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A. T
D
S=C S=C
B. B
D
A. PV and TS Diagram
3
P 3
T S=C
S=C V=C
V=C
4 2
Wnet 4
2 QT
V=C
S=C
S=C
1 V=C
1
V S
B. PVT Relationship
1
k 1
k 1 K 1
T2
P2 K
V1
T1 P V
1 2
V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
Isentropic Compression Ratio : rks
V2 V2 cV D C
Where : c = percent clearance
Process 2-3 : ( V= C )
P3 T P
3; 3 Presssure Ratio , rpv=c = ( Addition of heat)
P2 T2 P2 Compression
Process 3 4 ( S = C )
1
k 1
k 1 K 1 V4
T4
P4 K
V3
= Isentropic expansion Ratio,
T3 P V V3
3 4
res=c
Process 4 1 ( V = C )
Process 2 3 ( V = C )
QA = Q2-3 = mcvT
= mcv(T3-T2)
D. Heat Rejected, QR = A
Process 4 1 : ( V = C )
QR = Q4-1 = - mcvT
= - mcv(T4-T1)
WNET = / QA / - / QR /
P2V2 P1V1 P4V4 P3V3
=
1 K 1 K
F. Thermal Efficiency, e
W NET T T1
e= x100% = 1 4 x100%
QA T3 T2
1
= x100%
(rK ) K 1
W NET W NET
PM= =
V1 V2 VD
TDC
S=C S=C
BDCC
PV & TS Diagram
3
P P=C
2 3 T S=C
S=C
P=C
4 2 4
Wnet
QT
V=C
S=C
S=C
1
V=C
1
1
V S
A. PVT Relationship
1
k 1
k 1 K 1
T2
P2
K V1
T1 P V
1 2
V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
Isentropic Compression Ratio : rks
V2 V2 cV D C
Where : c = percent clearance
Process 2-3 : ( P= C )
V3 T
3
V2 T2
Cut-off Ratio , rCP=C
Process 3 4 ( S = C )
1
k 1
k 1 K 1 V4
T4
P4 K V3 = Isentropic Expansion Ratio,
T3 P
V
V3
3 4
res=c
Process 4 1 ( V = C )
P4 T P
4; 4
P1 T1 P1 Pressure Ratio , rpv=c
B. Heat Added , QA = + A
C. Heat Rejected, QR = A
Process 4 1 : ( V = C )
QR = Q4-1 = - mcvT
= - mcv(T4-T1)
WNET = / QA / - / QR /
= / mcp(T3-T2) / - / - mcv(T4-T1)/
E. Thermal Efficiency, e
W NET C (T T1 )
e= x100% = 1 V 4 x100%
QA Cp (T3 T2 )
1 (rC ) K 1
=1- x100%
( rK ) K 1 K ( rC 1)
W NET W NET
PM= =
V1 V2 VD
P
P=C TY
S=C P=C
V SP
Thermal Efficiency, e
e =1-
1 K
(rC rP ) 1
x100%
(rP ) K 1 ( rP 1) KrP (rC 1)
V1
Where : Compression Rato ( rK) =
V2
V4
Cut-off Ratio ( rC ) =
V3
P3
Pressure Ratio ( rP) =
P2
1. An ideal diesel engine operates on 0.5 kg/s of air with a suction state of 100 Kpa and
45C. The pressure at the end of compression is 3.25 Mpa and the cut-off is at 6% of the
stroke from head-end dead center position.
a) Compression Ratio
b) Percent Clearance
c) Network
d) Thermal Efficiency
e) Mean Effective Pressure
Solution :
V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
rks
V2 V2 cV D C
1 1
= V1 P2 3250 12.02
K 1.4
rKS=C
V2 P1 100
V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
rks
V2 V2 cV D C
c 1
12.02 =
c
12.02 C = C + 1
12.02 C - C = 1
C = 0.0907 or 9.07 %
WNET = / QA / - / QR /
= / mcp(T3-T2) / - / - mcv(T4-T1)/
where :
T4 = T1(rC)K
c.o. c 0.06 0.0907
rC = = 1.66
c 0.0907
so; T4 = 318(1.66)1.4 = 646.51 K
and , T3 = T1(rkk-1)(rc) = 318 [ ( 12.02)1.4-1(1.66)]
T3 = 1427.24 K
Therefore;
WNET = / (0.5)(1.0062)(1427.24-859.78)/-/(0.5)(0.7186)(318-646.51)/
WNET = 167.455 KW
e=
W NET W NET 167.455 KW
x100
QA mair Cp air (T3 T2 ) (0.5)(1.0062)(1427.24 859.78)
e = 58.655 %
W NET W NET
PM= =
V1 V2 VD
V V1
rks 1 ; V2
V2 rKS C
167.455
PM= 400 KPa
(0.456 0.037)
Solution:
8.3143 kJ
Gas constant, R 0.297
28 kg K
C k 1.32
P
C V
C 1.32 C
P V
C C R
P V
1.32 C C 0.297
V V
C 0.928
V
kJ
C P
1.32(0.928) 1.225
kg K
HeatBalance :
Heat gain by water Heat loss by gas
mC w PW
T W mg C P T g
g
a. 1.044 c. 2.044
b. 3.044 d. 4.044
Solution:
Q = mCpT
522 = 1 Cp (800-300)
Cp = 1.044 kJ/kg-K
Solution:
1 1
Eff 1 k 1
1 1.4 1
r k
6
Eff 0.512 51.2%
5. A diesel generating set consumes 235 liters of fuel during 1 hour operation and
produces 900 kw power. The density of fuel used is 0.8955 kg/l. Determine the specific
fuel consumption of the diesel generating set in kg per kw-hr. Ans. 0.234
a. 0.234 c. 0.24
b. 0.25 d. 0.26
Solution:
= 0.234 kg/kw-hr
7. A power plant operates on an ideal Brayton Cycle. The gas temperature at the turbine
inlet is 1400K (1515.2 kJ/kg) and the gas temperature at the turbine exit is 800K (821.95
kJ/kg). Assume a turbine efficiency of 80%, what is the actual turbine work in kJ/kg?
a. 554.6 c. 555
b. 500 d. 545
Solution:
8. The ratio of the input work necessary to bring the pressure of a gas to a speed value
in an isentropic process to the actual work input is known as:
a. adiabatic efficiency of the compressor c. Q=+
b. Q=- d. Isentropic
Solution:
9. What is the area of the diagram from the relation of temperature and entropy plane?
a. Work c. Heat
b. PM d. Energy
11. An engine operates on the air-standard OTTO cycle. The cycle work is 1000 KJ/kg .
What is the compression ratio of the engine if the maximum cycle temperature is
3173 K and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is 773 K.
a. 6.85 c. 7.85
b. 8.85 d. 9.85
Solution:
From:
1
e=1- x100%
(rK ) K 1
where :
W NET 1000
e=
QA QA
Solving for QA :
QA = mcv( T3 T2 )
QA = (1) (0.716)(3173 773 )
KJ
QA = 1718.4
Kg
Then ;
1000
e= 0.5819 58.19%
1718.4
thus;
1
0.5819 = 1 - 1.4 1 ; rk 8.85
rk
12. The compression ratio of an OTTO cycle is 9. If the initial pressure is 150 Kpa,
determinine the final pressure.
Solution :
k
P2 V1
rk
k
P1 V2
13. What is the final temperature after compression of a Diesel Cycle if the initial
temperature is 32C and the clearance is 8%.
a. 863.84 K c. 963.84 K
b. 763.84 K d. 663.84 K
Solution :
k 1
T2 V1
(rk ) k 1
T1 V2
T2 T1 ( rk ) k 1
where :
T1 32 273 305 K
1 C 1 0.08
rk
C 0.08
rk 13.5
thus;
T2 305(13.5)1.4 1
T2 863.84 K
14. An Ideal Dual Combustion Cylce operates on 500 gram of air. At the beginning of the
compression, the air is at 100 KPa, 45C. If rp 1.5, rc 1.65, and rk 10,
determine the cycle efficiency.
a. 53.88% c. 55.88%
b. 54.88 % d. 56.88 %
Solution :
W
e NET
QA
P
P=C TY
S=C P=C
S=C
V=C
where :
W NET Q A Q R
V SP
T1 V2
T2 45 27310
1.4 1
798.78K
K
V
P2 P1 1 P1 rk 10010
k 1.4
2511.89 KPa
V2
At point 3.
2511 .891.5 3767.84KPa
P3 P2 rp
P 3767.84
T3 T2 3 798.78 1193 .17 K
P2 2511 .89
At point 4.
V4 V3 rc 0.04561.65 0.075m 3
V
T4 T3 4 T3 rc 1198.171.65 1976.98K
V3
At point 5.
k 1
V
T5 T4 4
V5
1.4 1
0.075
T5 1976.98 960.375K
0.456
Then;
Q AX mc v T3 T2 0.5 0.7186 1198 .17 798.78 143.50 KJ
Q AY mc p T4 T3 0.51.0062 1976.98 1198 .17 391.82KJ
Q A 143.50 391.82 535.32
QR mcv T3 T1 0.50 0.7186 960.375 318 230.81KJ
W NET Q A QR 535.32 230.81 304.51KJ
thus;
304.51
e 56.88%
535.32
Solution :
1.35 1.35 1
P1V1 P2V2
98.29 87.5 12.5 P2 12.5
1.35 1.35
thus;
P2 1628.10 KPa
16. The compression ratio of a petrol engine working on the constant volume cycle is
8.5. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are 101.325
KPa and 40 C and the maximum pressure of the cycle is 3,141.08 KPa. Taking
compression to follow the law PV1.35=C, Calculate the temperature at the end of
compression.
a. 388.97C c.355.65 C
b. 288.97C d. 255.65 C
Solution :
k 1
T2 V1 T2
8.5
1.351
T1 V2 40 273
T2 661.97 K
thus;
T2 388.97C
a. 0.21 kg c. 0.41 kg
b. 0.31 kg d. 0.51 kg
Solution :
P1V1 = mRT1
Where :
P1 13.8 101.325 115 .125 KPa
T1 43 273 316 K
V1 0.65 0.675 0.065 0.2456m 2
2
4
KJ
R 0.287
kg K
Substitute
115.125 0.2456 m 0.287 316
thus;
m= 0.31 kg
18. If the compression ratio and the cut-off ratio of a Diesel Engine are 15 and 3
respectively, what is the expansion ratio?
a. 4 c. 6
b. 5 d. 7
Solution :
V
rk 1 15
V2
V3
rc 3
V2
V4 rk 15
re
V3 rc 3
re 5
Solution:
k 1
T2 V1
T1 V2
where:
T1 25 273 298K
1
V2 V1
5
1.4 1
T2 V
1
298 1
V1
5
T2 561.58K
T2 288.58C
20. At the beginning of compression in an ideal dual combustion cycle, the working fluid
is at 90F. If the pressure ration and compression ratio are 1.6 and 13 respectively,
what is the temperature at the beginning of the constant pressure portion of
combustion.
a. 1886.64 F c. 1995.05 F
b. 1495.05 F d. 1586.64 F
Solution :
T3 T1 rk rp 90 46013 1.6 2455.05 R
k 1 1.4 1
T3 1995.05 F
Solution :
c
e 1
a
where:
12
k 1 1.31
A rk 2.11
1.61.5 1.3 1
k
rp rc 1
C 1.04
rp 1 rp k (rc 1) 1.6 1 1.61.5 1
1.04
e 1 50.71%
2.11
or
1 K
(rC rP ) 1
e =1- x100% 50.71%
(rP ) K 1 (rP 1) KrP (rC 1)
22. What is the pressure ratio in an ideal dual combustion cycle if the pressure at the
beginning and end of the constant volume portion of combustion are 2500 KPa and
4000 KPa respectively.
a. 1.4 c. 1.6
b. 1.5 d. 1.7
Solution :
P 4000
rp 3 1.6
P2 2500
23. In an ideal combustion cycle if the cut-off ratio is 1.5 and the volume at the beginning
of the constant portion of combustion is 0.055 m3, what is the volume at the end of
ombustion.
a. 0.0625 m3 c. 0.0825 m3
3
b. 0.0725 m d. 0.0550 m3
Solution :
V V4
rc 4 1.5; thus;V4 0.0825m 3
V3 0.055
25. The compression ratio of an ideal OTTO cycle is 6:1. Initial conditions are 101.3 KPa
and 20C. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of adiabatic compression.
Solution :
k
P2 V1
rk
k
P1 V2
P2 P1 rk
k
P2 101.3 6
1.4
P2 1244.5 KPa
k 1
T2 V1
rk
k 1
T1 V2
T2 T1 rk
k 1
T2 20 273 6
1.4 1
T2 599.96 K