Vladimir Kramnik

Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik (Russian: ;

Vladimir Kramnik
born 25 June 1975) is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was the Classical World
Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and the undisputed World Chess Champion
from 2006 to 2007. He has won three team gold medals and three individual medals
at Chess Olympiads.[2]

In October 2000, he defeated Garry Kasparov in a match played in London, and

became the Classical World Chess Champion. In late 2004, Kramnik successfully
defended his title against challenger Pter Lk in a drawn match played in
Brissago, Switzerland. In October 2006, Kramnik, the Classical World Champion,
defeated reigning FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov in a unification match, the
World Chess Championship 2006. As a result, Kramnik became the first undisputed
World Champion, holding both the FIDE and Classical titles, since Kasparov split
Kramnik at the 2005 Corus chess
from FIDE in 1993. In 2007, Kramnik lost the title to Viswanathan Anand, who won
tournament
the World Chess Championship 2007 tournament ahead of Kramnik. He challenged
Anand at the World Chess Championship 2008 to regain his title, but lost. Full name Vladimir Borisovich
Nonetheless, he has remained a top player, and is the world No. 5 as of October Kramnik
2017. Country Russia
Born 25 June 1975
Tuapse, Krasnodar
Krai, Russian SFSR,
Contents Soviet Union
1 Early career Title Grandmaster (1992)
2 Chess career World 200006 (Classical)
2.1 Early setbacks Champion 200607 (undisputed)
2.2 2000 World Championship
2.3 After London FIDE 2794 (October 2017)
2.4 2004 title defense rating
2.5 2006 Reunification match Peak 2817 (October 2016)
2.6 2007 world championship tournament in Mexico rating
2.7 2008 match
2.8 2009
Ranking No. 5 (October 2017)
2.9 2010 Peak No. 1 (January 1996)[1]
2.10 2011 ranking
2.11 2012
2.12 2013
2.13 2015
2.14 2016
3 Deep Fritz match
4 Personal life
5 Notable tournament victories
6 World championship matches and qualifiers
7 Assessment and legacy
7.1 Playing style
7.2 Contributions to chess
8 Chess books
 9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Early career
Vladimir Kramnik was born in the town of Tuapse, on the shores of the Black Sea. His father's birth name was Boris Sokolov, but he
took his stepfather's surname when his mother (Vladimir's grandmother) remarried.[3] As a child, Vladimir Kramnik studied in the
chess school established by Mikhail Botvinnik. His first notable result in a major tournament was his gold medal win as first reserve
for the Russian team in the 1992 Chess Olympiad in Manila. His selection for the team caused some controversy in Russia at the
time, as he was only sixteen years old and had not yet been awarded the grandmaster title or even the International Master title, but
was only a Fide master. However, his selection was supported byGarry Kasparov.[4] He scored eight wins, onedraw, and no losses, a
performance of 2958, which won a gold medal for best rating performance.

The following year, Kramnik played in the very strong tournament in Linares. He finished fifth, beating the then world number three,
Vassily Ivanchuk, along the way. He followed this up with a string of good results, but had to wait until 1995 for his first major
tournament win at normal time controls, when he won the strongDortmund tournament, finishing it unbeaten.

In 1995, Kramnik served as a second for Kasparov in the Classical World Chess Championship 1995 match against challenger
Viswanathan Anand. Kasparov won the match 107.

In January 1996, Kramnik became the world number-one rated player; although having the same FIDE rating as Kasparov (2775),
Kramnik became number one by having played more games during the rating period in question. This was the first time since
December 1985 that Kasparov was not world number one, and Kramnik's six month stretch (January through June 1996) as world
number one would be the only time from January 1986 through March 2006 where Kasparov was not world number one. By
becoming number one, Kramnik became the youngest ever to reach world number one, breaking Kasparov's record; this record would
stand for 14 years until being broken byMagnus Carlsen in January 2010.

Kramnik continued to produce good results, including winning at Dortmund (outright or tied) ten times from 1995 to 2011. He is the
second of only nine chess players to have reached arating of 2800 (the first being Kasparov).

During his reign as world champion, Kramnik never regained the world number-one ranking, doing so only in January 2008 after he
had lost the title to Viswanathan Anand; as in 1996, Kramnik had the same FIDE rating as Anand (2799) but became number one due
to more games played within the rating period. Kramnik's 12 years between world number-one rankings is the longest since the
inception of the FIDE ranking system in 1971 (disputed with Fischer "frozen" rating).

Chess career

Early setbacks
In the mid- and late-90s, Kramnik, although considered one of the strongest players in the world, suffered several setbacks in his
attempts to qualify for a World Championship match. In 1994, he lost a quarterfinal candidates match for the PCA championship to
Gata Kamsky 14, and later that year, lost a semifinal candidates match for the FIDE championship to Boris Gelfand with the
score 34. In 1998, Kramnik faced Alexei Shirov in a Candidates match for the right to play Garry Kasparov for the Classical
World Chess Championship, and lost 35. In 1999, Kramnik participated in the FIDE knockout championship in Las Vegas, and
lost in the quarterfinals toMichael Adams 24.

2000 World Championship

Suitable sponsorship was not found for a KasparovShirov match, and it never took place. In 2000, sponsorship was secured for a
KasparovKramnik match instead. This was somewhat controversial, making Kramnik the first player since 1935 to play a world
championship match without qualifying.

In 2000, Kramnik played a sixteen-game match against Garry Kasparov in London, for the Classical Chess World Championship.
Kramnik began the match as underdog, but his adoption of the Berlin Defence to Kasparov's Ruy Lopez opening was very effective.
With the white pieces, Kramnik pressed Kasparov hard, winning Games Two and Ten and overlooking winning continuations in
Games Four and Six. Kasparov put up little fight thereafter, agreeing to short draws with the white pieces in Games 9 and 13.
Kramnik won the match 86 without losing a game (this was only the second time in history that a World Champion had lost a
match without winning a single game). This event marked the first time Kasparov had been beaten in a orld
W Championship match.

Kramnik's performance won him theChess Oscar for 2000; this was the first time he had received the award.

After London
In October 2002, Kramnik competed in Brains in Bahrain, an eight-game match against the chess computer Deep Fritz in Bahrain.
Kramnik started well, taking a 31 lead after four games. However, in game five, Kramnik made what was described as the worst
blunder of his career, losing a knight in a position which was probably drawn. He quickly resigned. He also resigned game six after
making a speculative sacrifice, although subsequent analysis showed that he had drawing chances in the final position. The last two
games were drawn, and the match ended tied at 44.

In February 2004 Kramnik won the Tournament of Linares outright for the first time (he had tied for first with Kasparov in 2000),
finishing undefeated with a +2 score, ahead ofGarry Kasparov, the world's highest-rated player at the time.

2004 title defense

From 25 September 2004 until 18 October 2004, Kramnik retained his title as Classical World Chess Champion against challenger
Pter Lk at Brissago, Switzerland, by barely drawing the match in the last game. The 14-game match was poised in favor of Lk
right up until Kramnik won the final game, thus forcing a 77 draw and ensuring that Kramnik remained world champion.[5] The
prize fund was 1 million Swiss francs, which was about USD $770,000 at the time. Because of the drawn result, the prize was split
between the two players.

2006 Reunification match

When Garry Kasparov broke with FIDE, the federation governing professional chess, to play the 1993 World Championship with
Nigel Short, he created a rift in the chess world. In response, FIDE sanctioned a match between Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman for
the FIDE World Championship, which Karpov won. Subsequently, the chess world had seen two "champions": the "classical"
championship, claiming lineage dating back toSteinitz; and the FIDE endorsed champion.

When Kramnik defeated Kasparov and inherited Kasparov's title, he also inherited some controversies. Because the arrangements for
the Kasparov Shirov match fell through, (it appears Shirov refused to play for what he considered too small a prize fund[6]) Kasparov
decided to try to arrange a match with the highest rated player according to FIDE's rating list. At the time Anand was the highest
rated player but Anand refused the match.[6][7] In the meantime Kramnik overtook Anand in rating and so he was offered the match.
Kramnik accepted and ended up playing the match despite his loss of the qualifying match against Alexei Shirov in 1998.

At the next FIDE world championship (FIDE World Chess Championship 2005), Kramnik refused to participate, but indicated his
willingness to play a match against the winner to unify the world championship. After the tournament, negotiations began for a
reunification match between Kramnik and the new FIDE W
orld ChampionVeselin Topalov of Bulgaria.

In April 2006, FIDE announced a reunification match between Kramnik and Topalovthe FIDE World Chess Championship 2006.
The match took place in Elista, Kalmykia. After the first four games, Kramnik led 31 (out of a maximum of 12). After the fourth
game, however, Topalov's coach/manager Silvio Danailov protested that Kramnik was using the toilet suspiciously frequently,
implying that he was somehow receiving outside assistance whilst doing so. Topalov said that he would refuse to shake hands with
Kramnik in the remaining games. The Appeals committee decided that the players' toilets be locked and that they be forced to use a
shared toilet, accompanied by an assistant arbiter
.

Kramnik refused to play the fifth game unless the original conditions agreed for the match were adhered to. As a result, the point was
awarded to Topalov, reducing Kramnik's lead to 32. Kramnik stated that the appeals committee was biased and demanded that it be
replaced. As a condition to continue the match, Kramnik insisted on playing the remaining games under the original conditions of the
match contract, which allows use of the bathroom at the players' discretion.

The controversy resulted in a heavy volume of correspondence to Chessbase and other publications. The balance of views from fans
was in support of Kramnik.[8] Prominent figures in the chess world, such as John Nunn, Yasser Seirawan, and Bessel Kok also sided
with Kramnik.[9][10][11] The Russian and Bulgarian Chess Federations supported their respective players.
[12]

After twelve regular games the match was tied 66, although Kramnik continued to dispute the result of the unplayed fifth game until
the end of the match. On 13 October 2006 the result of this disputed game became irrelevant as Kramnik won the rapid tie-break by a
score of 21.

Kramnik's victory helped him win theChess Oscar for 2006, the second of his career.

2007 world championship tournament in Mexico

When Kramnik won the 2006 unification match, he also won Topalov's berth in the
2007 World Championship as the incumbent FIDE champion. Although the rationale
behind his (and Garry Kasparov's) "classical" title is that the title should change
hands by challenge match rather than by tournament, Kramnik stated that he would
[13]
recognize the winner of this tournament as being the world champion.

In the tournament, held in September 2007, Kramnik and Anand drew both of their
games but Kramnik finished second. The tournament, and the world championship,
was won by Viswanathan Anand.

2008 match
Pursuant to the agreement reached before the 2007 tournament Kramnik and Anand
played a match of the World Championship title in 2008 in Bonn. He fell victim to
Anand's superior preparation, and lost three of the first six games (two with the Kramnik, winner at Dortmund 2007
white pieces). Kramnik's play gradually improved, and although he managed a 29
move victory in game 10,[14] he did not win any other game, and lost the match to
Anand by a score of 6 to 4 (three wins to Anand, one win to Kramnik, seven draws).

2009
Kramnik had exceptionally good results in 2009, winning once again in Dortmund and then winning the Category 21 (average Elo =
2763) Tal Memorial in Moscow with 6/9 and a 2883 rating performance ahead of world champion Anand, Vassily Ivanchuk, Magnus
Carlsen, Levon Aronian, Boris Gelfand, former FIDE world champion Ruslan Ponomariov, Peter Leko, Peter Svidler and Alexander
Morozevich. At the time, the average Elo rating of the field made it the strongest tournament in history. Following this result,
orld Championship title.[15]
Kramnik stated that his goal was to regain the W

He also participated in the London Chess Classic in December, finishing second to Magnus Carlsen, losing their head-to-head
encounter on the Black side of the English Opening. Kramnik's performance in 2009 allowed his rating (average of July 2009 and
January 2010 ratings) to be high enough to qualify for the Candidates Tournament to determine the challenger for the World Chess
Championship 2012.
2010
Kramnik began 2010 at the Corus chess tournament in the Netherlands, during which he defeated new world number one Carlsen
with the Black pieces in their head-to-head encounter, ending Carlsen's 36-match unbeaten streak.[16] A late loss to Viswanathan
Anand knocked him out of first place, and Kramnik finished with 8/13, tying for second place with Alexei Shirov behind Carlsen's
8 points.

In May 2010 it was revealed that Kramnik had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010
against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 65 to retain the title.[17]

In AprilMay 2010 he tied for 1st3rd with Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Gata Kamsky in the President's Cup in Baku and won the
event on tie-break after all finished on 5/7.[18]

Kramnik also participated in Dortmund, but had a subpar showing, losing to eventual champion Ruslan Ponomariov and finishing in
joint third place with 5/10.[19]

He then participated in the Grand Slam Chess Masters preliminary tournament in Shanghai from September 3 to 8, where he faced
world number four Levon Aronian, Alexei Shirov, and Wang Hao; the top two scorers qualified for the Grand Slam final
supertournament from October 9 to 15 in Bilbao against Carlsen and Anand.[20] Scoring 3/6, Kramnik tied for second place with
Aronian behind the winner Shirov's 4/6. In the blitz playoff, Kramnik defeated Aronian to qualify along with Shirov for the Grand
Slam final.[21]

Shortly after qualifying for the last stage of the Grand Slam, Kramnik played on board one for the Russian team in the 2010
Olympiad. He scored +20=7.

Following the Olympiad, Kramnik participated in the Grand Slam Chess Masters final in Bilbao where he competed against Anand,
Carlsen and Shirov. The average rating of the field was 2789, the highest in history. After defeating world number one Carlsen for the
second consecutive time, and then Shirov in his first two games, Kramnik drew his final four games to finish in clear first with 4/6.
This gave Kramnik the distinction of having won the two strongest tournaments in chess history
.

Kramnik's attempt to defend his 2009 title at the Tal Memorial in Moscow ended with a 7th place, while he finished 5th in the
London Chess Classic in England.

2011
2011 brought varied results. In Wijk aan Zee Kramnik shared fifth with Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, and in the Candidates he was
eliminated by Alexander Grischuk. He won Dortmund for the tenth time, with L Quang Lim in second place, and shared third
behind Peter Svidler and Alexander Morozevich in the Russian Superfinal. Kramnik won the third London Chess Classic with four
wins and four draws, and a rating performance over 2900 Elo. Hikaru Nakamura came second.[22] However, in the earlier 6th Tal
Memorial 2011 Moscow he came 8th out of 10, with 2 losses (to Nepomniachtchi and Svidler) and 7 draws, with Magnus Carlsen
winning the overall tournament on tiebreak fromLevon Aronian.

2012
Kramnik played a friendly match against Levon Aronian, which finished 33 (with a win for Aronian in a rapid game that didn't
count as tiebreak). In Tal Memorial he shared fourth place behind Magnus Carlsen, Fabiano Caruana and Teimour Radjabov. He
finished second in theLondon Chess Classicbehind Carlsen.

2013
Kramnik played in the 2013 Candidates Tournament, which took place in London, from 15 March to 1 April. He finished with
[23]
+41=9, sharing the first place with Magnus Carlsen, who won due to having better tiebreaks.
In the 2013 Alekhine Memorial tournament, held from 20 April to 1 May,Kramnik finished seventh, with +22=5.[24]

[25]
In the 2013 Tal Memorial tournament, held from 13 June to 23 June, Kramnik finished tenth out of ten, with +03=6.

In the Chess World Cup 2013, held in Norway from 11 August to 2 September, Kramnik finished in first place, defeating Dmitry
Andreikin in the four-game final match 21.[26]

2015
Kramnik did not succeed in defending his title in the Chess
World Cup. In the third round he was defeated by Andreikin.

He participated as one of 130 grandmasters at the combined

World Rapid and Blitz Championships in Berlin that was
organized by FIDE from 10 to 14 October. In the World Rapid
Championship he remained unbeaten, winning five games of 15
and reaching the 6th place.

Kramnik finished third in the World Blitz Championship in

Berlin with 15 / 21. He was a half-point behind the winner
Alexander Grischuk and lost second place on tiebreak to
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave.
Kramnik in the 18th round of the World Blitz
Championship 2015 (winning againstLevon Aronian)
2016
Kramnik competed in the Dortmund Sparkassen Chess
[27][28]
Meeting, held from 9 17 July and finished joint second with 4/7.

He played in the Tal Memorial (a ten-player round-robin tournament) in Moscow from 26 September 6 October. He finished sixth
with 4.5/9 in the opening blitz round-robin on 25 September, meaning that he was given one more game to play with the black pieces
than with the white in the classical tournament.[29][30] He finished joint fifth in the classical tournament, again with 4.5/9.
[31]

He participated in three of the four events of the Grand Chess Tour (he withdrew from the Sinquefield Cup due to health issues and
was replaced by Svidler[32] ): Kramnik played the Paris Grand Chess Tour speed chess tournament, the Your Next Move Grand Chess
Tour speed chess tournament, and the London Chess Classic classical chess tournament. All the events of the Grand Chess Tour were
10-player round robin tournaments.

The Paris Grand Chess Tour tournament was held from 9 12 June and was composed of a mixture of rapid and blitz games.[33]
Laurent Fressinet.[34]
Kramnik finished ninth with 5.5/18, above only comparatively low-rated wildcard player

The Your Next Move Grand Chess Tour tournament was held from 17 20 June in Leuven, Belgium. Like the Paris GCT, it was
[35]
composed of a combination of rapid and blitz games. Kramnik finished joint eighth with 2.5/9.

.[36] Kramnik finished joint third with 5/9.[37]

The London Chess Classic was held from 9 18 December

Deep Fritz match

Kramnik played a six-game match against the computer program Deep Fritz in Bonn, Germany from 25 November to 5 December
2006, losing 24 to the machine, with 2 losses and 4 draws. He received 500,000 Euros for playing and would have twice as much
had he won the match. Deep Fritz version 10 ran on a computer containing two Intel Core 2 Duo CPUs. Kramnik received a copy of
the program in mid-October for testing, but the final version included an updated opening book.[38] Except for limited updates to the
opening book, the program was not allowed to be changed during the course of the match. The endgame tablebases used by the
program were restricted to five pieces[39] even though a complete six-piece tablebase was widely available.
The first game ended in a draw.[40] A number of commentators claimed that Kramnik missed a win.[41] The second game was won
by Deep Fritz, due to a mistake by Kramnik, who failed to defend against a threatened mate-in-one. Susan Polgar called it the
"blunder of the century".[42] The third, fourth and fifth games of the match ended in draws. In the last game Kramnik played the
aggressive Sicilian Defense in an attempt to win with black and hence even the match, but was outplayed by Fritz. Kramnik was
forced to resign, and Fritz won the match 42.[43]

Personal life
On 30 December 2006 Kramnik married French journalist Marie-Laure Germon.
adim Vladimirovich.[44]
They have two children: daughter Daria, and son V

Kramnik has been diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, an uncommon form of

arthritis. It causes him great physical discomfort while playing. In January 2006,
Kramnik announced that he would skip the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan
Zee to seek out treatment for his arthritis.[45] He returned from treatment in June
2006, playing in the 37th Chess Olympiad. He scored a +4 result, achieving the
highest rating performance (2847) of the 1307 participating players.
Notable tournament victories
1990 Russian Championship,
Kuibyshev (classical) I
1991 World Championship
(U18), Guarapuava (classical) I
1992 Chalkidiki (classical)
7/11 I
1994 Overall result PCA Intel
Grand Prix'94 I
1995 Dortmund (classical) 7/9 I
1995 Horgen (classical) 7/10 III
1995 Belgrade (classical) 8/11
III
1996 Monaco 16/22 I
1996 Dos Hermanas (classical)
6/9 III
1996 Dortmund (classical) 7/9 I
II
1997 Dos Hermanas (classical)
6/9 III
1997 Dortmund (classical) 6/9
I 2004 Linares (classical) 7/12 I
1997 Tilburg (classical) 8/11 IIII
1998 Wijk aan Zee (classical)
8/13 III
1998 Dortmund (classical) 6/9 I
III
1998 Monaco (blindfold and
rapidplay) 15/22 I
1999 Monaco (blindfold and
rapidplay) 14/22 I
2000 Linares (classical) 6/10 III
2000 Dortmund (classical) 6/9 I
II
2001 Match Kramnik vs. Leko
(rapidplay) 75
Vladimir Kramnik (right) playing
chess with Vitali Klitschko, Dortmund,
2002.
2001 Match Botvinnik memorial
Kramnik vs. Kasparov
(classical) 22
2001 Match Botvinnik memorial
Kramnik vs Kasparov
(rapidplay) 33
2001 Monaco (blindfold and
rapidplay) 15/22 III
2001 Match Kramnik vs. Anand
(rapidplay) 55
2001 Dortmund (classical)
6/10 III
2002 Match Advanced Chess
Kramnik vs. Anand (Len) 3
2
2003 Linares (classical) 7/12 III
2003 Cap d'Agde (France)
2004 Handicap Simul (classical)
2004 Kramnik vs. National Team
of Germany 21
2004 Monaco (overall result)
14/22 III
2006 Gold medal at Turin
Olympiad with overall best
performance (2847) 7/10
2006 Dortmund (classical) 4/7
I
2007 Monaco (blindfold and
rapidplay) 15/22 I
2007 Dortmund (classical) 5/7 I
2007 Tal Memorial 6/9 I
2009 Dortmund 6/9 I
2009 Zrich (rapidplay) 5/7 I
2009 Tal Memorial 6/9 I
2010 President's Cup in Baku
(rapidplay) 5/7 IIII
 2010 Bilbao Grand Slam final 2011 London Chess Classic 6/8
4/6 I I
2011 Dortmund 7/10 I 2013 Chess World Cup 2013
2011 Hoogeveen 4/6 I

World championship matches and qualifiers

PCA Quarterfinals, June 1994, New Y ork, KramnikGata Kamsky (14).
FIDE Semifinals, August 1994 Sanghi Nagar , KramnikBoris Gelfand (34).
Classical WCC Candidates Match, 1998, Cazorla, Kramnik Alexei Shirov (35).
FIDE WCC Knockout Quarterfinals, July 1999, Las V egas, KramnikMichael Adams (24, including rapid playoff).
Classical World Chess Championship 2000, London, KramnikGarry Kasparov (86)
Classical World Chess Championship 2004, Brissago, KramnikPter Lk (77), Kramnik retains.
FIDE World Chess Championship 2006, Elista, KramnikTopalov (66, 21 rapidplayoff), Kramnik unifies the
title
FIDE World Chess Championship 2007Runner up, Mexico City (loses the title to Anand, joint second Gelfand).
World Chess Championship 2008, Bonn, KramnikAnand (46), Anand retains
World Chess Championship 2012Candidates Match Quarterfinals, April 2011, Kazan, Kramnik Radjabov (22, 22
rapid playoff, 21 blitz playoff), Kramnik advances
World Chess Championship 2012Candidates Match Semifinals, April 2011, Kazan, Kramnik Grischuk (22, 22
rapid playoff, 1 blitz playoff), Kramnik eliminated
World Chess Championship 2013Runner-up, Candidates Tournament, MarchApril 2013, London, +41=9
World Chess Championship 2014Third place, Candidates Tournament, Khanty-Mansiysk, +3-3=8

Assessment and legacy

Playing style
Garry Kasparov described Kramnik's style as pragmatic and tenacious, in the latter similar to Anatoly Karpov.[46] He is one of the
toughest opponents to defeat, losing only one game in over one hundred games leading up to his match with Kasparov, including
eighty consecutive games without loss.[47][48] Kasparov did not defeat Kramnik during their 2000 World Championship match,
partly due to Kramnik's use of theBerlin Defence of the Ruy Lopez. Kramnik is renowned for hisendgame skills.[49][50][51][52]

Contributions to chess
Kramnik has significantly shaped opening theory in chess. Viswanathan Anand has said of him in 2012: "I don't know exactly how
many lines he's established, but you get the impression that for the last 10 years we've only been using his ideas. ... His stamp on
opening theory is much more significant than mine."[53] Kramnik's results with the white pieces against the King's Indian Defence
made Kasparov drop the opening from his repertoire, and caused the opening to disappear from top-level play for many years.[54]
Kramnik's use of the Berlin Defence in his 2000 match against Kasparov led to a massive increase in the opening's popularity.[55]
Kramnik also revived theCatalan Opening.[56]

Chess books
Vladimir Kramnik (1994).Mikhail Tal I-III (2017 Games) 3 Chess Books. Chess Stars.
S.W. Gordon, T. Taylor (1994). Young Lions: Vladimir Kramnik. 3 Girls Publishing.
Eduard E. Gufeld (1994).Fhrende Schachmeister der Gegenwart Wladimir Kramnik . Rochade Europa.
Vladimir Kramnik; et al. (1996).Positional Play. Batsford Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7134-7879-2.
Vladimir Kramnik, Iakov Damsky (2000).My Life and Games. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-270-0.
Vladimir Kramnik; et al. (2000).Proryv. ISBN 978-5-7846-0032-5.
Yevgeny Bareev, Ilya Levitov (2006). Zapiski Sekundanta. Ripol Klassik. ISBN 978-5-7905-4737-9.
D. Barlov, P. Ostojic (2006). Vladimir Kramnik. Chess Emperors.
 Igor Sukhin, Vladimir Kramnik (2007).Chess Gems: 1,000 Combinations You Should Know. Mongoose Press.
ISBN 978-0-9791482-5-5.
Daniel Lovas (2007). Vladmir Kramnik (The Chess Greats of the World) . Caissa Chess Books.ISBN 963-87141-5-8.
A. Kalinin (2011). Vladimir Kramnik. Great Chess Combinations. Russian Chess House.ISBN 978-5-94693-171-7.
Richard Forster, Vladimir Kramnik (2011).The Zurich Chess Club, 18092009. McFarland & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-
7864-6064-9.
Cyrus Lakdawala (2012).Kramnik: Move by Move. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-991-4.

See also
Official website: illustrated biography, classical game records(19872013), and interviews (201113). No content
from after 2013.
List of chess games between Anand and Kramnik
List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik

References
1. "FIDE Rating List :: January 1996"(http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo199601e.html). OlimpBase.
2. "Men's Chess Olympiads: Vladimir Kramnik"(http://www.olimpbase.org/players/xfh7zp5h.html). OlimpBase.
Retrieved 1 January 2012.
3. "Anand Beats Aronian in First Round Candidates oTurnament - ChessVibes" (http://www.chessvibes.com/anand-be
ats-aronian-in-first-round-candidates%E2%80%99-tournament) .
4. Vladimir Kramnik and Iakov Damsky, Kramnik: My Life and Games(London: Everyman Chess, 2000), pp. 2122.
5. "Classical World Chess Championship 2004"(http://www.worldchesschampionship.com/com/index.php). Retrieved
2006-10-14.
6. "Vladimir Kramnik: "Kasparov Was Blaming Me for Following the Conditions of the Contract That W as Put Together
by Him" " (http://chess-news.ru/en/node/4521). chess-news.ru. 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
7. "Kasparov-Kramnik World Championship Match (2000)" (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=61813).
Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
8. "ChessBase.com Chess News World Championship Crisis what our readers think"(http://chessbase.com/news
detail.asp?newsid=3386). Chessbase.com. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
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asp?newsid=3387). Chessbase.com. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
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External links
Vladimir Kramnik player profile and games atChessgames.com
Official website
Kramnik, Vladimir (Russian) Men's Chess Olympiads.OlimpBase.
Frederic Friedel: Kramnik on health, plans and computers.ChessBase, 13 March 2006.
Pavel Matocha: Interview with Vladimir Kramnik.LatesChess, 25 July 2008.
Marina Makarycheva: Indepth interview with Vladimir Kramnik.ChessBase, 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 January
2014.

Awards
Preceded by Classical World Chess Champion
Garry Kasparov 20002007 Succeeded by
Preceded by FIDE World Chess Champion Viswanathan Anand
Veselin Topalov 20062007

Achievements
Preceded by World No. 1 Succeeded by
Garry Kasparov January 1, 1996 June 30, 1996 Garry Kasparov
Viswanathan Anand January 1, 2008 March 31, 2008 Viswanathan Anand

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