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Roll No. D11323

PAKISTAN MONTESSORI COUNCIL

INTRODUCTION TO MONTESSORI
ASSIGNMENT MODULE (3)

Question no.1

Write a comprehensive on the important of sensorial exercises?

Answer.

Since a child naturally uses all his powers of observation during his early years,
this is the ideal time to give the child equipment which would sharpen his senses and
enable him to understand the many impressions he receives through them. Sensorial
comes from the words sense or senses. As there are no new experiences for the child
to take from the Sensorial work, the child is able to concentrate on the refinement of all
his senses.

Importance of Sensorial Exercises

The importance and aim of Sensorial exercises are for the child to acquire clear,
conscious, information and to be able to then make classifications in his environment.
It is believed that sensorial experiences began at birth. Through his senses, the child
studies his environment. Through this study, the child then begins to understand his
environment. The child is a sensorial explorer. Through work with the sensorial
materials, the child is given the keys to classifying the things around him, which leads
to the child making his own experiences in his environment. Through the classification,
the child is also offered the first steps in organizing his intelligence, which then leads to
his adapting to his environment.

Different Grouping in Senses

Sensorial Exercises were planned to cover every quality that can be apparent by
the senses such as size, shape, composition, texture, loudness or softness, matching,
weight, temperature, etc. Because the Exercises cover such a wide range of senses,
Montessori categorized the Exercises into eight different groups:

(1) Visual Sense. In this exercise child learns how to visually

discriminate differences between similar objects and differing objects.

(2) Tactile Sense. In this exercise child learns through his sense of
touch. Although the sense of touch is spread throughout the surface of the body,
the Exercises given to the children are limited to the tips of the fingers, and
particularly, to those of the right hand. This allows the child to really concentrate
on what he is feeling, through a concentration of a small part of his body.
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(3) Baric Sense. In this exercise child learns to feel the

difference of pressure or weight of different objects. This sense is sharp through
the use of a blindfold or of closing your eyes

(4) Thermic Sense. In this exercise child works to enhance his sense of
temperature.

(5) Auditory Sense. In this exercise child differentiate between different

sounds. In doing these different exercises, the child will enhance and make him
more sensitive to the sounds in his environment.

(6) Gustatory Sense. In this exercise child is given a basic to his tasting
sense. Although not all tastes are given to the child in these exercises, the child
does work to differentiate one taste from another. He can then take these senses,
and apply them to other tastes in his environment.

(7) Olfactory Sense. In this exercise child is given a basic to his smelling
sense. Although not all smells given to the child in these exercises, the child does
work to differentiate one smell from another.

(8) Stereognostic sense. In this exercise child learns to feel objects and
make recognitions based on what he feels. When the hand and arm are moved
about an object, an impression of movement is added to that touch. Such an
impression is attributed to a special, sixth sense, which is called a muscular
sense, and which permits many impressions to be stored in a muscular
memory, which recalls movements that have been made.

Need of Sensorial Exercises

It is possible for children, to receive any number of sensory impressions and be

none the richer. Sense impressions are not enough by themselves; the mind needs
education and training to be able to discriminate and appreciate. Montessori materials
help the child to distinguish, to categorize, and to relate new information to what he
already knows. Dr. Montessori believed that this process is the beginning of conscious
knowledge. It is brought about by the intelligence working in a concentrated way on the
impressions given by the senses.

Sensorial materials are self-correcting to allow independent use, they foster

muscular development which lays the foundation for writing skills, and they are
produced to precise metric tolerances. Correct terminology (binomial cube, isosceles
triangle) and mathematically exact relationships enrich the child's experience so that
abstract concepts may attach to familiar reality.
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Question no.2

What is Stereognostic sense and how can we develop it?

Answer.

It is the combination of tactile and muscular memory in which a child can

recognize things by just feeling it. As Montessori says;
When the hand and arm are moved about an object, an impression of movements
added to the touch. Such an impression is attributed to a special, sixth sense, which is
called a muscular sense, and which permits many impressions to be stored in a
muscular memory, which recalls movements that have been made
By doing different kinds of Stereognostic exercises, the child can recognize
things by touching/feeling them in his hands. Different materials are used to develop
this sense such as, Geometric solids, Mystery bags, Sorting Trays, Puzzle maps, and
Sandpaper Globe.
How to develop Stereognostic sense
Stereognostic sense is very important sense as it helps children to discriminate
between different size and shape by feeling the objects. It allows children to make a
mental picture through the use of touch the object.
These activities are first done with open eyes but afterwards child feels the object by
blindfold. There are a lot of exercises which can be done to develop Stereognostic
sense. The directress does all exercises in front of the children.
Activities.
(1) Sorting trays

(a) Material

(i) A tray with three bowls or dishes.

(ii) Small dishes are filled with buttons and beans; one type in each
bowl.
(iii) One large dish will be placed empty in the middle of the tray.
(iv) Material should be different in shapes and size.

(b) Presentation

(i) Place tray in front of the child.

(ii) Pick up one of the largest item in the bowl and close eyes and feel
it by using both hands. And tell child that it feels different when the
directress closes her eyes.
(iii) Then ask child to feel the object with his eyes opened and closed.
And place it in the large empty dish.
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(iv) Repeat it again for other items.

(v) The child first checks all these things by their hands and feels them.
Introduce names of each item.
(vi) Then child closes his eyes or used blindfold, again feel the items,
named it, and then put it into the second tray.
(vii) Then ask child to open his eyes and sees how perfectly he has
done.
(viii) Invite children to repeat it.

(2) Mastery bag

(a) Material

(i) A cloth bag

(ii) 10 to 20 small objects different from one another such as, a key, a
cotton ball, a button, a small basket etc.

(b) Presentation

(i) Ask the child to come and work with you.

(ii) Show and tell the name of mystery bag to students.
(iii) Ask them to sit in the semi-circle.
(iv) Take all objects out of bag and place them on the table and ask
children to handle them in their hands if they wish to do so. When they get
familiar to the objects, and then put them back in the bag.
(v) Then put one hand into the bag and feel an object and tell children
about what you feel, for instance, soft, fluffy, light, etc. also name the
object in a loud voice, i.e. I think this is a ball.
(vi) Then, pull the object out of the bag and checked whether you were
right or wrong. If right then say, yes! Thats right.
(vii) Repeat it with all children till all objects are done.
To sum up, Stereognostic sense exercises are very helpful for children to develop
Stereognostic sense.
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Question no.3

Write a note on Three Period lesson and memory games?

Answer.

Three period lessons are used for teaching new words to the Montessori children. The
directress teaches both names of material and the names of qualities (positive,
comparatives and superlative) related to the material. The three period lessons are;

(1) Naming period

(2) Recognition and Association Period

(3) Pronouncing Period

Naming period

The directress presents the child with three contrasting objects, and places them
on a mat leaving some distance between them. Then, she feels the objects thoroughly
one at a time. Then she asks the child to repeat as she does. After the child has felt
these objects and placed them back. Then she places her finger on a tip of the object
and gives name saying this is___________. For instance this is cube. She gives
names to all objects in the same way. Then, the teacher will repeat the names of each
of the objects.

Recognition and Association Period

After naming the objects, the directress will ask her students to recognize objects
by their names saying, Show me ______ . For example show me the cube.

Pronouncing period

When the directress is sure that the child can name the object, then she
challenges the child to name the object himself. For instance, she may point out the
object and ask what is this the child answers This is cube.

In the three period lessons, there are three grading lesson and that are Positives,
comparative and superlative. Here taking an adjective to explain these periods.

Grading Positives Comparatives Superlatives

First Period This is big cube This cube is bigger This cube is
than this. biggest.
Second Show me the big cube. Show me the cube Show me the
Period which is slightly biggest cube.
bigger than this
book.
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Third Period What is this? Which cube is Which cube is

bigger? biggest?

Memory Games

Memory games can be introduced to children before and after the three period
lessons. These games are helpful for children to bring interest in those materials that
they already know very well. It is childs nature to lose interest in the materials that he
knows very well and memory games help them to build interest back in known material.
Children need to revise his lesson again and again which they have already learnt.
These games help them to learn their activities and materials which they have been
learnt. These games also help to motivate students in discovering variations in
materials.

These games help the teacher to verify the childs language of the material as
well as these games prolong the activity with the material which result a stronger
absorption by the child.

(1) Matching at a distance

(a) Place two different tables with distance.

(b) Put a pair of materials, one on each table.
(c) The teacher takes one object from the table and asks her student
to feel it by holding the object in his hand.
(d) Then asks the child to bring the same object from the distant table.

(2) Grading from a distance

(a) From an extreme

(i) Place two different tables with distance.

(ii) Place the grading materials (e.g. pink tower, broad stairs
etc.) at random on one of the table.
(iii) Pick up one of the extreme (for instance largest cube in the
pink tower) and move it to the other table and place it there.
(iv) Then ask your student to feel it and bring that cube which is
just a smaller than this one.
(v) Continues up to the smallest cube.

(b) From a midpoint

(i) Place two different tables with distance from one another.
(ii) Place the grading materials at random on one of the table.
(iii) Then pick up middle sized cube in the pink tower and move
it to the other table.
(iv) Ask the child feel it and bring the cube which is just smaller
or bigger from that one.
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(3) Stereognostic

(a) It should be done in the group.

(b) Children sit in the circle around a mat.
(c) Then directress gives them material in their hands (for instance one
cube of the pink tower to each student).
(d) Then children hold cube behind their back and feel them.
(e) Then directress asks for the largest cube and it should be placed
on the mat.
(f) Children judge the cube size and place it on the mat.

(4) Material to the environment

(a) Spread out the mat and place the material for instance color tablets
on the mat randomly.
(b) The directress takes tablets and asks her students to figure out
something in the environment of that same color and shade.

(5) Matching at the distance

(a) Spread out the mat and place the material for instance color tablets
on the mat randomly.
(b) The directress gives something to child from the environment and
asks her student to match it to the closest match in the material on the
mat.

To sum up, three period lessons and memory games have a great importance in the
Montessori school. They are really helpful in teaching Montessori students.
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Question no.4

Explain all exercises briefly in chapter 4.1 Exploring dimensions. Make illustrations/
diagrams and mention vocabulary too.
Answer.

Exploring dimensions group come under the visual exercises. As visual

exercises is an important part of the sensorial development. In this group, exploring
dimensions, the child learns how to discriminate between objects having similar shapes
and colors but varying in length, width, height or thickness.

Exercises

(1) The cylinder blocks

(a) Materials. 4 blocks each contain 10 cylinders with knobs, each

cylinder fitting into its respective hole.

(i) Block 1: The cylinders vary in two dimensions: The diameter

increases from 1cm to 5.5cm, the height remains constant at
5.5cm.
(ii) Block 2: The cylinders vary in three dimensions: The
diameter increases from 1c, to 5.5cm, the height increases from
1cm to 5.5cm.
(iii) Block 3: The cylinders vary in three dimensions: The
diameter increases from 1cm to 5.5cm, the height decreases from
1cm to 5.5cm.
(iv) Block 4: The cylinders vary in one dimension: The diameter
remains the same. The height increases from 1cm to 5.5cm.

(b) Exercise

(i) Take consent of a child.

(ii) The directress begins exercises with holding the knob of the
first cylinder.
(iii) Remove and place it on the table without making any noise.
(iv) When she is done, she will select the largest and return it to
its place it to its appropriate hole without making any noise.
(v) After completing her presentation, she will ask children to do
the exercise.
(vi) After doing block 1, then he should be presented with 2, 3
blocks.

(c) Vocabulary

(i) Block 1: Thick and Thin

(ii) Block 2: Large and Small
(iii) Block 3: No language because no dimension is isolated
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(iv) Block 4: Tall and Short. The positives, comparatives, and

superlatives.
(v) Exercise 2: The Pink Tower:

(2) The pink tower

(a) Material. Ten wooden cubes varying in sizes from 1 cubic

centimeter to 1 cubic decimeter.

(b) Exercise

(i) Select a mat and spread it on the floor.

(ii) Take the consent of the child.
(iii) If the directress is right handed, the child should stand on
the left side of her.
(iv) Hold the largest cube and move it closer to other cubes and
figure out the sizes of the cubes.
(v) Place the biggest one on the mat and then look for the
second biggest.
(vi) Place second biggest cube on the biggest one.
(vii) Compare and place all the remaining cubes in the same
way.
(viii) Now, place both hands on the sides of the biggest cube and
move slowly upward. The purpose of doing this to give the idea to
child about the tower that gradually it becomes narrow.

(c) Vocabulary

(i) Cube
(ii) Large, small
(iii) Large, larger, largest.
(iv) Small, smaller, smallest.

(3) Broad Stairs

(a) Material. 10 brown wooden prisms of the same length (20cm)

but differing in height. They vary from 10cm x 10cm x 20cm to 1cm x 1cm
x 20cm.

(b) Exercise

(i) Select a mat and spread it on the floor.

(ii) Mix the prisms on the floor but make sure they are not
touching each other.
(iii) Hold the largest prism and compare it with others and make
sure that you are holding largest and thickest one.
(iv) Place it towards the far left side of the mat in such a way
that square side of the prism is facing towards you.
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(v) Find the second thickest prism and compare it with other.
(vi) Bring it closer to the largest one and push it towards largest
one and there must not be any space between these two.
(vii) Continue to arrange rest of the prisms.

(c) Vocabulary

(i) Prism
(ii) Broad, narrow
(iii) Broad, broader, broadest
(iv) Narrow, narrower, narrowest.

(4) The Long Rods

(a) Material. Ten wooden rods usually painted red having height
and width constant and length increased by 10cm, shortest have 10cm
and longest one is 100cm.

(b) Exercise-1

(i) Place all rods horizontally and randomly on it.

(ii) First hold the smallest rod with both hands compares with
others and put it on the left of the mat.
(iii) After that, take the slightly longer rod compare with other
rods; put it carefully without any mistake aside of first rod.
(iv) Repeat it until all rods finished.
(v) The shortest rod near to the directress and the longest rod
farthest on mat.

(c) Exercise-2

(i) Directress arrange the rods as in exercise 1.

(ii) Hold the smallest rod with the index finger of both hands and
place it aside with other rods just to compare its length.

(d) Vocabulary

(i) Long, short

(ii) Long, longer, longest
(iii) Short-shorter-shortest

(5) The Knobless Cylinders

(a) Material.

(i) Yellow Cylinders (Big-Small) Vary in height-diameter

(ii) Green Cylinders (Deep-Shallow) Vary in height-diameter
(iii) Red Cylinders (Thick-Thin) Vary in diameter
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(iv) Blue Cylinders (Tall-Short) Vary in height

(b) Exercise

(i) Directress use table or mat for this.

(ii) Teach the child how to open the lid of the box of cylinders.
(iii) Place all cylinders randomly on table.
(iv) Hold the largest cylinder with hand compares with others
and put it on the center of the table.
(v) Take the slightly shortest cylinder compare with others; put
it carefully without any mistake at the top of the first cylinder on
the middle of it.
(vi) Repeat it until all cylinders finished and tower build.

(c) Vocabulary

(i) Large, small

(ii) Large, larger, largest
(iii) Small, smaller, Smallest
(iv) Thick, thin
(v) Thick, thicker, thickest
(vi) Thin, thinner, thinnest
(vii) Tall, short
(viii) Tall, taller, tallest
(ix) Short, shorter, shortest
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Question no.5
How does Montessori program help develop tactile?
Answer.

In Tactile sense child learns to perceive his world via touch. For young children,
the sense of touch is a key to understanding the world around them. Encourage touch
and exploration, discussing what your child is touching. Is it "rough" or "smooth"? Is it
"bumpy" or "silky"? Use rich descriptive words that will teach your child the language to
describe what he feels. It is to be remembered that these games are of the greatest
importance in the method, because upon them, in union with the exercises for the
movement of the hand, we base the acquisition of writing.

Tactile Exercises are divided into four classifications:

Sense Classifications Different Exercises

Exploring Textures: Touch Board, Touch Tablets, Touch the
Fabric
Tactile Sense Exploring Weight: Baric Tablets
Exploring Temperatures: Thermic Bottles, Thermic Tablets
Exercises of Sorting Trays, Mystery Bags, Puzzle Maps,
Stereognostic Sandpaper Globe
Sense:

How Montessori program help to develop Tactile Sense

In Montessori program, materials such as the Rough and Smooth (Touch)

Boards, Touch Tablets, and Fabric Box are some of the first touch materials that child
will use. Look for fabric, wood, different grades of sandpaper, different types of paper,
and other materials that help your child learn about the language and explore the
experience of touch.

(1) Exploring Textures: Touch Tablets

(a) Materials. One box having five pairs of wooden tablets with
gradations of roughness. A blindfold.

(b) Procedure

(i) Take out two to three pairs with greater contrast and put it
on the table.
(ii) Mix them and then pick one tablet at a time feel it in hand,
lightly stroke it and then put aside.
(iii) Tell the child I am going to find the one which is just like
this.
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(iv) Find the other tablet and put it with previous one. Allow child
to feel the similarity.
(v) Repeat this exercise with all the rest tablets. Now again
repeat this exercise while using blindfold. Now again mix the tablets
and allow child to do this himself.

Here child learn a tactile sense to differentiate between rough and smooth.
The blindfold will help the child to focus on his attention upon one sense. Children
learn the vocabulary by three period-lesson. Vocabulary: rough and roughest.
Directress plays five memory games with the child.

(2) Exploring Weight: Baric Tablets

(a) Materials. Three separate boxes having six to eight wooden

tablets. Each set is a different weight, color and wood from each other.
Tablets are however same in shape and size. A blindfold.

(b) Procedure

(i) Bring two boxes on table which contains heaviest and

lightest tablets.
(ii) Directress shows the child how to hold the tablet in palm of
a hand.
(iii) Feel the heaviest tablet and also let the child to feel it. After
that child can handle the tablet himself. Now again repeat this
exercise while using blindfold.

Here child learn a tactile sense to differentiate between the weights and
later on for mathematics. The blindfold will help the child to focus on his attention
upon one sense. Children learn the vocabulary by three period-lesson.
Vocabulary: Heaviest and lightest. Directress plays five memory games with the
child.

(3) Exploring Temperature: Thermic Bottles

(a) Materials. Four pairs of metal containers, each pair containing

water at various temperatures. Bottle Pair 1: 37(Room temperature),
Bottle Pair 2: 27(tap water), Bottle Pair 3: 17(Refrigerated water), Bottle
Pair 4: 47(warm water), Cool refrigerator water, tap water.

(b) Procedure

(i) Directress prepares bottles.

(ii) Take out first set of bottles have the child feel the bottles
one at a time. Tell the child that I am finding the bottle which has
the same temperature. Put bottles in a line and let the child take
the bottles and feel it.
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(iii) Repeat with second set, third and fourth. Mix them and line
up and let the child do it by himself under directress supervision.

Here child learn a tactile sense to differentiate between different

temperatures. Children learn the vocabulary by three period-lesson. Vocabulary:
Hot and cold. Directress plays five memory games with the child.
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Question no.6

Prepare material of smell bottles and mystery bag.

Answer.

(1) Smell Bottles material for excercise

Picture 1: (things to be used)

6 different colors bottles having holes upward
3 different smells bottles

Picture 2: (A baby cologne, perfume and nail polish remover smells)

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Picture 3: smelly cotton balls are ready to put into the bottles, every two cotton balls
are with same smell

Picture 4: (Cotton balls are in bottles)

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(2) Mystery Box material for excercise

Picture 5: Mystery bag

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Picture 5: Things inside Mystery Bag