited. Another example is when a number of unsuccessful attempts at ignition occur
without the appropriate purging of accumulated combustible gas.
 There is a tremendous amount of stored energy within a boiler. The state change of
superheated water from a hot liquid to a vapor releases an enormous amount of energy. For
example, 1 ft3 of water will expand to 1600 ft3 when it turns to boiler steam

Therefore, if you could capture all the energy released when a 30 gallon home hot
water tank flashes into explosive failure at 332o F, you would have enough force to send the
average car to a height of nearly 125 feet. This is equivalent to more than the height of a 14
story apartment building, starting with a lift off velocity of 85 miles per hour.

Boiler safety is a key objective of the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Inspectors. This organization reports and tracks boiler safety and the number of incidents
related to boilers and pressure vessels each year.

Their work has found that the number one incident category resulting in injury was
poor maintenance and operator error. This stresses the importance of proper maintenance and
operator training. Boilers must be inspected regularly based on manufacturers
recommendations. Pressure vessel integrity, checking of safety relief valves, water cutoff
devices and proper float operation, gauges and water level indicators should all be inspected.

BEST PRACTICES FOR EFFICIENT OPERATION:

EFFICIENCY

The percentage of the heat energy contained in the fuel that is captured by the
working fluid in the boiler is defined as the combustion efficiency of the boiler. Combustion
efficiencies of 80% or higher are usually possible for hot water boilers and low pressure
boiler steam boilers for commercial buildings.

Complete combustion results when a hydrocarbon fuel such as natural gas or oil burns
and produces only carbon dioxide, water and heat. If there is insufficient oxygen and/or poor
mixing of fuel and oxygen, then incomplete combustion will occur resulting in other products
of combustion including carbon monoxide and unburned fuel.
 When incomplete combustion occurs, the chemical energy of the fuel is not
completely released as heat and the combustion efficiency is reduced. This is also a safety
concern as unburned fuel could ignite in the stack and cause an explosion. Boilers must be
tuned to achieve complete combustion. One strategy to ensure complete combustion is to
provide some amount of excess air. However, as shown in the figure below, a small amount
of excess air will improve combustion efficiency, but a large amount will reduce efficiency.

Use Boiler Controls for Optimized Air-to-Fuel Ratio

To ensure that complete combustion occurs, extra air is introduced at the burner. But
too much will result in air being wastefully heated and exhausted out of the boiler flue,
penalizing combustion efficiency, and creating a safety issue. When a boiler is tuned, the goal
is to maximize combustion efficiency by providing just enough excess air to assure complete
combustion but not too much to reduce efficiency.

How much excess air is enough to assure complete combustion? That varies with the
design and condition of the burner and boiler, as well as with the different firing rates of the
burner, but is typically considered to be between 2% - 3%. Excess air must also be adjusted
to allow for variations in temperature, density, and humidity of the boiler combustion air
throughout any daily and seasonal variations. Its desirable to maintain a constant amount of
excess air across the entire firing range.

The important idea to remember is that complete combustion is critical to ensuring

efficient boiler operation. Incomplete combustion of the fuel can significantly reduce boiler
efficiency by 10% or more, while increasing excess air by 10% may only impact boiler
efficiency by about 1%. Signs of incomplete combustion are a smoky exhaust, a yellow
flame, flame failures, and sooty boiler tubes. It is a good idea to tune up a boiler annually to
ensure the combustion process is optimized.

SUPERHEATED BOILER STEAM BOILERS:

Most boilers produce boiler steam to be used at saturation temperature; that is,
saturated boiler steam . Superheated boiler steam boilers vaporize the water and then further
heat the boiler steam in a super heater.

This provides boiler steam at much higher temperature, but can decrease the overall
thermal efficiency of the boiler steam generating plant because the higher boiler steam
temperature requires a higher flue gas exhaust temperature. There are several ways to
circumvent this problem, typically by providing an economizer that heats the feed water, a
combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust path, or both.

There are advantages to superheated boiler steam that may, and often will, increase
overall efficiency of both boiler steam generation and its utilization: gains in input
temperature to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and
expense. There may also be practical limitations in using wet boiler steam , as entrained
condensation droplets will damage turbine blades.

Superheated boiler steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any system component
fails and allows boiler steam to escape, the high pressure and temperature can cause serious,
instantaneous harm to anyone in its path. Since the escaping boiler steam will initially be
completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound
from such a leak clearly indicates its presence.
ORGANIZATION CHAT
 CHAPTER III

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT

1. Production Department
2. HR Department
3. Finance Department
4. Marketing Department
5. Sales Department
6. Purchasing Department

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION

Boilers have several strengths that have made them a common feature of buildings.
They have a long life, can achieve efficiencies up to 95% or greater, provide an effective
method of heating a building, and in the case of boiler steam systems, require little or no
pumping energy. However, fuel costs can be considerable, regular maintenance is required,
and if maintenance is delayed, repair can be costly.

Guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of boilers is provided primarily by
the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), which produces the following
resources:

Rules for construction of heating boilers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
IV-2007
Recommended rules for the care and operation of heating boilers, Boiler and Pressure
Vessel

Boilers are often one of the largest energy users in a building. For every year a boiler
system goes unattended, boiler costs can increase approximately 10% (1). Boiler operation
and maintenance is therefore a good place to start when looking for ways to reduce energy
use and save money.
Design and operation of Boilers:

A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be

transferred into water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under
pressure is then usable for transferring the heat for the steam requirements of Industries and
for power generation. Combustion boilers are designed to use the chemical energy in fuel to
raise the energy content of water so that it can be used for heating and power applications.

Many fossil and non-fossil fuels are fired in boilers, but the most common types of
fuel include coal, oil and natural gas. Previously, had oil fired boilers but due to the high cost
of operation, it has focused on only wood-husk fired boilers.

During the combustion process, oxygen reacts with carbon, hydrogen and other
elements in the fuel to produce a flame and hot combustion gases. As these gases are drawn
through the boiler, they cool as heat is transferred to water. Eventually the gases flow through
a stack and into the atmosphere. As long as fuel and air are both available to continue the
combustion process, heat will be generated.

Boilers are manufactured depending on the characteristics of the fuel, the specified
heating output, and the required emission controls.

COMPONENTS OF A BOILER SYSTEM

The main components in a boiler system are boiler feed water heaters, deaerators,
feed pump, economizer, super heater, attemperator, steam system, condenser and condensate
pump. In addition, there are sets of controls to monitor water and steam flow, fuel flow,
airflow and chemical treatment additions.
 More broadly speaking, the boiler system comprises a feed water system, steam
system and fuels system. The feed water system provides water to the boiler and regulates it
automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves provide access for maintenance and
repair.

The stem system collects and controls the steam produced in the boiler. Steam is
directed through a piping system to the point of use. Throughout the system, steam pressure
is regulated using valves and checked with steam pressure gauges. The fuel system includes
all equipment used to provide fuel to generate the necessary heat. The equipment required in
the fuel system depends on the type of fuel used in the system.

Major Components Of Boiler:

Feed water system

Steam system
Condensate systems
Fuel system

1) Feed water system:

The water supplied to the boiler, which is converted into steam, is called Feed water.
The two sources of Feed water are condensate or condensed steam returned from the process
and makeup water (treated raw water) which must come from outside the boiler room and
plant processes.

Feed water heater

Boiler efficiency is improved by the extraction of waste heat from spent steam to
preheat the boiler Feed water. Heaters are shell and tube heat exchangers with the Feed water
on the tube side (inside) and steam on the shell side (outside). The heater closest to the boiler
receives the hottest steam. The condensed steam is recovered in the heater drains and pumped
forward to the heater immediately upstream, where its heat value is combined with that of the
steam for that heater. Ultimately the condensate is returned to the condensate storage tank or
condenser hot well.
Deaerators

Feed water often has oxygen dissolved in it at objectionable levels, which comes from air
in leakage from the condenser, pump seals, or from the condensate itself. The oxygen is
mechanically removed in a deaerator.

Dearators function on the principle that oxygen is decreasingly soluble as the

temperature is raised. This is done by passing a stream of steam through the Feed water.
Desecrators are generally a combination of spray and tray type.

One problem with the control of deaerators is ensuring sufficient temperature

difference between the incoming water temperature and the stripping steam. If the
temperature is too close, not enough steam will be available to strip the oxygen from the
make-up water.

Economizers

Economizers are the last stage of the Feed water system. They are designed to extract
heat value from exhaust gases to heat the steam still further and improve the
efficiency of the boiler. They are simple finned tube heat exchangers. Not all boilers
have economizers. Usually they are found only on water tube boilers using fossil fuel
as an energy conservation measure.
 A Feed water economizer reduces steam boiler fuel requirements by transferring heat
from the flue gas to incoming Feed water. By recovering waste heat, an economiser
can often reduce fuel requirements by 5 per cent to 10 per cent and pay for itself in
less than two years.
A Feed water economiser is appropriate when insufficient heat transfer surface exists
within the boiler to remove combustion heat. Boilers that exceed 100 boiler hp,
operating at pressures exceeding 75 psig or above, and those that are significantly
loaded all year long are excellent candidates for economiser retrofit.

2) Steam system

Steam and mud drums

A boiler system consists of a steam drum and a mud drum. The steam drum is the
upper drum of a water tube boiler where the separation of water and steam occurs. Feed water
enters the boiler steam drum from the economizers or from the feed water heater train if there
is no economiser. The colder feed water helps create the circulation in the boiler.

The steam outlet line normally takes off from this drum to a lower drum by a set of
riser and down comer tubes. The lower drum, called the mud drum, is a tank at the bottom of
the boiler that equalizes distribution of water to the generating tubes and collects solids such
as salts formed from hardness and silica or corrosion products carried into the boiler.

In the circulation process, the colder water, which is outside the heat transfer area,
sinks and enters the mud drum. The water is heated in the heat transfer tubes to form steam.
The steam water mixture is less dense than water and rises in the riser tubes to the steam
drum.

The steam drum contains internal elements for feed water entry, chemical injection,
blow down removal, level control, and steam-water separation. The steam bubbles disengage
from the boiler water in the riser tubes and steam flows out from the top of the drum through
steam separators.

Boiler tubes

Boiler tubes are usually fabricated from high-strength carbon steel. The tubes are
welded to form a continuous sheet or wall of tubes. Often more than one bank of tubes is
used, with the bank closest to the heat sources providing the greatest share of heat transfer.
They will also tend to be the most susceptible to failure due to flow problems or corrosion/
deposition problems.

Super heaters

The purpose of the super heater is to remove all moisture content from the steam by
raising the temperature of the steam above its saturation point. The steam leaving the boiler is
saturated, that is, it is in equilibrium with liquid water at the boiler pressure (temperature).

The super heater adds energy to the exit steam of the boiler. It can be a single bank or
multiple banks or tubes either in a horizontal or vertical arrangement that is suspended in the
convective or radiation zone of the boiler. The added energy raises the temperature and heat
content of the steam above saturation point.

In the case of turbines, excessive moisture in the steam above saturation point. In the
case of turbines, excessive moisture in the steam can adversely affect the efficiency and
integrity of the turbine. Super-heated steam has a larger specific volume as the amount of
superheat increases. This necessitates larger diameter pipelines to carry the same amount of
steam. Due to temperatures, higher alloy steel is used. It is important that the steam is of high
purity and low moisture content so that non-volatile substances do not build up in the super
heater.
Attemperators

Attemperation is the primary means for controlling the degree of superheat in a

superheated boiler.

Attemperation is the process of partially de-superheating steam by the controlled

injection of water into the superheated steam flow. The degree of superheat will depend on
the steam load and the heat available, given the design of the superheater. The degree of
superheat of the final exiting steam is generally not subject to wide variation because of the
design of the downstream processes. In order to achieve the proper control of superheat
temperature an attemperator is used.

A direct contact attempaerator injects a stream of high purity water into the
superheated steam. It is usually located at the exit of the super heater, but may be placed in an
intermediate position. Usually, boiler feed water is sued for attemperation. The water must be
free of non-volatile solids to prevent objectionable buildup of solids in the main steam tubes
and on turbine blades.

Since attemperator water comes from the boiler feedwater, provision for it has to be
made in calculating flows. The calculation is based on heat balance. The total enthalpy (heat
content) of the final superheat steam must be the mass weighted sum of the enthalpies of the
initial superheat steam and the attemperation water.

3) Condensate systems

Although not a part of the boiler per se, condensate is usually returned to the boiler as
part of the feed water. Accordingly, one must take into account the amount and quality of the
condensate when calculating boiler treatment parameters. In a complex steam distribution
system there will be several components. These will include heat exchangers, process
equipment, flash tanks, and storage tanks. Heat exchangers are the places in the system where
steam is used to heat a process or air by indirect contact. Shell and tube exchangers are the
usual design, with steam usually on the shell side. The steam enters as superheated or
saturated and may leave as superheated, saturated, or as liquid water, depending on the initial
steam conditions and the design load of the exchanger.

Process equipment includes turbines whether used for equipment, air compressors, or
turbine pumps. Condensate tanks and pumps are major points for oxygen to enter the
condensate system and cause corrosion. These points should be monitored closely for pH and
oxygen ingress and proper condensate treatment applied.

4) Fuel system

Fuel feed systems play a critical role in the performance of boilers. Their primary
functions include transferring the fuel into the boiler and distributing the fuel within the
boiler to promote uniform and complete combustion. The type of fuel influences the
operational features of a fuel system

Feed system for gaseous fuels

Gaseous fuels are relatively easy to transport and handle. Any pressure difference will
cause gas to flow, and most gaseous fuels mix easily with air. Because on-site storage of
gaseous fuel is typically not feasible, boilers must be connected to a fuel source such as a
natural gas pipeline. Flow of gaseous fuels to a boiler can be precisely controlled using a
variety of control systems. These systems generally include automatic valves that meter
gas flow through a burner and into the boiler based on steam or hot water demand.
 The purpose of the burner is to increase the stability of the flame over a wide range of
flow rates by creating a favourable condition for fuel ignition and establishing
aerodynamic conditions that ensure good mixing between the primary combustion air and
the fuel. Burners are the central elements of an effective combustion system.

Feed system for solid fuels

Solid fuels are much more difficult to handle than gaseous and liquid fuels. Preparing the
fuel for combustion is generally necessary and may involve techniques such as crushing
or shredding. Before combustion can occur, the individual fuels particles must be
transported from a storage area to the boiler.

Mechanical devices such as conveyors, augers, hoppers, slide gates, vibrators, and
blowers are often used for this purpose. The method selected depends primarily on the
size of the individual fuels particles and the properties and characteristics of the fuel.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The process starts off from the mixing of sodium silicate, china clay and salt. These
are then taken in a mixing tank in the required quantity and mixed thoroughly into a
homogenous mass. The basic raw materials of soap making are thus oil containing FFA
greater than 10%, caustic soda, steam, salt and scarp soap.

1) Crutcher

The crutcher is a vertical mixer used in the semi-boiled batch saponification, for the
neutralization of fatty acids with caustic soda and for the neutral fats saponification.

The crutcher is also used to add additives such as caoline, silicate and to color the
laundry soap in the drying plant.
Another use of the crutcher is the synthetic detergent soaps base production.
The crutcher can operate either at atmospheric pressure of pressurized.
The crutcher is provided with a vertical mixing worm placed inside a containing tube
which assures a strong mixing of the material to be processed.
2) The Dryer

Here, the continuous drying of the laundry soap takes place.

Neat Soap Filtration: The liquid soap is pumped through the soap filter into the
service tank.
Neat Soap Heating: The liquid soap is fed by the feeding pump into the heat
exchanger where it is heated at 80 to 90 degrees centigrade.
Drying: The heated liquid soap is atomized inside of the atomizer. The vapors
liberated inside (ones preformed inside heat exchanger and the ones flashed off) are
sucked away by the vacuum system. Soap that is sprayed on the wall of the atomizer
is, at this point dry, cold and solid. The spray dryer chamber is at a pressure of 5-6mm
of Hg. It is scrapped off the wall by action of rotary scrappers. Scrapped soap falls on
the worms of the plodder and is extruded out in form of pellets or continuous bar.

Soap Fines Separation and Recovery: The vapors containing the soap dusts formed
during spraying, are conveyed out of the atomizer through the cyclones where they
are separated from the dusts which falls on the bottom of cyclones and is recovered.
Vapours Condensation: The vapors are condensed inside barometric condenser. The
vacuum pump produces and maintains the vacuum degree inside the plant by
removing all incondensable.

Plodding and Extrusion: The dried soap is then forced out by a twin-worm plodder
through a perforated plate. The soap, coming out through the perforated plate is cut into
 small pieces by a rotating knife cutter. The pieces are finally extruded in the form of a
bar through the nozzle plate of the specified dimensions.
Packing: Here, stamping, wrapping and packing takes place which completes the soap
process

HR DEPARTMENT

OBJECTIVES HR DEPARTMENT

Attract, retain, develop, and remain effective and motivate human resource with the
required skills and competencies to meet organizational needs in tune with changing
business profiles and technological requirements.
Maintain good industrial relations with high level of employee for better participation,
productivity and quality at work.
To propagate, support and implement the principles of Global Compact.
Moving towards the concept of variable compensation it would be effective by
developing and implementing new schemes for performance related pay, rewards and
benefits in line with comparable organizations and employees aspiration
 RECRUITMENT & SELECTION
Recruitment Policy:
Recruitment is based on the order issued by the government of India.
Reservation is made available for physically challenged, ex-servicemen, schedule
caste/tribes and other minorities.

Procedure for Recruitment:

1. Requisition form to employment exchange

2. Call letter for selection
3. Call letter for trade/ technician Apprentices
4. Offer of training for trade/ technical apprentices Offer for temporary employment.
5. Offer of appointment
6. Offer of appointment for supervisors
7. Acceptance form
8. Joining Report
9. Confirmation order for completion of probation

Source of Recruitment:

From employment exchange

From open market through advertisement in the press
By considering departmental candidates possessing the specified require
From reputed engineering/ management through college campus interview

Selection:

In Neutro vessels indo groups Ltd, selection of applicants is done through the
central recruitment committee.
The committee constitutes of corporate personnel departments in consultation
with the respective division.
Human Resource Development Centre

Main functions of the HRD:

Identify the needs of employees.

Based on the need, training and development program is undertaken.
Training budget is approved by the HOD.
The required employees will undergo training.

TRAINING

Scope:

This is essentially limited to the product quality (that is general management,

behavioral management, technical and skill oriented programs).
Training for safety related aspects are given by the safely department and for quality
related by the quality department.

Responsibility:

The responsibility of identifying the training needs of all individuals lies with the concerned
controlling officers/HOD and group heads.

The responsibility of consolidating and listing, in the order of priority, the programs to be
conducted, in order to impart the necessary training lies the head of HRDC

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES:

Developmental programs are conducted for all categories of employees, Executive,

Supervisors and Artisans.
The company for this purpose invites faculty from outside.
COUNSELING PROGRAMMES:

Counseling programs are undertaken for employees who are

Irregular to work
Uninterested in the work, etc.

PAY STRUCTURE:

Salary
Dearness Allowances.(DA)
House Rent Allowances.(HRA)
City Compensation Allowances.(CCA)
Reimbursement of Medical Expenses.
Traveling and Daily Allowances Rule.(TA)

Employee Benefits:

Leaves
Encashment Earned Leave. (EEL)
Leave Travel Concession. (LTC).
Group Saving Linked Insurance Scheme:

Group Saving Linked Insurance Scheme:

The Neutro vessels indo groups Ltd Group Saving Linked Insurance Scheme with
effect from April 2006 provides an insurance cover for all employees and promotes savings
to provide financial assistance to the employee/beneficiaries at the time of retirement or
insurance cover in the event of death while in service.

The other allowances include:

City compensatory allowances

Non practical allowances to medical
Late night snacks allowances for night shift employees
Messing allowances
Free uniforms accommodation
Free electricity
 Kit allowances to employees deputed abroad
vehicle allowance
Welding allowance to high pressure welders
Transport subsidy, Traveling allowance
Convenience allowance to blind and physically handicapped employees, Washing
allowance , Educational assistance
Re-imbursement of tuition fees , Subsidiary to apprentices or trainees , Daily
allowance.

MARKETING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION

Concept of Marketing:

Marketing can be described as any activity that is carried on with the specific
purpose of conveying information about the use, quality and value of a product or service in
order to promote or sell the product or service. Marketing is the way to announce the
availability of a commodity, service, idea or a brand to the world in such a way that people
are interested in it and wish to acquire it and use it. It serves the purpose of plugging the gap
between the publics requirement and the products that are available.

Aims of marketing department

Marketing involves a range of processes concerned with finding out what consumers want,
and then providing it for them. This involves four key elements, which are referred to as the
4P's. A useful starting point therefore is to carry out market research to find out about
customer requirements in relation to the 4Ps.
 The Four Ps

The Right The Right The Right

The Right
Price Place Promotions
Production

That 4Ps Are Following:

1. The Right Product
2. The Right Prize
3. The Right Place
4. The Right Promotions
The marketing department of any enterprise is responsible for promoting the products,
ideas and mission of the enterprise, finding new customers, and reminding existing customers
that you are in business. It organizes all the activities that are concerned with marketing and
promotion.

It may consist of a single person or a group of people working in a hierarchal system who
are responsible for bringing the product of the business to the attention of its targeted
customers. Since this department is the key to your revenue and business activity, it requires
people who have the skills for dealing with people and understanding what they require.

There is no hard and fast rule to the organization of a marketing department, which
depends entirely upon the needs of the business, its size and the amount of money that it
wants to spend on marketing. But a typical marketing department in a large business
operation is organized as follows:

1. Marketing Manager: Marketing Manager works under the vice president marketing
and assists him with the implementation of all marketing strategies including creating
 messages or advertisements for marketing, choosing the medium of displaying the
messages, which might include print media, television, banners and hoarding, website
and social media marketing, etc. A marketing manager is also responsible for
managing the other employees of the department. There may be one or several
marketing managers depending upon the size and requirements of the business.
2. Chief Marketing Officer: This is the person who is at the top of the pyramid and is in
charge of the marketing department. The responsibilities of CMO lie in the decision
making within the process of the development of the major marketing strategies, as
well as running the marketing department. CMO is also answerable to the Board of
Directors or the Management about the results of the marketing strategies.
3. Marketing Director: The person in this role is responsible for all the marketing
strategies that are created and implemented. With his tasks he assists the CMO of the
company.
4. Vice President Marketing: He is answerable to the Marketing Director. His
responsibility is the implementation of the marketing strategies of the organization.
He works with the marketing manager in determining the strategies, messages, and
media to be employed for marketing.
5. Marketing Analyst or Researchers: These individuals are responsible for research and
analysis that drives the marketing department and guides its marketing strategies by
finding out about the target customers and the competition of the business. Marketing
Analysts employ marketing tools such as surveys or studies to discover information
that may be useful for marketing. They report to the marketing manager.
6. Public Relations: Public Relation Officer is in charge of managing the reputation and
goodwill of the company. His job is to create understanding of the clients and try to
influence their thinking and behavior. PRO uses media management and
communication to build up the companys profile. The PRO works under the
Marketing Manager and reports to him.
7. Social Media Expert/Creative services: With the internet becoming a major player in
marketing, a company benefits from the services of Social Media Experts (SME) and
creative services. While the SMEs concentrate on marketing the business and its
service on the internet so that more people become aware of it, the creative services
take care of designing and presentation part of the business, these include websites,
web pages, brochures, booklets, flyers, advertisements, mailers and e-mailers, and all
 other promotional material that is required by the marketing department. The creative
services and social media marketing report to the marketing manager and work under
him.
8. Marketing Coordinator: Coordinates all the various sections of the marketing
department and manages the advertising and marketing campaigns. Marketing
Coordinator is responsible for tracking sales data, maintaining the promotional
material inventory, planning events, preparing reports, etc. They work with the
Marketing Manager and assist him.
9. Marketing Assistant: Assists and reports to the marketing manager to run the day to
day business of a marketing department. Carries out administrative work required for
the smooth running of the department.

MARKETING MANAGERS:

Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing,
and composition of customer demand. The role of a marketing manager can vary significantly
based on a company's size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a
large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general
manager of his or her assigned product. To create an effective, cost-efficient marketing
management strategy, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own
business and the market in which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of
marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning.
Activities of Marketing Managers:

1. Focus on the Customer.

2. Monitor the Competition.

3. Own the Brand.

4. Find & Direct Outside Vendors.

5. Create New Ideas.

6. Communicate Internally.

7. Manage a Budget

8. Set the Strategy, Plan the Attack, and Execute

1) Focus on the Customer

Marketers should spend time listening to their customers (and prospective customers)
in order to understand their needs and wants regarding a particular product or service.
Soliciting thoughts and input from internal stakeholders such as Sales and Customer Service
is also appropriate, as these departments are typically closest to the customer.

2) Monitor the Competition.

Learning about, and understanding the competitive landscape is also an important

function of the Marketing Department. Marketers should be the go to people within an
organization to answer the following types of questions: Who is the competition (both direct
and indirect)? What do they communicate? Which customers do they serve? Why do
customers choose the competitor versus you?
3) Own the Brand.

The perceptions and feelings formed about an organization, its products / services,
and its performance is what is known as its brand. The Marketing Department is
responsible for creating meaningful messages through words, ideas, images, and names that
deliver upon the promises / benefits an organization wishes to make with its customers.
Furthermore, the Marketing Department is responsible for ensuring that messages and images
are delivered consistently, by every member of the organization.

4) Find & Direct Outside Vendors.

Internal Marketing Departments do not create magic alone. Therefore, Marketing

needs to source and oversee a group of outside resources (a.k.a. partners) such as
copywriters, graphic designers, web designers, database specialists, and printers so that a
company can get the most bang from its marketing efforts.

5) Create New Ideas.

Whether its customer acquisition campaigns, keep-in-touch programs, new product

promotions, retention efforts, or something in between, the Marketing Department should
ultimately be responsible for developing new ideas that generate revenue for the company.
This does not mean that the Marketers have to come up with every idea on their own;
however, they need to identify, cultivate, and work with others (see point #4) to execute
programs that will create revenue.

6) Communicate Internally.

It is important that the Marketing Department communicates with all departments

inside an organization. Since any employee (regardless of position) can support (or damage) a
brand, value proposition or even specific program initiatives, the Marketing Department
needs to take responsibility for disseminating information throughout the organization (this
includes internal education and training when appropriate).

7) Manage a Budget.

Establishing and communicating messages to the marketplace costs money.

Therefore, Marketing Departments should be responsible for estimating the anticipated
expenditures associated with marketing activities. Once set, Marketers should be held
responsible for meeting all budget projections.

8) Set the Strategy, Plan the Attack, and Execute.

One of the key activities for a Marketing Department is to integrate an organizations

goals, strengths, channels of distribution, competitive environment, target markets, pricing,
core messages, and products into one cohesive document known as the Marketing Strategy.
As part of the strategy, the Marketing Department should also develop the list of tactical
ideas such as direct mail, print advertising, and search engine optimization that will enable
the organization to communicate its message to customers and prospects. With a strategy and
tactical ideas in hand, the Marketing Department is now ready to take on the responsibility of
executing the programs and initiatives to drive sales and revenue for the organization.

Market research:

The marketing department will usually combine both forms of research. The
marketing department will seek to make sure that the company has a marketing focus
in everything that it does. It will work very closely with production to make sure that
new and existing product development is tied in closely with the needs and
expectations of customers.

Modern market focused organizations will seek to find out what their customers want.
For example, financial service organisations will want to find out about what sort of
accounts customers want to open and the standard of service they expect to get.
Retailers like Argos and Homebase will seek to find out about customer preferences
for store layouts and the range of goods on offer. Airlines will find out about the
levels of comfort that customers desire and the special treatment that they prefer to
receive.

There are two main types of market research:

a. Quantitative: Research involves collecting a lot of information by using

techniques such as questionnaires and other forms of survey.
 b. Qualitative: Research involves working with smaller samples of consumers,
often asking them to discuss products and services while researchers take
notes about what they have to say.
MARKETING PROCESS AND FUNCTION:
Market Research:
Marketing research is the systematic investigation of the facts relevant to various
aspects in marketing. It helps in identifying the needs of the customers. It involves study of
the markets and customers, their tastes and preferences, and what they are willing to buy,
when they are likely to buy, etc.
Marketing planning:

Marketing plans are prepared to achieve marketing objectives of an organization.

Product Planning and Development:

PPD is concerned with identifying customers needs, developing new products and
improving existing products in order to meet desires of customers.
Buying and Assembling:
Buying is the purchase of raw materials for use
in manufacture of finished goods for resale. Assembling is the collection of specific type of
products from different buyers under a common roof.

Standardization and Grading:

Standardization refers to the process of setting certain norms or standards for a
product with regard to shape, size, color, quantity, quality, weight, etc. It helps in ensuring
that products confirm to standards. Grading refers to the process of classification of products
into different categories on the basis of quality, size, etc. Grading is generally done for
agricultural products, such as fruits and vegetables. Graded products are of uniform quality
and become easy to market.

Branding:
A brand is a name, sign, symbol, or design assigned to a product so as to
differentiate it from products of competitors.
Packaging:

Packaging is the act of designing and producing the package for a product. A
package is a wrapper or container in which a product is kept.

Customer Support Services:

In today's competitive environment, customer support services play an

important role in marketing. Services such as after sale services, maintenance services, and
handling customer complaints provide satisfaction to customers and also helps in building
product loyalty.

Promotion:
Promotion refers to communication used to inform, persuade, and influence the
prospective customers to buy a product.

Physical Distribution:
Is concerned with making the goods and services available at the right place. It
includes 2 important decisions:
Channels of Distribution are middleman or intermediaries like wholesaler, agents,
and retailers that facilitate the movement of goods and services and their title between
the point of production and the point of consumption, by performing various
marketing activities.
Physical movement of goods from producers to consumers through means of
transport, storage and warehousing, and inventory control.

IMPORTANCE OF A MARKETING DEPARTMENT

The Marketing Department is the key to good marketing and sales. It promotes and
establishes a business in its niche, based on the products or services the business is offering.
It identifies the areas in which the product fits and where the business should focus its
marketing strategy and, therefore, spend its budget for the maximum coverage and results.
The marketing department helps a business to do the following:
 Build relationship with the audience: Creates awareness of the business and its
products as well as provide inputs that create interest for the audience. It brings in new
customers and creates new business opportunities for the enterprise.
Involve the customer: It engages existing customers, tries to understand them and hear
what they have to say. It monitors the competition, creates new ideas, identifies outlets,
plans the strategy to involve customers and retain them.
Generate income: Finally, the aim of the marketing department is to generate revenue.
All its activities are aimed at broadening the customer base and finding opportunities
that would create more revenue for the enterprise.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION

Finance is the most important department in the organization. It plays very important
role in the organization. Finance is the life blood of each and every business.
Management of financing is planning and controlling of firms financial resource.
The finance officer occupies a key position. He is one of the dynamic members of the
top management key, and his role day by day is becoming more intensive and
significant in solving the complex management problems.
The Finance Department is subdivided into three departments as under.
A. Accounts Department
B. Cane Accounts Department
C. Cost and Audit Department

ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT:
Deals with day to day financial activities of maintaining accounts i.e. entry of
day to day transactions, issue of cheque, preparing Trial Balance, Profit and Loss Account,
Balance Sheet, maintaining Bank Accounts, Cash Management, Purchase and Sales
Accounts. The books of account maintained by the company are:
 Sales records: Sales records are maintained for each of the sold s and other product.
Purchase Records: Purchase records are maintained for the purchase of various
items.
Expenses Records: The records are maintained for the purpose to make entry for
various expenses incurred in a particular period of time.
Stock Records: Stock records are maintained to know the levels of stock of various
items for the particular period of time .These are both in terms of rupees and units.
Budgets: A budget provides an easy method of continuous monitoring of activities of
the organization. A master budget, which takes into, accounts all activities of an
organization.

Following are the budgets prepared:

i. Budget Profit and Loss A/C.
ii. Budget Trading A/C.
iii. Budget Fund Flow Statement.
iv. Budget Balance Sheet.
v. Sales Budget.
vi. Cash Budget.
vii. Expenses Budget.

CANE ACCOUNT DEPARTMENT:

Deals with the farmers in purchasing cane and making time to time payment, advance
payment, transporting, maintaining the detail information through Weigh Bridge Department
about weight of the cane while it comes to the factory, maintaining daily report like Crushing
Report, Bagging Report, Baggasse and other material like Trash, Ash, , Chemicals and other
raw material in and out.
Cost and Audit Department: The functions of Cost and Audit Department:
The internal audition of various areas of each and every department including
revenue and expenditure side.
Cost Accounting work of U.S.W. Ltd. Products like , rectified spirit, denatured spirit,
power and Indian made liquor product.
Periodical physical checking of following departments about their inventory books of
accounts of the stores, time keeper office etc.
 Preparation of additional data feedback for management audit committee or any other
department required.
Special audit of various departments like Agriculture Department, Account
Department, Time Keeper Office, R & D Department, Civil Construction Projects,
Cane Purchase Department Etc. 6. Checking of Closing Stock Statement.
Suggesting remedial actions in case of increased cost.
The software package used in finance department is Tally and Own Created software
by the IT Department.

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF FINANCE DEPARTMEN:

Maintain a general accounting system
Collect all taxes and revenues
Invest cash reserves
Prepare financial reports
Administer the payroll
Procure equipment and supplies and control inventories

THE FINANCE DEPARTMENT IS COMPRISED OF THREE DIVISIONS:

i. Administration
ii. Financial Operations
iii. Financial Planning

ADMINISTRATION
The Finance Administration Division is responsible for the overall direction and
policy implementation. It is also responsible for coordination of the Finance Department,
which includes budgeting, accounting, purchasing and treasury functions. The Finance
Administration Division provides financial advice to the company.

FINANCIAL OPERATIONS
The Financial Operations Division includes the Accounting Section which maintains
the accounting system, the payroll system, the fixed asset system, reconciles accounts, and
prepares various financial reports. The Treasury Section provides centralized cashiering,
collection, and accounting for improvement district bonds, collects for all business licenses,
collects all receivables, and audits various tax sources for compliance.
FINANCIAL PLANNING
The Financial Planning Division includes preparation and administration of the
Annual Budget, completes special research projects as assigned by the Manager and Council.
The Purchasing function of the Financial Planning Division procures all services, supplies,
and equipment for all departments of the Company, and surpluses items no longer needed by
the Company.

BASIS FOR PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT:

a) The financial statement have been prepared in compliance with all materials
aspects of the mandatory, accounting standards issued by the institute of
chartered accountants of India and the relevant act, 1956.
b) Consent with revenues recognized and expenses accounted for on their
accrual.
Fixed asset:
a) Fixed asset stated at cost, net if excise and custom duty where Moved credit on capital
goods is availed except fixed assets taken over as a result of nationalization, which are
stated at values then approved by the board and revalue price less accumulated
depreciation and impairment loss, if any.
b) Cost includes freight and insurance duties and taxes, installation and commissioning
charges and other charges the date of commissioning. In case of imported fixed asset,
it includes in addition above, other charges payable as per foreign exchange contract.
Investment:
a) Long term investments are stated at the cost of acquisition. However
provisions for diminution are made to recognize a decline, other than
temporary in the value of long-term investment.
b) Current investments are stated at the lower of cost or fair market value.
Foreign exchange transactions:
Foreign currency transactions in respect of non-monetary items like fixed
asset, inventories and investments in equity shares etc are recorded at the exchange
rate prevailing on the date of transactions. In respect to the monetary items of assets
and liabilities like cash receivable, payable etc are translated on reporting data at
 closing rate or at a fixed rate where exchange rate is booked in advance. Exchange
rate difference during the year is recognized in P&L account.

Use of estimates:
Preparation of financial statements requires estimates and assumptions to be made
that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities on the date if financial statement and
the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Difference
between the actual results and the estimates are recognized in the period in which results are
known/materialized.

Provisions and contingent liabilities and contingent assets:

Provisions involving substantial degree of estimation in measurement are recognized
obligation as a result of past events and its probable that there will be an out flow of
resources. Contingent liabilities are not recognized but are disclosed in the note. Contingent
assets are neither recognized nor disclosed in the financial statements.

Earnings per share:

Basic earnings per equity share are computed by dividing net profit after tax by the
weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per
equity share are compute by dividing adjusted net profit after tax by the aggregate of
weighted average number of equity shares and diluted potential equity shares outstanding
during the year.
PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION
This department accepts the requisitions from the different departments, in which the
material needed, quality and quantity is mentioned. They have the vendors list and
they ask quotations from them. Finally after receiving the quotation they place the
order to appropriate vendor. The purchase order has four copies. From that one has
sent to Accounts Department, one to the Vendor, one to the department from which
the requisition is received and last is retained with them selves for reference. This
department work according to the Just In Time method. Means it does not blocks the
funds of the company.

Purchase Department does not place orders for capital goods. It deals with the
materials, which are necessary to run day-to-day activities of production, stationary
material etc.

This department uses the software developed by their IT department from FoxPro for
keeping records and placing orders. Also they use the other windows programs like
Ms- for documentation.

Why Purchasing Management Is So Important:

Purchasing management is no longer seen as 'just a part' of logistics or
marketing, but as strategic factor in the entire organization. According to the recent
research production companies purchase nowadays approximately 70% of their
turnover, service companies purchase approximately 40% of their turnover. While
many companies understand the importance of purchasing and its strategic impact on
the whole organization, purchasing process still requires a more intensive
management.
Actual Purchasing Management Problems:
In many companies and organizations, the purchasing process goes hand
in hand with mounds of paperwork, faxes and even handwritten ordering sheets.
Managers waste a lot of time on data searching and transmitting, status meetings,
reminding each other about important tasks, personal conversations for delegating
tasks to employees and controlling them, manually creating reported.
 EFFECTIVE PURCHASING MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Nowadays to stop wasting time and money, and to provide the right product,
at the right price, at the right place and at the right time, a head of purchasing
department needs a possibility to manage all information and communication
flows in a real time mode, including purchasing planning, execution, tracking
and reporting. A team leader needs a system that provides a total control on
Purchasing Management Process, Supplier Management Process and all
purchasing teams work at a lowest operational level, supports discovering of
hidden bottlenecks and fruitless costs, finding new sources of added value
and so on.
To manage purchasing process and tasks effectively a head of purchasing
department and his/her team needs not only to be a professional and create a
team's motivation from achieved results but also to have at his/her disposal a
Powerful centralized purchasing data and task management system.

Advanced companies have already understood it and implemented a

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gives them new possibilities to drill down into organization of purchasing
process details and find new sources of additional strategic advantages such as
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SUPPORT SERVICES CAN BE PROVIDED FOR SUCH MAJOR FIELDS

1. Maintenance and support of the computers and peripherals: Bunch of periodical
operations which should be fulfilled for normal computer functionality: hardware
testing, monitoring, upgrading, making daily data back-ups and reports.

2. Communication technical services: Maintaining the informational infrastructure:

Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks (LAN/WAN), ensuring data
communications and telephone systems.
3. Software solutions: Development, procurement, installation, maintenance and
support of the various software applications.
 4. Office and enterprise systems: Development, procurement, installation, maintenance
and support of the main business software systems data, documents, payrolls etc.
management, accountancy software, Internet Web site and so on.
5. Informational security: Establishing of informational security policy, installing,
setting and maintenance of anti-malware and anti-intrusion systems (firewalls, anti-
viruses, etc.).

FUNCTIONS OF A PURCHASING DEPARTMENT:

Most major companies and even some government organizations have a purchasing
or procurement department as part of everyday operations. These departments provide a
service that is the backbone of many manufacturing, retail, military and other industrial
organizations. Many individuals, even some who work for these companies, are unaware of
what the purchasing department does, why it exists or what purposes it serves. To understand
better what the role of the purchasing department is, consider some functions it performs.

Procuring Materials:
One role of the purchasing department is to procure all necessary materials needed for
production or daily operation of the company or government organization. For a
manufacturing company, this might include raw materials such as iron, steel, aluminum or
plastics, but it also might include tools, machinery, delivery trucks or even the office supplies
needed for the secretaries and sales team. In a retail environment, the purchasing department
makes sure there is always sufficient product on the shelves or in the warehouses to keep the
customers happy and keep the store well-stocked. With a small business, it is especially
important to keep inventory ordering at a reasonable level; investing large amounts of capital
in excess stock could result in storage problems and in a shortage of capital for other
expenditures such as advertising or research and development. Purchasing also oversees all of
the vendors that supply a company with the items it needs to operate properly.

Evaluating Price:
A purchasing department also is charged with continuously evaluating whether it
is receiving these materials at the best possible price in order to maximize profitability. This
can be challenging for a small business that may purchase in lesser quantities than a larger
vendor and which thus may not receive the same type of bulk discounts. A purchasing
department in a small business needs to shop around to find the best vendors at the most
reasonable prices for the company's particular size orders. Purchasing department staff may
communicate with alternate vendors, negotiate better pricing for bulk orders or investigate
the possibility of procuring cheaper materials from alternative sources as part of their daily
activities.

Paperwork and Accounting:

Purchasing departments handle all of the paperwork involved with purchasing
and delivery of supplies and materials. Purchasing ensures timely delivery of materials from
vendors, generates and tracks purchase orders and works alongside the receiving department
and the accounts payable department to ensure that promised deliveries were received in full
and are being paid for on time. In a small business, this means working closely with the
accounting department to ensure that there is sufficient capital to buy the items purchased and
that cash is flowing smoothly and all payments are made on time.

Policy Compliance:
The purchasing department also must ensure that it is complying with all company
policies. For example, in a small business, individual staff members may communicate with
the purchasing department about purchasing needs for things such as office supplies or
computers. Before making a purchase, the purchasing department must ensure that it heeds
the proper protocols for purchase and budget approval and must ensure that any items are
purchased in accordance with the overall purchasing policy of the organization.

SALES DEPARTMENT

Purposes of sales organization

1. To permit the development of specialist.

2. To assure that all necessary activities are performed.
3. To achieve coordination or balance.
4. To define authority.
SALES ANALYSIS:

Because the basic purpose of a sales organization is to generate sales, sales

analysis is an obvious and important element of evaluating sales organization effectiveness.
The difficulty however is to determining exactly what should be analyzed. One key
consideration is in defining what is by a sale.

Definitions include a placed order, a shipped order, and a paid order, defining a sale
by when an order is shipped is probably most common. Regardless of the definition used, the
sales organization must be consistent and develop an information system to track sales based
on whatever sales definition is used.

Another consideration is whether to focus on sales dollars or sales unit this can be
extremely important during times spanning price increase or when sales people have
substantial latitude in negotiating selling prices.

We can sub divide the sales analysis in different categories.

1. Organization Level of Analysis.

2. Type of sales.
3. Type of analysis

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS

Sales analysis should be performed for all levels in the organization for two
basic reasons First sales managers needs at each level sales analysis at their level and the next
level below for evaluation and control purposes. For example, a regional sales manager
should have sales analyses for all regions as well as for all districts within his or her region
this makes it possible to assess the sales effectiveness of the region and to determine sales
contribution of each district. Second, a useful way to identify problem areas in achieving
sales effectiveness is to perform a hierarchical sales analysis, which consists of evaluating
sales results throughout the sales organization from a top-down perspective essentially the
analysis begins with total sales for the sales organization and proceeds through each
successively lower level in the sales organization.
TYPES OF SALES

It is usually desirable to evaluate several type of sale such as by the following categories.

1. Product type or specific products.

2. Account type or specific account.
3. Type of distribution method.
4. Order size.

The analysis of different types of sales at different organization levels increases management
ability to detect and define problem areas in sales performance. However, incorporating
different sales types into the analysis complicates the evaluation process and requires an
information system capable of providing sales data concerning the desired breakdowns.

TYPE OF ANALYSIS

The discussion to this point as focus on the actual sales results for different
organizational levels and type of sales however the use of actual sales results limit the
analysis to comparison across organizational level or sales type these with in
organizational comparison provide some useful information but are insufficient
evaluation of sales effectiveness.
Comparing actual sales with sales results with sales forecasts and quotas is extremely
revealing. A sales forecast represents an expected level of firm sales for defined
products, markets, and time periods for a specified strategy. Based on this definition a
sales forecast provide a basis for establishing a specific sales quota and the reasonable
sales objective for a territory And effectiveness index can be computed by dividing
actual sales results by the sales quota and multiplying by hundred. The sales
effectiveness makes it easy to compare directly the sales effectiveness of different
organizational levels and different type of sales.
Another type of useful analysis is the comparison of actual results to previous periods.
This type of analysis is used to determine the sales growth rate for different
organizational levels and for different sales type.
A final type of analysis to be considered is a comparison of actual sales results to
those achieved by competitors this type of analysis is used to determine the sales
growth ratefor different organizational levels and for different sales typ
COST ANALYSIS

A second major element in the evaluation of the sales organization of sales

organization effectiveness is cost analysis. The emphasis here is on assessing the costs
incurred by the sales organization to generate the achieve level of sales the general
approach is to compare the cost incurred with planned costs as defined by selling
budgets. Corporate resource earmarked for personal selling expenses for a designated
period represent the total selling budget.
Selling budgets are developed at all level of the sales organization and for all key
expenditure categories. Both the total expenditure for each of these categories and
sales management budget responsibility must be determined. Sales management
budget responsibility depends on the degree of centralization or decentralization in the
sales organization. Although there is no perfect way to arrive at these expenditure
levels, two approaches warrant attention
1. Percentage of sales method
2. Objective and task method

PERCENTAGE OF SALES METHOD:

The percentage of sales method calculates an expenditure level for each category by
multiplying an expenditure percentage times forecasted sales. The effectiveness of the
percentage of sales method depends on the accuracy of sales forecasts and the
appropriateness of the expenditure percentage. If the sales forecasts are not accurate, the
selling budget will be incorrect, regardless of the expenditure percentages used. If the sales
forecasts are accurate, the key is determining the expenditure percentage. This percentage
may be derived from historical spending patterns or industry averages. Sales management
should adjust the percentage up or down to reflect the unique aspects of their sales
organization.
OBJECTIVE AND TASK METHOD

It is a type of zero based budgeting. In essence, each sales manager prepare a

separate budget request that stipulates the objective to be achieved, the task required to
achieve these objective, and the costs associated with performing the necessary tasks.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF SALES DEPARMENT:

Small businesses often organize their sales and marketing operations differently than
larger businesses, putting more of an emphasis on sales until they have sufficient capital and
staff to elevate the marketing function. Understanding what responsibilities a sales and
marketing division will need to handle until you more formally separate these areas will help
you maximize your resources to boost your sales and profits.

1. Goal-Setting: The sales and marketing division sets individual sales rep quotas,
as well as the overall volume goal for the company. To achieve sales goals, it creates
bonus and commissions structures. The division uses past sales figures and expert
projections to estimate which products will sell where and in what amounts.

2. Product, Pricing and Distribution Planning: Because sales and marketing

managers spend much of their time talking directly to customers, they guide the
development of products and services. They recommend modifying or dropping
products or services or adding new ones to the companys mix, based on what
customers want. A sales and marketing department has the responsibility for deciding
where the company should sell and what its prices should be. This includes choosing
which, if any, intermediaries the company will use, such as wholesalers, distributors
or retailers. This requires the division to research where the companys competitors
are selling and where its customers say they want to shop.

3. Customer Service: To maintain its customer base, sales and marketing takes
responsibility for making sure buyers are happy, as well as trying to upsell them. The
division is proactive in contacting customers with surveys and special offers and is
 reactive in attempting to solve any problems that might cause the company to lose
customers.

4. Promotions: The word promotions covers a broad array of sales and marketing
efforts, including advertising, social media, public relations, sales, event sponsorship,
cause marketing, discounts, loyalty programs, rebates, trade show appearances and
buyers clubs. The sales and marketing team decides which publications to advertise
in, which TV, radio or websites are best for promoting the companys products or
services, and what contests, giveaways, discounts or other marketing methods will
help it boost sales.

CHAPTER IV

SWOT ANALYSIS

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

1. Strong engineering base and stable industrial relationship

2. Has been making profits continuously and paying dividends since 2005
3. Great support from the collaborators has helped it to acquire modern technology and
transform it to suit Indian conditions
4. Huge customer base in domestic business leading to major presence and influence in
the market
5. More than 190 products and 30+ major product groups
6. Ability to deliver high quality products at a competitive price

WEAKNESSES:

1. Inability to provide to give suppliers credit, soft loans and financing of power
projects.
 2. Longer delivery cycles when compared with other international competitors.
3. The company lacks effective marketing infrastructure.

OPPORTUNITIES:

1. There is a huge demand of power and is expected to grow forth.

2. .Ageing power plants need more service and spare parts
3. As it cost competitive, it has potential export opportunities

THREATS:

1. Increased competition both national and international companies

2. Foreign competitors rapidly spending on promotion tactics
3. Consolidations in the industry have reduced the turnover of the company

CHAPTER V

FINDING:

To minimize the risk, the extent of financing to a single project should be

proportionate; it will also affect the exposure limit for borrower or utilities and chance
to fund in more projects rather in some.
With the deficit of electricity in our country, there is need of many projects and the
exposure limit should be increased to effectively assist the new projects.
The exposure limit of some utility is going to reached, which resist PFC to fund.
With the increasing IPPs in power generation the exposure to them should be more
and the portfolio size for IPPs should be increased.
It will increase the revenue because of higher interest rate and some extra charges.
Currently PFC has less % funding in renewable energy, PFC should also concentrate
to increase its share in renewable energy.
 With the changes in project parameters, the re-rating of project should be done at an
appropriate time and linkages of interest rate, exposure limit and security to the new
project rating should be done.
There should be more bifurcation in the linkages to integrated project rating. A
detailed and comprehensive model study should be made for accordingly.

SUGGESTION

A proper training should be given to the employees and the workers to enhance their
skills to increase their productivity and ultimately of the company.

The management should make the market survey time to time to get more and latest
information about the market factors like the price, demand, current consumer trends
etc.

As the world has become a global village, the management should have the latest
knowledge and informations about the world because now a little change in any
corner of the world can affect your business.

The top management should give the autonomy and the flexibility to every manage to
make decisions according to the situation at any time and in the absence of the top
managers.

All the duties and responsibilities of the employees and the workers should be clearly
defined.

The computer technology should also be used in decision making as well as in storing
and feeding the data.

The company should make it possible to deliver the goods to the buyers at the agreed
time.

CONCLUSION

The study had confirmed that the company is having a good Screening process. From
this study, it is found that majority of the workers screen the candidates effectively by
understanding clearly about the requirements and properly match the profile.
Suggestions given in the report may be implemented for the benefit of the workers
and the company.
 The company may conduct similar type of research at regular intervals to know the
changing attitude of workers and to know about their effectiveness to improve the
Screening process. The system is designed to provide complete satisfaction to the
user. The operation of this system is good in its response time.

The survey after implementation of the project and support team has shown how far
the project is useful to the customer. The survey shows that maximum of the customer
use the portal effectively and usefully. Regarding the support team the customer has
given a good opinion and they have rated the team high in all aspects like training,
supervision, code of conduct and in all other areas.

REFERENCE

o Capehart, B., Turner, W. and Kennedy, W., 2006. Guide to Energy

Management.
o ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment, 2008.
o Boiler and Heaters, Improving Energy Efficiency, Canadian Industry Program
for Energy Conservation, August 2001.
o Federal Energy Management Program Fact Sheet, PNNL, January 2005.
o FEMP O&M Best Practices, a Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency,
U.S. Department of Energy, August 2010.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/omguide_complete.pdf
o Efficient Boiler Operations Sourcebook, Fourth Edition, F. William Payne and
Richard E. Thompson, 1996.
o The Control of Boilers, 2nd Edition, Sam G. Dukelow, 1991.