CGE653 Chapter 1

Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Principles of Health, Safety
Health, Safety & Environmtn

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and Environment
Dr Putri Nadzrul Faizura bt. Megat Khamaruddin
Introduction

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WHAT IS HSE?
H-HEALTH (related to toxicology, exposure, disease, forensic,
CSI)
S-SAFETY (related to incident, accident, explosion, physical
hazards etc.)
E-ENVIRONMENT (related to pollution, waste, air quality,
Health, Safety & Environment

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green, sustainability)
Historical Perspective of OSH
Development
The rapid developments taking place in the
Malaysian Industrialization program have
changed employment patterns to an

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increasing emphasis on manufacturing and
service sectors of the economy.
Positive/Good Points

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Negative/Bad Points
POLLUTION INCREASED

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HARMFUL WORKING CONDITIONS/NEW
RISKS & DISEASES
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Why HSE is Important?
To prevent and eliminate the risk of
injuries, health hazards and damage to
properties.

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To minimize the unsafe act or unsafe
conditioned
To identify steps towards the conservation

and preservation of the environment.
Development of safety & health
movement
ROLE OF SPECIFIC
TRAGEDIES &
ORGANISED HEALTH
ACCIDENTS
LABOUR/UNION PROBLEMS

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Malaysias Milestone in HSE
Movement
1878 First Machinery Inspector is appointed
1892 Selangor Boiler Enactment
1953 The enactment of Machinery Ordinance/The birth of Machinery Dpt
1967 Factories and Machinery Act/Machinery Department expanded to
become Factories and Machinery Department (FMD)

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1975 The enactment of Environmental Quality Act 1974/The formation of
Department of Environment
1992 Formation of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH)
1994 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is adopted
FMD is transformed to Department of Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH)
2000 Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals and Hazardous to
Health Regulations is operated.
National Institute Of
Occupational Safety And
Health (NIOSH)
The centre for training, consultancy, information
dissemination and research in occupational safety

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and health in Malaysia.
Established in 1992 to spearhead the safety and

health culture at the workplace in Malaysia.
Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH)
The government agency responsible for
administering
managing

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and enforcing legislation related to occupational
safety and health (OSH) in this country.
Vision:
To cultivate OSH culture in every workplace and to
make every job and task safe and healthy for the
worker.
Social Security Organisation
(SOCSO) / Pertubuhan
Keselamatan Social (PERKESO)
Established in 1971 under the Ministry if Human Resources
To implement and administer the social security schemes under the
Employees Social Security Act 1969, namely Employment Injury

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Scheme and Invalidity Scheme.
Vision
To become the premier and outstanding leader in social security
towards 2020.
Mission
To provide a social security protection to employees and their
dependants through social security schemes and to increase
awareness on occupational safety and health that will ultimately
improve the Employees social wellbeing.
Development of HSE programs
Early safety programs were based on the Three

Es of Safety.

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Engineering - Design improvement in process
& product
Education/Research - Cultivate safety
awareness/habits
Enforcement - Ensure compliance to law &
regulations
Lesson learned life is
Summary precious and cannot be
replaced
Definition
The importance of
HSE

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Historical
perspective of OSH
Development of
HSE program and
organisations
Approach to safety
Terminologies

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Some Terminologies
Safety
Health
Chronic

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Acute
Hazard
Risk
Accident
Incident
Near Miss
Safety and Health
Safety = the absence of: (i) injury and harm on
human and (ii) damage on property and the
environment

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Opposite of safety = accident
Health = a state of physical and mental well-being
including the absence of disease or infirmity.
Safety deals with acute effects of hazards
Health issue deals with chronic effects of hazards
Acute: immediate, short term
Chronic: persistent, prolonged and repeated
Hazard versus Risk
Hazard = a condition that has the potential to

cause human injury or fatality, damage to
property, damage to the environment or some

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combination of these.
Risk = a measure of human injury, environmental
damage, or economic loss in terms of both the
incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss
or injury.
In other words, risk = a chance of injury or loss or
bad consequences to happen.
Incident versus Accident
Incident: all undesired circumstances that have the

potential to cause accidents.
Accident: a sequence of events that produce

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unintended injury, damage to property or the
environment, production losses, or increased
liabilities.
Accident refers to the event, not the results of the
event.
Near Miss..
an unplanned event that did
not result in injury, illness, or
damage but had the

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potential to do so.
another term for this event:
close call
Sources of Hazards
People
Equipment/plant/process

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Man
Work system
Substances/materials Machine
The work environment Method
Material
Milieu
Broad Categories of Hazards
Category Example
Safety Hazards
Chemical Hazards acidity, alkalinity, corrosivity,

explosiveness, flammability, toxicity,
asphyxation.

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Mechanical Hazards moving equipment, tripping hazards,
impact and forces
Thermodynamics Hazards high/low temperature, high pressure,
vacuum, heat transfer
Electrical & Electromagnetic Hazards high voltage, radiation, static electricity,
electrical current
Health Hazards noise, pollution, vibration, radioactivity,
External Threats accidental damage by missiles and
vehicles, act of god and natural causes
Potential Safety Hazards in Oil
and Gas Operation
Category Category
Blowouts Drilling Marine Supply vessels
Completion, Collisions Standby vessels
Production (including Fishing vessels
wirelining) Drilling rigs

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Workover Offshore loading
Abandonment, tankers
Process leaks Leaks of gas/oil from: Personnel Helicopter crash into
Wellhead equipment, Transport sea/platform/ashore
Separators & other Boat transfer
process equipment, Basket transfer
Compressors and
other gas treatment
equipment,
Process pipes, flanges,
valves, pumps etc.
Flare/vent system
Potential Safety Hazards in Oil
and Gas Operation
Category Category
Riser/pipeline Leaks of gas/oil from: Dropped Constructions
leaks Import flowlines objects Crane operations
Export risers Cargo transfer

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Sub-sea pipelines
Sub-sea wellhead Structural Extreme weather
manifolds events Foundation failure
Non-process Fuel gas Bridge collapse
fires Electrical Crane Collapse
Accomodation Non-process Chemical
Machinery spills Methanol/Glycol
Workshop Bottled gas leaks
Hazard Identification

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and Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment
1. Identify the hazard 2. Estimating the risk
associated with the hazard

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Hazard Control Hierarchy
1. Eliminate 2. Substitute

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3. Isolate
4. Engineering Control 5. Administrative Control

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6. Use PPE
No. Control Method Description/Example
1. Eliminate Completely remove the hazard from the workplace so that

it is not there.
2. Substitute Replace the material or process with a less hazardous one.

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3. Isolate Place a barrier or similar between the hazard and people
within the workplace (e.g. a fence surrounding the hazard).
4. Engineering Install or using additional machinery. (e.g ventilation
controls system, guarding on machinery, sensor system).
5. Administrative Safety briefings, safety trainings, work procedure, safety
controls awareness signage.
6. PPE Last line of defence to protect a worker if the above
measures have failed.
Personal Protective Equipment
Considered as a last resort in hazard control
because:
Only protects one person.
Only protects if it is worn properly.

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Difficulties with fit, practicalities of use,
ergonomics, etc.
Difficulties with enforcement of use.
Other on-going management issues such as
training, replacement, repair.
Summary
Terminologies
Introduction to
Hazard

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Identification, Risk
Estimation and
Control
ACCIDENTS

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Accident Pyramids
1
1 Major
Accident

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Major
Injury 10
Minor
29 Accident
Minor 30
Injury
Property Damage
300 Accidents
Incidents
(near miss)
600
Near miss
H.W. Heinrich (1931) Frank E. Bird Jr (1969)

Major Industrial Accidents
Fire Explosion Toxic Release

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Consequences of Major
Industrial Accidents:
Accidents Consequences
Fires Fatalities

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Explosions Injuries
Toxic Releases Environmental Damage
Property Damage
Evacuations
Property Losses
Plant Closings
Fines, Lawsuit
Some Major Industrial

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Accidents in the Past
Bhopal, 1984
Release of toxic gas
40 tons of Methyl Isocynate (MIC) escaped
from Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India.
3000 died (respiratory failure)
Thousands more died in weeks that followed

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More than 500,000 suffered
Chernobyl, 1986
26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor,
Ukraine.
Large area of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was
evacuated, 336 000 people resettled.

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Fewer than 50 direct death, but thousands of
cancer-related cases.
Severe damage to the environment.
Piper Alpha, 1988
Worlds most famous oil rig disaster.
167 out of 229 people died
Initial explosion followed by a fierce fire which, in
turn, triggered off a further series of explosions.

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Flames could be seen 100 km away.
BP Texas City Refinery, 2005
23 March 2005
Fire and Explosion
Killing 15 workers and injuring more than 170

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others.
Deep Water Horizon Platform,
2010
Gulf Coast of United States
Platform explosion and sinking, killed 11 workers
Leaking of hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil

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into the Gulf of Mexico
The worst industrial environmental disaster in US
history.
Video Session
Health, Safety & Environment

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Importance of Safety
We recognise the importance of costing loss events

as part of total safety management. Good safety is

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good business
Dr. J Whiston, ICI Group SHE Manager

Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial investment

we can make, and the question is not what it costs

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us, but what it saves.
Robert McKee, Chairman Conoco (UK) Ltd.

Prevention of ...
Death or injury to workers
Death and injury to general publics

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Physical and financial damage to the
properties/facilities
Damage to third party properties
Damage to the environment
Accident is costly!!!
Safety is a Good Business
Decrease workers compensation

Decrease retraining costs
Decrease absenteeism

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Reduce production interruption
Increase productivity
Increase morale of workers
Attracting people to work
Enhancing companys corporate reputation
Engineers and Safety
A requirement for engineering degree programmes

Important aspect in the application for professional
engineer

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Non-compliance with safety standards can severely
affect a companys bottom line.
Engineers who design the workplace and its
equipment or who manage and supervise workers
need to have an understanding of the safety and
health regulation.
Code of Ethics
Engineering is an important and learned profession. As
members of this profession, engineers are expected to
exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity.
Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality

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of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided
by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness and
equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the
public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must
perform under a standard of professional behavior that
requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical
conduct.
Engineering Ethics: Engineers shall hold

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paramount the safety, health, and welfare
of the public in the performance of their
professional duties.
Cost of Accidents (Iceberg
Model)
Direct Costs

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Indirect Costs
Cost of Accidents
Direct Costs
costs that are accrued directly from the
accident
quite easy to calculate
usually insurable by businesses

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Indirect Costs
the less obvious consequences of an accident
that can be costed
While the indirect costs created by accidents
are hidden, they too must be paid
more difficult to calculate and tend not to be
insured
Examples of Direct Cost of
Accidents
Medical costs incurred and the compensation

payments made to the injured workers

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Damage to premises, plant and equipment
Sick pay
Overtime to cover injured person
Fines
Examples of Indirect Cost of
Accidents
Loss of an employee's skills and work output

Downtime during investigations and pay of

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people investigating
Training costs for replacement operators
Increased Insurance Premiums
Defending criminal and civil prosecutions
Bad publicity
Workplace effects: poor productivity due to low
morale
Past Disasters
Lessons from the

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A wise man learns from his own experience,

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but a wiser man learns from the experiences
of others
Learning from Past Experiences
Kletz* recommended four ways for organisations to
learn from past experience:
Recent and old accidents should be described in safety
bulletins and discussed at safety meetings

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standards and codes of practice should contain notes on
accidents which led to the recommendations
a 'black book' containing reports of accidents with
technical interest that have occurred should be compulsory
reading for all newcomers and for refreshing memories
accident information retrieval and storage systems should
be used as they contain a wealth of useful information
* Kletz, T. A. On the need to publish more case histories. Plant/Operations
Progress, 1988, 7(3), 145-147.
Oil and Gas Accidents
Alexander L. Kielland - Ocean Ranger - 1982
1980

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Piper Alpha - 1988 Glomar Java Sea
Drillship - 1983
Oil and Gas Accidents
Enchova Central - 1988 Mumbai High North -
2005

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Usumacinta - 2007 Deepwater
Horizon - 2010
Safety Culture

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Safety Culture
Culture can be seen as a concept that describes the
shared corporate values within an organisation which
influences the attitudes and behaviours of all of its
members.

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Safety culture is a part of the overall culture of the
organisation and is seen as affecting the attitudes
and beliefs of members in terms of health and safety
performance.
In other words, safety culture is the attitudes, values,
norms, and beliefs that a particular group of people
share with respect to risk and safety
Safety Culture
Safety culture refers to the extent to which
individuals and groups in the organisation will
commit to:

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personal responsibility for safety
act to preserve safety
enhance and communicate safety concerns
strive to actively learn
adapt and modify behavior based on lessons learned
from mistakes
Safety Culture
A good safety culture can be promoted by four
factors:
senior management commitment to safety

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realistic and flexible customs and practices for handling
both well-defined and ill-defined hazards
continuous organisational learning through
practices such as feedback systems, monitoring
and analysing
a care and concern for hazards which is shared
across the workforce.
Causation
Theories of Accident

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Why do accidents occur?
We choose to handle dangerous processes,

materials, energies
To make a living

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To provide society with desirable products
As long as we choose to handle them, a potential
for loss events exist.
Things can be done to reduce their likelihood

and severity to negligible or tolerable levels.
How do accidents occur?
There are several theories that attempt
to explain the occurrence of accidents.
Domino theory

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Human factors theory
Swiss cheese model
Accident/incident theory
Sociotechnical system framework
Epidemiological Theory
Systems Theory
Domino Theory
Herbert W. Heinrich, an early pioneer of accident
prevention and industrial safety.
He studied 75,000 reports of accidents for
insurance claims and concluded:

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88% of industrial accidents are caused
by unsafe acts committed by workers
10% of industrial accidents
are caused by unsafe
conditions
2% of industrial accidents
are unavoidable.
Heinrichs Axiom of Industrial
Safety
1. Injuries result from a complete series of factors,
one of which is the accident itself

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2. An accident can occur as a result of unsafe act
and/or unsafe conditions
3. Most accidents are the result of unsafe
behaviour by people
4. An unsafe act or an unsafe conditions does not
immediately result in an accident/injury;
Safety
5. The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can
serve as helpful guides in selecting corrective

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actions.
6. The severity of an accident is largely fortuitous
and the factors that cause it are largely
preventable.
7. The prevention techniques are analogous with
the best quality and productivity techniques.
Safety
8. Management should assume responsibility for
safety because it is in the best position to get

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results.
9. The supervisor is the key person in the
prevention of industrial accidents.
10. In addition to the direct costs of an accident (i.e.
compensation, liability claims, medical costs, and
hospital expenses) there are also hidden or
indirect costs.
5 factors in the sequence of
events leading up to an accident

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Social Fault of Unsafe Act
Environment Person or Accident Injury
and Ancestry (Carelessness) Condition
Ancestry and social environment
Negative character traits that might lead people to

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behave in an unsafe manner can be inherited or
acquired as a result of the social environment.
Fault of a person
Negative character traits, whether inherited or
acquired, are why people behave in unsafe manner
and why hazardous conditions exist.
Unsafe act/Unsafe conditions

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Unsafe acts committed by people
Unsafe conditions due to the presence of
mechanical/physical hazards
Accidents
Injury
Domino Theory
A personal injury (the final domino) occurs only as a
result of an accident.
An accident occurs only as a result of a personal or

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mechanical hazard.
Personal and mechanical hazards exist only through
the fault of careless persons or poorly designed or
improperly maintained equipment.
Faults of persons are inherited or acquired as a result
of their social environment or acquired by ancestry.
The environment is where and how a person was
raised and educated.
Heinrichs theory has two
central points:
1. Injuries are caused by the action of

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preceding factors
2. Removal of the central factor (unsafe

acts/hazardous conditions) negates the
action of the preceding factors and, in so
doing, prevents accidents and injuries.
Removal of unsafe acts/unsafe
conditions prevents the accident

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Injury
Accident
Unsafe act/unsafe condition
Fault of a person
Ancestry and social environment

Human Factors Theory
Attributes accidents to a chain of events that

were ultimately the result of human error.

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Overload
Inappropriate Inappropriate
activities response
Overload
An imbalance between a persons capacity at any
given time and the load that a person is carrying in
a given state.

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A persons capacity is the
product of such factors
as his/her ability,
training, state of mind,
fatigue, stress, and
physical conditions.
Overload
Added burden resulting

from
Environmental factors

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(noise, distractions, etc.);
Situational factors (level of
risks, unclear instructions,
etc.); and
Internal factors (personal
problems, emotional stress,
worry, etc.)
Inappropriate Response
How a person responds in a given situation can
cause or prevent an accident.
Inappropriate response include:

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A person detects a hazardous condition but does nothing
to correct it;
A person removes a safeguard from a machine in an
effort to increase output; or
A person disregards an established safety procedure
Such responses can lead to accidents.
Inappropriate Activities
Examples of inappropriate
activities include:

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A person undertaking a task he or
she doesnt know how to do
(performing tasks without requisite
training)
A person misjudging the degree of
risk involved in a given task and
proceeding based on that
misjudgment.
Human Factors
Theory
Overload Inappropriate Inappropriate

Response Activities
Fatigue
Environmental Operating without
factors Detecting hazard but

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not correcting it authority
Internal Factors Performing task
Situational Factors Removing safeguards
from machines & without the
equipment requisite training
Ignoring safety Misjudging the
Misunderstanding degree of risk
the directions involved with a given
tasks
Horseplay
Swiss Cheese Model
The Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation

suggests that systemic failures, or accidents, occur

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from a series of events at different layers of an
organization.
A system is similar to slices of Swiss cheese
There are holes which represent opportunities for
failure, and each slice is a layer of the system.
Swiss Cheese Model
When holes in the layers line up, a loss (or
accident) occurs

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Swiss Cheese Model
Each layer of the system is an opportunity to stop
an error; the more layers, the less likely an
accident is to occur.
Lines of defence

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Defects
Swiss Cheese Model
Lines of Defence

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and Regulations
Safety Legislation

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Legislation, Act and Regulation
Legislation is a law passed by a legislative body such
as a Parliament or State Legislature.
A law is considered to be an act when it has already

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been duly passed by a legislative body.
A regulation, on the other hand, is one that is
approved by a group of individuals based on an act
that has already been passed. These regulations are
based on the act that has been approved and served
as a means to make the act a lot easier to follow and
adhere to. For this reason, one act can have
numerous regulations.
Evolution of OSH Legislation
OSH Legislation in Malaysia
was based on the
traditional approach
derived from 19th Century

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British Legislation
The industrial revolution in
Britain resulted in some
unsafe and unhealthy
working conditions plus a
high numbers of injury and
disease.
Legislation to overcome this problem was
introduced very slowly.
In 1844, specific safety provisions addressed the

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"fencing of dangerous machinery."
Later Acts in the latter part of the 19th Century
extended safety provisions to men and to other
industries and hazards.
British report in 1972: prepared by a committee of
inquiry, chaired by Lord Robens and is known as the
Robens Report.
The major recommendations made by Robens
include:
There should be more self regulation by employers and
employees; (for example Safety & Health Officers and

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Safety & Health Committees);
There should be a single, comprehensive Act dealing with
occupational safety and health that should contain a clear
statement of the basic principles of the safety
responsibility of employers, employees and
manufacturers, based on common law.
The Act shall be supported by regulations and voluntary
codes with the emphasis on the latter.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act in Malaysia
as well as new style safety and health legislation in
the UK and Australia, reflects many principles that
were stated in a British report in 1972.

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In the year 1967, the Factory and Machinery Act was
approved by the Parliament of Malaysia.
In 1970, the Factory and Machinery Act and eight
regulations under the act were enforced.
This act was legislated to overcome the weaknesses
in the Machinery Ordinance 1953,
Workers were not protected if they work in a workplace that doesnt
use machinery.
Introduction to OSHA 1994
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
This legislation was made considering the fact that
the Factory and Machinery Act 1967 only covers

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occupational safety and health in the manufacturing,
mining, quarrying and construction industries,
whereas the other industries are not covered.
The purpose of Occupational Safety and Health Act
1994 is to promote and encourage occupational
safety and health awareness among employers and
workers.
Main principles that had been taken as the
foundation in the drafting of this Act.

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1. Self-regulation
To handle issues relating to occupational safety and
health, employers must develop a good and orderly
management system. Starting with formation of a
safety and health policy and consequently employers
have to make the proper arrangements to be carried
out.
2. Tripartite consultation
where employers, employees and the government
must negotiate to settle issues and problems
relating to occupational safety and health at the
workplace.

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3. Co-operation
where employers and employees must co-operate
to take care, nurture and to increase the quality
of occupational safety and health at the
workplace.
Without co-operation between employers and
employees, none of the occupational safety and
health programmes carried out would succeed.
Application of OSHA 1994
Apply throughout Malaysia to the industries as
follows (First Schedule )
Manufacturing;
Mining and Quarrying;

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Construction;
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing;
Utilities such as Electricity, Gas, Water and sanitary Services;
Transport, Storage and Communication;
Wholesale and Retail Trades;
Hotels and Restaurants;
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
Public Services and Statutory Authorities
Application of OSHA 1994
NOTE:
Not applicable to work on board ships governed
by the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, the

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Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1960 of Sabah and
Sarawak
Not applicable to armed forces
This Law is in addition to previous law pertaining
to occupational safety and health. If there is any
conflict, this Law shall supersede the previous law.
FMA 1967 versus OSHA 1994
FMA 1967 OSHA 1994
Scope Only cover OSH in the Cover all economic activities &
manufacturing, mining, quarrying, government except armed forces and
works of engineering & seafarers.
constructions.

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Cover only 24% of the man power Cover 90% of the man power
Approach Prescriptive Self regulation

Too dependent on government Supported by code of practices,
Concern for inspection by guidelines etc.
regulation authorities Tripartite responsibility
Worker cooperation & participation
Objective Focus on control of factories & To safeguard health and welfare

machineries employees and those at the place of
Registration & inspection of work, e.g. visitors and contractors
machines
Less provision for health
HSE Related Acts in Malaysia
Occupational Safety and

Health Act, 1994
Factory and Machinery Act,

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1967
Petroleum (Safety Measures)
Act 1984
Environmental Quality Act
1974
Occupational Safety and
Health Act, 1994

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Laws of Malaysia
Act 514
OSHA 1994
Date of coming into operation 25 Feb 1994

Contain 15 Parts, 67 Sections and 3 Schedules
Applicable throughout Malaysia to the industries

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specified in the First Schedule
Not applicable to work on board ships governed by
the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, 1960
(Sabah) or 1960 (Sarawak) or the armed forces
Section 4: Object of the Act
To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at
work against risks
To protect persons at a place of work other than
persons at work against risks

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To promote an occupational environment for persons
at work which is adapted to their physiological and
psychological needs.
To provide the means whereby the associated
occupational safety and health legislation may be
progressively replaced by a system of regulations and
approved industry codes of practice to maintain or
improved the S&H standards
Responsibilities to ensure the safety and

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health at the workplace lies with those who
create the risk and with those work with
the risk
Concept of OSHA 1994
Accident prevention is an essential part of good

management and workmanship
Management and workers must cooperate

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Top management must take the lead
A defined and known safety and health policy
Organization and resources to achieve policy
Act 514
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

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Regulations under OSHA 1994
Guidelines Code of practice

Regulations Under OSHA 1994
i. OSH (Employers' Safety and Health General Policy Statements)
(Exception) Regulations 1995
ii. OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) Regulations
1996- CIMAH

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iii.OSH (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations 1996-SHC
iv.OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous
Chemicals) Regulations 1997- CPL
v. OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997-SHO
vi.OSH (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health) Regulations 2000- USECHH
vii.OSH (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations
2004-NADOOPOD
Examples of Guideline
Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction

Site Management and workers must cooperate
Guidelines on First-Aid Facilities in the Workplace

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Guidelines for Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals
Guidelines for the Preparation of a Chemical Register
Guidelines on the Control of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health
Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in
Agriculture
Section 15 General Duties of
Employer and Self-employed
Persons
To ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health

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and welfare at work of all his employees.
To provide and maintain plant and system of work
that are, so far as is practicable, safe and without
risks to health.
To ensure safety and absence of risks to health in
connection with the use or operation, handling,
storage and transport of plant and substances
Section 15 General Duties of
Employer and Self-employed
Persons
To provide information, instruction, training and

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supervision.
To maintain any place of work under the control of
the employer or self-employed person and to
provide access to and egress from it that are safe
and without such risks.
To provide and maintain a working environment
that is safe, without risks to health, & adequate as
regards facilities for their welfare at work.
Section 16 Duty to formulate
S&H Policy
It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-
employed person to:

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prepare and revise a written statement on S&H
policy
arrange for the time being in force in carrying out
the policy
bring the statement and any revision of it to the
notice of all of his employees
Section 24 General Duties of an
Employee
To take reasonable care for the safety and health of
himself and of other persons who may be affected

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by his acts or omissions at work.
To cooperate with his employers or any other
person.
To wear or use at all times any PPE.
To comply with any instruction or measure on OSH.
Factory and Machinery Act
1967 (Revised -1974)

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Laws of Malaysia
Act 139
Contents
6 Parts
59 Sections

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3 Schedules
List of Amendments
Effective date: 1st July 1974
Parts
Part I Preliminary
Part II Safety, Health and Welfare
Part III Person In Charge and Certificate of

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Competency
Part IV Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence and Dangerous Diseases
Part V Notice of Occupation of Factory, and
Registration and Use of Machinery
Part VI - General
Petroleum (Safety Measures)
Act 1984

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Laws of Malaysia
Act 302
Contents
11 Parts
48 Sections

CGE653
1 Schedule
List of Amendments
Effective date: 1st March 1985
Parts
Part I Preliminary
Part II Transportation of Petroleum by

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Road and Railway
Part III Transportation of Petroleum by
Water
Part IV Transportation of Petroleum by Air
Part V Transportation of Petroleum by
Pipelines
Parts
Part VI Storage and Handling of Petroleum
Part VII Utilization of Equipment, Gadgets,
Mtls., Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures

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and Installations
Part VIII Existing equipment, Gadgets, Mtls.,
Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures and
Installations
Part IX General Powers for Rectification
Part X Liability
Part XI - General
For More Information
Ministry of Human Resources

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Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH)
www.dosh.gov.my
PETRONAS Procedures and
Guidelines for Upstream
Activities (PPGUA)
Exploration Activities

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Project Development
Inspection and Maintenance of Production
Facilities
Production Operations
Management of Health, Safety & Environment
Platform Abandonment

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Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Principles of Health, Safety

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environment

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

To identify steps towards the conservation

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Established in 1992 to spearhead the safety and

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Early safety programs were based on the Three

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Hazard = a condition that has the potential to

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Incident: all undesired circumstances that have the

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Chemical Hazards acidity, alkalinity, corrosivity,

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

4. Engineering Control 5. Administrative Control

Health, Safety & Environmtn

1. Eliminate Completely remove the hazard from the workplace so that

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

H.W. Heinrich (1931) Frank E. Bird Jr (1969)

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Health, Safety & Environment

We recognise the importance of costing loss events

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Dr. J Whiston, ICI Group SHE Manager

Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial investment

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Robert McKee, Chairman Conoco (UK) Ltd.

Health, Safety & Environmtn

Decrease workers compensation

Health, Safety & Environmtn

A requirement for engineering degree programmes