FUNCTIONAL

REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL
 Man is responsive to his physical environment. Traditionally, architects have relied
on intuitive design processes to achieve desired responses, but recently a collaboration
between architecture and the social sciences has enabled us to apply vast information
resources to the problems of practical design. However, an architect seeking information
finds a scarcity of scientific data about men in confinement. Until there are more studies
and until collaboration becomes more general and more systematized, the correctional
architect must continue to rely largely on experience and intuition.
One begins, however, with some general knowledge. Life in correctional
institutions has been destructive of the human spirit; in a large proportion of cases the
goal of rehabilitation has been utterly frustrated. The removal of a man from society and
the attendant loss of his freedom, privacy, and independence as well as the deafeningly
strict daily routine result in a totally depersonalized, totalitarian environment. Long-
standing conventions in the design of correctional institutions and outmoded concepts of
efficiency and functionalism have led to the repetitious and symmetrical arrangements of
space and forms characteristic of the corrections field. Long corridors, highly polished
floors, and hard finishes that reflect light and sound are hypnotic and result in impersonal
surroundings.
The developing science of human behavior has led to an increased emphasis on
the rehabilitation of offenders through treatment and academic and vocational training.
Basic to these programs is a concern for the inmate as an individual. This knowledge
should be applied in the design of new correctional facilities to create an environment that
will foster positive responses.

TYPES OF FACILITIES
Increased emphasis on restructuring correctional systems to effect maximum
change in offenders has resulted in the growth of various interrelated facility types, each
serving different functions, often under separate jurisdictions.
Lockups
Lockups, or holding cells, are security facilities for the temporary detention
of persons held for investigation or preliminary hearings following arrest. These
facilities are usually operated by the police department and detention in them
generally does not exceed 48 hours. Persons who must be held longer are
transferred to the city or county jail.
Jails
Jails, or detention facilities, house accused persons awaiting trial and
convicted offenders serving short sentences, usually a maximum of 1 year. As a
rule jails are under local jurisdiction, such as the sheriff's office. Since the inmates
have not been extensively classified and the likelihood of attempted violence or
escape has not been determined, security provisions in jails are at their maximum.
It is entirely possible that a person brought to a jail to await trial for a misdemeanor
(minor crime) might be wanted in another state for murder. This information may
not be known to the jail staff until fingerprints are cleared through the FBI and other
interrelated identification systems, sometimes a matter of several weeks.
Traditionally, jails have not provided any rehabilitation programs because of the
limited local financing and the erroneous belief that inmates spend too short a time
there to benefit from a sustained treatment program. Recently, however, trends in
correctional thinking and practice envision the possibility of new and more
constructive uses of local jails. Through massive grants for planning and
implementation, the federal government is encouraging development of extensive
special rehabilitation programs directly geared to short-term incarceration. They
recognize that jail represents an offender's first contact with the criminal justice
system and thus it presents an optimum opportunity for intervention in a criminal
career.
Jails are usually located in urban centers due to the need to be close to the
courts. When site availability does not allow an adjacent court-jail relationship, a
transportation system must be established to provide inmates quick and secure
access to the courts.
Correctional Institutions
Correctional institutions, or prisons, are facilities for convicted persons
serving sentences. Since rehabilitation is a fundamental airn of these institutions,
current correctional philosophy calls for individualized treatment to the greatest
extent practical, even in maximum security institutions. Essential elements of a
well-rounded individualized correctional program include scientific classification
and program planning based on complete case histories and examinations,
medical and dental services providing corrective as well as curative treatment,
individual and group therapy and counseling, academic and vocational training,
indoor and outdoor recreation, casework services for prisoners and their families,
and preparation for parole or release.
The variety of treatment programs which correspond to the different needs
of offenders require a system of specialized correctional institutions so classified,
coordinated, and organized in staff and program as to meet the specific needs of
offenders.
Some correctional institutions are under local control, such as a city or
county penitentiary or workhouse, but the majority are under the jurisdiction of a
state department of correction. Traditionally, such institutions have been located
outside the urban centers isolated on large tracts of state-owned land. These self-
sustaining communities have a complete complainant of personnel and services,
including medical, educational, recreational, religious, food and maintenance
services. The trend toward isolating the correctional institution from the community
is slowly being reversed because of an increased awareness of the need to involve
the community in the correctional process and because of the rising costs of
providing services in an institution which already exist in the community.

Community Correctional Centers

Community correctional centers are the result of the new emphasis in
correctional theory to build or rebuild solid ties between the offender and the
community, to integrate or reintegrate the offender into community life. This type
of facility is located within the community and can serve to contain both pretrial
and sentenced offenders.
The basic premise of such a facility is maximum utilization of community
resources in the correctional process by providing existing services to the facility
on a contract basis. For example, the educational and commercial industrial
resources of the community can be utilized for the training and rehabilitation of
offenders. Thus the community correctional center can function as an outpatient
clinic, providing a treatment center for an expanded probation and parole system,
 and ultimately relieving the overcrowded conditions in the existing penal
institutions.

THE PLANNING TEAM

Planning for detention facilities involves many individuals at governmental
and local community levels. Since no single planner or organization can
adequately consider all the needs of the community in planning a detention facility,
the architect's role during this early stage must be as a member of a specialized
team.
In large metropolitan jurisdictions, a professional planning agency initially
projects the detention facilities, integrating the scheme with broad-scale plans for
community development. Close collaboration with the administrations of the
principal agencies involved, such as law enforcement, judicial, corrections,
probation and parole, is mandatory. Also, a citizens advisory committee may be
formed, consisting of competent and concerned community members, whose
support can be crucial in community acceptance of the new detention facility.
Since smaller communities have more limited technical or professional
resources, the planning responsibility may be assigned to a group of local
administrators, a local crime commission, or a citizens' council. In such instances,
an architect knowledgeable in correctional facilities design can play a major role in
the planning stage, coordinating all the available resources.

DEVELOPING PLANNING INFORMATION

Of utmost importance in planning a detention facility is a clear idea of the
ends to be served and the means of achieving these ends. The steps involved in
initial planning for a new detention facility consist of a process of outlining a series
of priorities of needed improvements based on a number of assessments which
are supported by as much firm data as may be available. These basic steps are
discussed below.
Assessment of Needs
Basic to the planning of a new facility is an analysis of the numbers and
types of persons to be served. This task is made more difficult by the need to
consider the various areas that peripherally affect the field of law enforcement and
determine increases or decreases in inmate population. For example, the initiation
of an effective bail reform program will significantly reduce the number of persons
held in pretrial detention. Acting in reverse, any substantial increase in the number
of accused persons accepting their right to legal counsel and choosing their right
to a jury trial will increase court operation costs and extend jail time from arrest to
final disposition. A marked increase in law enforcement effectiveness can result in
more arrests and an increase in jail population. A judicial reform program that
initiates measures as a substitute for pretrial detention, such as issuing of
summons or release on recognizance with promise to appeal in court, will
substantially reduce jail populations. The planners need to consider all these
programs and anticipate their effect on the projected inmate population.
Inmate population projections consist primarily of estimates of the numbers
and kinds of people coming into the correctional system. Information must be
broken down by age, sex, offense, and tendency toward rehabilitation. This task
 may be most difficult if the statistical data available to the planners are not broken
down in specific categories. The following is a partial list of the type of information
needed for planning:
1. Number and dates of arrests by major categories
a. Felony crimes. Breakdown by crimes against property, against
persons, against public order; narcotics and drug sale and use, and sex
b. Misdemeanor crimes. Same breakdown as for felonies. Separate
alcohol involved arrests and minor traffic arrests
2. Number and dates of judicial actions
a. Adjudication actions. Number dismissed, transfers to other
jurisdictions, pleas as charged, pleas to reduce charges, to trial, convictions
b. Sentencing actions.
Numbers of Fines, restitution orders and suspended
sentences
Jail sentences
Probations granted
Prison and reformatory sentences
Commitments to community correctional centers
3. Number and movements of sentenced offenders by
a. Time served in jail before discharge
b. Time served in state institutions before parole or discharge
c. Time served on probation before discharge
d. Time served on parole before discharge

Analysis of Existing Systems

To plan a new facility, a clear understanding of the function of the existing criminal
justice system is essential. Basic analyses should be made of the flow of offenders
through the system, specific functions of the system, and costs incurred.
Figure 2, a schematic diagram, represents all the criminal justice activities which
may be found at the county level, as well as the various organizations and agencies that
provide programs and services for these activities. This configuration will not be
applicable to all localities. By formulating such a chart for a particular local governmental
jurisdiction, planners will see where duplicate and overlapping functions occur within the
existing system, enabling them to restructure these areas.
Figure 3 is a schematic flow chart showing the various stages and directions an
offender moves through from arrest to release. The complete comprehension of the
offender flow for a particular jurisdiction is critical in order to make the flow more efficient,
especially at points where decisions are made. Vital statistics, such as the number of
offenders involved in each step of the process and the average time for completion of
each step, must be included in the chart.
 The analysis of cost-effectiveness of correctional programs and facilities will
involve looking at the entire correctional process of a particular system. Capital required
for a new facility, cost of construction, and operating cost per inmate can be estimated
with some degree of accuracy. The effect on the overall corrections system should also
be weighed to fully justify the new facility, using data on the costs of community-based
services, probation and parole. Projected costs can then be compiled to show the
anticipated effect of the system and its new facility on the crime rate of the community.
These projections of cost effectiveness of criminal career intervention should be
compared with the costs likely to be borne by the community if the offender were to
continue his criminal career.

Identification of Resources
Before planners can consider what new programs or facilities should be introduced
or expanded, they must clearly identify the types and amounts of support that presently
may be available from all sources. Some of these sources may be outside the jurisdiction
of the correctional system, such as certain governmental agencies or private agencies
and organizations. Services may exist within the community such as paraprofessional
volunteer help. Identification of these existing resources involves exploration of legislative
groups, governmental agencies in the field of education, health, mental health, social
welfare, employment services, and vocational rehabilitation as well as industry, labor, and
civic groups.
The resulting inventory or resources then can be evaluated in the light of the
professed goals of the correctional system to determine the new resources needed to
attain these goals and the steps needed to tap new resources. The resulting tabulation of
existing and new resources will then provide the operative framework for the proposed
new facility.

Analysis of Funding
After the correctional programs, services, and new facilities have been defined, the
task of estimating basic costs of implementation and the identification of funding sources
remains. Included in this analysis must be investigation of other agencies that contribute
services or personnel. The sequence, timing, and amount of funds needed and the basic
components of an operating model require delineation. A plan for the establishment of a
new correctional facility will not start immediately as a full-scale operation but will be
implemented gradually, involving construction of the physical plant, setting up of new
correctional programs, hiring and training of staff, and finally, occupancy and program
implementation.
Basic sources for funding are local government capital budgets and state or federal
subsidy programs. Most funding programs combine several sources, devising intricate
formulas for matching funds and allocating subsidies to specified programs. Guidelines
for governmental subsidies very from year to year and therefore need to be continually
evaluated for applicability. Applications for subsidies should be filed as early as possible
during the initial planning stage, since the bureaucratic process delays the date of ultimate
approval.
 Systems for Implementation
Another early planning function
is determination of the systems and
administrative machinery required to
implement the new program. There
may be an ongoing system which will
absorb the new program with a
minimum of expansion or change.
More likely, however, it will be
necessary to establish an
administrative body carefully allied to
supportive agencies (parole,
employment, etc.) to ensure the most
effective delivery of programs and
services. This procedure can involve
decisions on shared responsibilities,
which may require new enabling
legislation. By categorically identifying
the range of proposed programs and
services, planners are in a position to
effectively mold the administrative
system's needs into a comprehensive
whole.

SITE SELECTION
Numerous factors must be
considered in the selection of a site.
Initially, the geographical area for the
new facility is determined by the source
of the majority of inmates to be served,
although many other factors are
important. Within a geographical area
the factors to be considered in site
selection are as follows. (See Fig. 4.)

Availability of Resources
In relation to maximum program
effectiveness, the facility should be as
close to the centers of business,
industry, schools, medical facilities,
welfare service agencies, and the
courts as possible, and accessible to
public transportation. Close proximity
to a major college or university is highly
desirable, in order to encourage
development of a curriculum in law enforcement, using the facility as a teaching
laboratory. Consideration should be given to community areas that could supply staff
personnel, although an innovative and rehabilitation- oriented facility will attract high-
caliber staff anyway. Accessibility to major industries and business facilities is essential
for a successful work-release program.
Land Costs
Unless a facility is to be very small, the site cost will represent a very small
percentage of the total cost of the completed facility. A mediocre or poor site should not
be selected just because the saving might be 50 percent greater than that of a good site.
This type of economy might be very expensive in the long run. For example, the initial
capital outlay for an inner-city facility undoubtedly would be substantially greater than in
an outlying area because building sites are scarce, expensive, and affected by zoning
ordinances. Construction costs for an inner-city facility would be more expensive,
requiring vertical high-rise development to achieve the required separation of functions.
Against these factors must be weighed the increased operating costs of an outlying site:
longer transportation time and additional man-days for inmate escort duty.

Topography and Utilities

The site should be reasonably level with sufficient slope to provide good drainage.
Ample acreage is required for the physical plant and its roads, parking, and recreation
areas. A "buffer zone" of vacant land is desirable to avoid encroachment of private
construction to a point where it would influence the free flow of inmates within the facility.
Studies should be conducted by professionals to determine subsoil conditions, water
supply, and availability of all major utilities.

Access to Community
Family visiting can play a major role in reorienting an inmate's antisocial attitude
and alleviating bitterness and despair over his imprisonment. Therefore, the facility ought
to be within easy reach of the communities served. Also, utilizing a new and relatively
untapped resource--the community volunteer---requires ready access to community
areas.

Acceptance by Community
This consideration is of major importance to the ultimate success of a new facility.
The community must be receptive to the establishment of a new correctional institution in
its midst. This is a most sensitive area for many citizens, and a well-planned and early
campaign of public relations and information dissemination will pay high dividends in
community acceptance. Meetings should be scheduled during the initial planning, with
local community leaders invited to speak and to explain the function of the proposed
facility to the townspeople. Alienation toward prisoners can be overcome by developing
interests in an active volunteer program that cultivates advocates for the facility within the
community.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Basic to the development of design principles related to correctional architecture
is the criminal justice system as it has existed in the past, as it exists today, and as it will
exist in the future. Present and future in particular must be considered by correctional
planners as the framework for the design of innovative models for correctional
management.

Historical Background
The development of corrections theory in the United States can be traced front the
early nineteenth century, where punishment and restraint were the major components of
the criminal justice system . Gradually penologists became aware of the need to
rehabilitate prisoners, but early attempts to do so called for encouraging offenders to
contemplate their sins in solitude and silence . This method only replaced physical
maiming of prisoners with a psychological maiming which is potentially more destructive.
By 1870 some concerned penologists recognized that the methods employed to
rehabilitate offenders were not working . They drew up a Declaration of Principles adopted
at the first meeting of the American Correctional Association in Cincinnati . It included the
following objectives :
Reformation, not vindictive suffering should be the purpose of penal treatment .
The prisoner should be made to realize that his destiny was in his own hands .
Prison discipline should be such as to gain the will of the prisoner and conserve
his selfrespect
The aim of the prison should be to make industrious free men rather than orderly
and obedient prisoners .
Prisons should be small, and separate institutions should be constructed for
different types of offenders .
There should be established a system for the collection of uniform penal statistics
.
Society at large should be made to realize its responsibility for crime conditions .
(The reader who is unfamiliar with the history of corrections will be interested to know
that in 1970 The American Correctional Association met in Cincinnati and found the same
faults existing today end reiterated the same recommendations .)
With the corning of the reformatory are, corrections evolved its own identity as a
profession by emphasizing vocational training and education, followed by individual
casework. Crime came to be seen as a symptom of sickuses. Group therapy and
counseling, the therapeutic community approach, and communitybased treatment are the
current dominant correctional concepts, but punishment and revenge have remained a
basic part of the correctional structure .

Security Grading
The stated goals of today's correctional system include the protection of society,
deterrence of crime, and rehabilitation of prisoners . Most penologists acknowledge that
the majority of offenders in our correctional system do not represent a repeated threat to
society . Due to the lack of a reliable means of determining risk potential, a majority of
offenders are imprisoned without necessity .
Although the emphasis placed on rehabilitation of offenders seems to meet with
society's approval, correctional administrators are generally inhibited in innovative
measures because of a lack of valid information about public attitudes . An escape or a
crime comrnitted by a probationer is met with outrage and indignation by the public,
providing correctional administrators only with the most negative public opinions upon
which to base decisions . Only too often the response to innovation is "the public isn't
ready for that," when the administrator has no positive means of assessing public
readiness.
Ideally, a correctional system should include several types of institutions offering
varying degrees of custody and types of treatment programs . The following describes
the three basic types of specialized institutions .

Minimum Security
Sometimes referred to as the open institution, this facility operates without armed
guard posts . If it has a fence at all, it is only for the purpose of keeping the unauthorized
public out .
The inmate housing facilities of a minimumsecurityinstitution may be comprised to
a large extent of open dormitories, which are by far the most economical type of housing
facility. Individual rooms, however, are preferable to dormitories for a sense of privacy not
readily available in a regimented institutionalized setting . The ideal housing situation
would be single rooms that allow inmates to lock their own rooms but which are accessible
to the staff by master key . Dormitories are particularly unsatisfactory as housing in
women's institutions, based on our society's traditional standard of modesty and privacy
for women. Regardless of whether dormitories or individual rooms are selected, planning
must provide easy supervision of the inmates' quarters . The open institution is certain to
play an increasingly important role in future correctional systems . The term originated
with an emphasis on young offenders or prisoners nearing release date, but it currently
covers a broad range of facilities having in common only the absence of barred windows
and armed guards . These would include open camps or farms adjacent to security
prisons that operate as satellite facilities, or separate independent camps for
reforestation, land reclamation, or farming . An idea as yet unexplored is the open camp
related to urban industrial activity.
Medium Security
Custody in a medium-security institution is generally achieved by a perimeter
control system that allows considerable free movement within the facility . Perimeter
control consists of two lines of fencing 12 to 15 ft high separated by a space of at least
20 ft . Varying degrees of surveillance techniques, ranging from staff patrol to electronic
detection systems or both, keep the perimeter fence under scrutiny . Perimeter control
can be extended to include the exterior skins of housing units . In this
manner, control is effected by the exterior walls, windows, doors, openings, and
roof construction, while still allowing relatively free inmate movement inside .
Inmate housing in a medium-security institution should consist of individual outside
cells, rooms, or dormitories . Dormitory housing always remains a compromise betwee
construction costs and the more ideal arrangemen of individual rooms or calls, since room
or cells with exterior windows provide inmate with a sense of individuality and territory .

Maximum Security
Emphasis in this type o facility is on control and supervision via perimeter fence
or wall system in housing unit and in all building areas accessible to inmates Perimeter
control is often effected by strategicall located towers containing armed guard or by
circulating patrol cars in constant contac with the control center which monitors an
electroni intrusion-sensing system along th perimeter enclosure.
Housing facilities in maximum-security institution are characterized by individual
cell with their own plumbing and sanitary facilities A small percentage of the housing may
be composed of interior cellblocks consisting o groups of cells not directly accessible to
outsid walls or windows. Planning rnust conside maximum staff surveillance of all inmate
areas and activities, with calls readily observable by staff .
This degree of custody is required for less than 15 percent of the total inmate
population in a correctional system .

Multisecurity
While ideally it is desirable t provide separate institutions for each type of security
system, such compartmentalizatio is available only to correctional systems with high
inmate population . For the smaller systems such as those of counties, cities, or lowdensit
states, it is unlikely that funds will b available for separate facilities . In these instances a
single institution will house the tota inmate population of the system . Maximu separation
is needed between custody group to avoid inhibiting the full participation in th correctional
program of minimum-security inmate due to restrictions imposed on inmate under
maximum custody .
It is impossible to prescribe a formula for determining proportions of maximum-,
medium-, or minimum-security offenders that apply to all correctional projects . This
proportion must be determined at the initial planning stage and should consider the
effectiveness of services and programs that provide diversion from incarceration, such as
bail practices, release on recognizance, probation, parole, and extra-agency referrals . It
is certain that a system that does not incarcerate low security risk persons awaiting trial
will require a higher proportion of maximum- and medium-security facilities in its jail.
Likewise, a system that does not have a strong probation and parole system will require
a higher proportion of minimum-security facilities .
Figure 5 lists suggested proportions of basic security types to be provided in a
multisecurity nfacility . These proportions are a general guide only and are given here to
provide a basis for the planning described above.
Size of Facility
The size of a new facility should be determined from estimates of the rate of
commitment of inmates and their length of stay . The absence of uniform data makes this
assessment a most difficult and uncertain task. The maximum inmate population for a
correctional facility should not exceed 500 . Any institution operating as a single unit
becomes increasingly inefficient and unsafe when its population exceeds that number .
An ideal population should not exceed 200 . There are institutions with capacities of 5,000
or more because the practicalities of state government make it easier to obtain funds to
add to an existing institution in a piecemeal fashion than to acquire a new site and build
a completely new facility . An analysis of operating costs often indicates that a high
capacity means lower per capita costs . Such figures are easily computed and readily
understood by legislators and the lay public, but the negative effects of large overcrowded
institutions are clear only to the prison administrator . All authorities involved in corrections
and in the science of human behavior agree that a maximum homogeneous population
of 200 offers the best milieu for treatment . The larger the institution population, the more
its inmates and staff lose their identity and individuality . Conversely, the per capita cost
of operating a fully programmed institution that is too small would be prohibitive . It is
obvious that a compromise must be reached between the ideal treatment population and
the funding capacity of the system . A viable compromise is the satellite concept of
planning . This approach involves the breaking up of a large institution into several smaller
units, but still operating as a single administrative unit . Such a facility potentially has the
economy and program range of the large institution, yet retains the personalized
treatment and safety valves inherent to the smaller facility .

Circulation and Security Control

The movement of inmates and staff within a correctional facility is a problem of
major dimensions. Due to the complex functions, circulation from living quarters to dining
halls, to work assignments, to school, to recreation, to infirmary, to canteen, to the
administration building, and to numerous other parts of the institution needs to be planned
not only to provide easy flow, but also to allow required supervision and custody control .
The problem of supervision and circulation is just as important to the movement of
supplies and materials throughout the institution .
Security in a correctional setting can be obtained in numerous ways : by
technological advances in electronics, such as audio- and visual-monitoring systems ; by
more effective interpersonal relationships between staff and inmates; by more effective
inmate diagnosis and classification ; and by providing achievement- oriented correctional
programs.
Basic security control can be attained in either of two ways . Primary reliance can
be placed on a strong perimeter security system, with armed towers and sophisticated
fence alarm systems. This method permits the inner compound area to be fairly open and
allows greater freedom of movement within . Relatively little security is provided by
internal structures . Conversely, reliance can be placed on the internal structural security
of the facility's units themselves . This approach promotes minimal controlled movement
between units and, therefore, there is less of a need for a strong perimeter security, but
inmate participation in the correctional program is generally limited to that which can occur
within the respective units.
Neither of these extremes is wholly appropriate for most institutions . The process
of zone control more closely approximates in structure and operation the varied security
needs of diverse programs and services. There are facilities that operate around the clock
and, therefore, require the greatest security and supervision, such as housing units,
infirmary, control center, and main entrance . However, some facilities, such as the dining
hall, may operate from 12 to 16 hours a day, others will operate B hours a day for 5 days
during the week, while still other activities will occur for only 3 or 4 hours during the
evening. By grouping the facilities in accordance with the schedule of use and by carefully
planning access to these areas, portions of the institution not in use during certain periods
may be closed off entirely to the inmate population, thus reducing the need for custodial
control.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

Housing
The choice of inmate housing type is directly related to several factors : the type of facility
planned, what programs, staff, and funding, both for construction and for operation, will
be available. There are few guidelines regarding the ratio of cells to dormitory space. The
guidelines that do exist often conflict, depending on the balance of priorities between
maintaining security, providing an effective rehabilitative environment, or having an
adequate professional staff. Planners will find that it is impossible to satisfy fully all these
criteria .
Individual cells are advisable for institutions handling maximum-security inmates
who require constant supervision. Inmates who are not maximum-security risks and are
allowed more freedom of unrestricted movement in the housing units can be housed in
individual rooms or in dormitories. Since jails and detention centers confine inmates
whose requirements for supervision and control are virtually unknown upon arrival, a fairly
high proportion of single cells or rooms is advisable, while open institutions and minimum-
security camps can have a higher proportion of dormitory space (see Figs . 9 to 15).
One of the factors that influences the ratio of cells to dormitory space is the extent
to which the institution has the staff and facilities to gather information essential for inmate
classification . Since the total inmate treatment and training program is conditioned largely
by custody requirements, its success is almost wholly dependent on flexibility of custody
classification and handling of prisoners. When such basic data about offenders is
available, management of the inmate population is made easier, and housing
assignments can reflect the actual security problems which individual offenders present.

Interior Cells
These are usually placed backto- back in the center of the cellblock with a
continuous utility space separating the two rows of cells. The utility space provides a
means of running plumbing, ventilation, and electrical utilities in an area accessible for
easy maintenance. Plumbing fixtures are fitted into the rear cell wall that defines the utility
space. The piping extends directly into the chase, with tamper-proof pushbutton valves
the only item exposed within the cell . Wallmounted water closets are preferable to
facilitate cleaning of the floor, but where fixtures may be damaged through abusive use,
floor-mounted units should be installed. Mildsteel grilles along the front of the cell admit
light and air, while allowing for maximum supervision of the occupant . Continuous fresh
air should be provided by mechanical ventilation through the front of the cell and
exhausted through registers in the back wall of the cell . It is expedient to firmly anchor
steel beds and desks to floors and walls. Cell walls may be constructed of mild steel plate
Y, in . thick, with vertical splice joints every 3 ft, or of concrete or masonry blocks . Steel
plate is often more economical, requiring less space than concrete or masonry and
reducing the cell-block length . Masonry is preferable for noise control since its semi-
absorbent surface is able to reduce the high level of background noise, a characteristic
of multiple steel cells.
Exterior Cells
These are located on the outside wall of a housing unit, each with a window. A traditional
arrangement consists of two rows of cells with a central corridor, but new imaginative planning
concepts are breaking out of this mold by grouping cells around common activity spaces or
arranging them along single loaded corridors. Sliding or swinging doors open into the cell and are
fitted with vision ports for nighttime bed checks. Toilet fixtures are attached to individual pipe
chases, back to- back for two cells, with access for maintenance. Furniture may be built-in or
movable, depending on the degree of security required. Ventilating air, introduced into the center
corridor, is drawn into the cells through door undercuts and exhausted through a register in the
pipe chase. Walls are of concrete or masonry units; floors are concrete with a steel troweled finish.
Cells may be provided with radio speakers broadcasting programs from a central station with a
limited selection of stations.

Inmate ROOMS
These are individual living spaces that resemble college students' rooms. Furniture is
movable; toilet fixtures are centrally located for common use by the Members of the housing
group. Swinging doors can be wood or hollow metal, and the room occupants may have a key
that controls the door lock, although there is provision for an overriding custodial deadlock. Rooms
have outside windows with sashes of varying degrees of security. Radio hookups should be
provided as well as an electrical outlet for use of an electric shaver. Wall and floor surfaces ought
to be selected for durability and ease of maintenance, but with a concern for livability .

Dormitories or Squad Rooms

These should be planned for ease of visual supervision, avoiding, for example, double-
deck beds because of blind spots created by the high units. Each inmate usually has a locker for
his belongings, which can be an integral part of his bed or located in a bank of lockers. Beds are
best arranged in informal groupings that permit circulation and avoid a rigid grid pattern. A floor
area of 55 sq. ft. for each bed and its circulation space is recommended. Maximum densities of
dormitories should not exceed 30 persons in a single group, and 20 persons is even better. In
order to provide a more livable environment for each inmate and offer him some privacy,
lightweight panels can be erected to form cubicles around bed areas . Although this arrangement
makes supervision less easy, this problem can be solved easily by orienting the open ends of
cubicles towards the control area. Chairs and tables ought to be provided in dormitory areas
particularly if there is not an adjacent dayroom.

Housing Support Functions

In addition to the raw housing space required for inmates' sleeping accommodations,
certain housing support functions are needed for the operation of the unit. Each housing group
should have a casual recreation area, generally called a dayroom, adjacent to the living quarters.
Dayrooms should allot a minimum of 15 sq. ft. of space per inmate and should contain a large
closet for equipment storage. Activities that might take place in the dayroom are casual games
(cards, dominoes), ping-pong, television watching, reading, and dining (as opposed to central
dining). Separation of areas by noisy and quiet activities is highly desirable.
Utility functions to support a housing unit include group toilets (except for cells which have
individual fixtures), showers, and a janitor's sink. In addition to these basic functions, housing
units may require closet space for storage of clean and soiled linen and clothing, depending on
the institution's method of distributing such articles. It is recommended to provide small laundry
facilities near housing units utilizing commercial machines so that inmates can do their own
personal clothing, particularly in a detention center where an institutional clothing system may not
exist.

ADMINISTRATION
An essential first step in the planning of administrative functions for a correctional facility
is to determine the organizational pattern of authority. The agency having jurisdiction over the
facility establishes the pattern, generally without the participation of the planners, although it will
form the basis for space planning.
Administrative functions can be grouped to include those facilities that are located outside
of security controls of the institution, and those within the basic security system. Functions to be
located outside of security are those in which the staff needs to be accessible to the public and
requires ease of ingress to and egress from the institution. Such functions include those of the
office of the head of the institution, the business manager, certain deputy wardens whose duties
relate to the public, and their various administrative, clerical, and secretarial staffs.
Those administrative officers whose work relates directly to the inmate population should
have their offices within the basic security system of the institution, preferably near the most vital
area of his function. The deputy warden in charge of custody would, for example, have his office
adjacent to the central control room and the key control points of the institution. The deputy
warden in charge of the inmate program ought to be located in the heart of the institution so that
he is not isolated from the inmate population that he serves. Similarly, administrative officers such
as directors of education, recreation, and vocational training should have their offices located
within the operating areas of their programs.
An idea gaining acceptance is the inclusion of arraignment court facilities within a
detention facility. With a courtroom directly within the portion of the institution under security, the
elaborate precautions involved in guarding prisoners and transporting them to the courts is
unnecessary. The judge and attorneys come to the jail instead. There are problems created by
admitting judges and attorneys within the controlled zones of the institution, but these are minor
compared to the difficulties involved in transporting prisoners to the courts.
CORRECTIONAL PROGRAM
Program functions include all areas of activity which involve the professional treatment of
inmates to influence change in attitudes and behavior. Some basic program functions in a
correctional institution are:

Counseling
Casework
Clinical services
Education
Vocational training
Work-release or study-release

Counseling
Counseling is the establishment of a direct relationship, either at a personal or group level,
in an attempt to solve specific personal problems or develop over a period of time increased self-
understanding and maturity. Counseling may be the natural outgrowth of personal relationships
between staff and inmates developing through day-to-day contact or the deliberate structuring of
groups for mutual discussion of inmate and staff problems. Arranging living accommodations in
small groups provides a natural setting for the development of counseling relationships between
custodial staff and inmates. Optimum size of the counseling group seems to be from 8 to 12
persons, and a multiuse space within the housing unit where such activity can take place on a
scheduled basis is highly desirable. Each housing unit should also include office space which can
be utilized for individual interviews and private discussions.

Casework
Casework comprises services by professionally trained personnel (study, diagnosis, and
treatment of psychosocial problems) administered individually or on a group basis. Casework
activity involves obtaining the inmate's social history, solving immediate problems with family or
other persons, exploring problems of social adjustment, and providing supportive guidance and
information for release. In addition to the general institution program, other situations aided by
casework services are presentence investigations of detainees (for probation), the reception
process, and post institutions I supervision (parole). Casework activities are most effectively
carried out in a centralized area that has ready access to typing services and records, although it
is possible that a caseworker might go to see his client in an interview room in a housing unit.

Clinical Services
Clinical services rely on a professional staff such as psychiatrists, clinical psychologists,
psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, and other specifically trained technicians. These
services provide intensive diagnostic and treatment techniques to discover causes and cures for
individual maladjustments. The clinical staff also provides guidance and support to other staff
members to aid them in their custodial responsibilities, including conducting sessions on
personality theory and psychodynamics for line personnel. Allowances should be made in the
maximum-security unit of the institution for individual and group treatment by the clinical services
personnel. The general inmate population could go to a centrally located clinic.
Education
Education in prison is basic to any comprehensive correctional program. From 10 to 30
percent of all prison inmates are functional illiterates with an inability to surpass minimum test
scores for the fourth grade. Only 1 to 3 percent have completed high school. Statistically,
retardation in educational achievement is highly correlated with the extent of criminal behavior.
While the median school level attained by the United States population as a whole exceeds the
tenth grade, prison inmates have a median of eighth grade. This is a clear indication that inmates
would be better prepared for today's job market and for the other responsibilities of a noncriminal
life if they had more education (see Figs. 16 to 18).
Design standards for educational facilities in prisons are the same as for other schools,
with perhaps more emphasis on flexibility, such as interior partitions that can be moved as the
curriculum changes. A basic correctional education program should provide for the following
subjects :

Academic.
General education
Institution orientation
Prerelease instruction
Commercial training
music
Health education
Arts and crafts
Dramatics
Audio-visual room
The educational unit should be located on a major circulation corridor for maximum accessibility
to inmates. Many classes will be taught in the evening by the extension service of a state
university or by a teacher from a nearby college. It must be possible to use the educational unit
during these hours without undue traffic through areas that are normally open during the daytime
only. A close connection should exist between the educational unit and the library. It is wise to
make the audio-visual room adaptable for a range of uses, with ample ancillary storage space for
additional chairs and musical instruments. The music room, of course, must be situated for
minimum interference with classroom areas. Adequate space ought to be set aside for the
education director and staff. Toilets for inmates and staff need to be provided within the unit to
minimize unnecessary movement through the main entrance to the unit.

Vocational Training
Vocational training programs in prisons have to extend beyond those operations which
are necessary solely for the maintenance of the institution and prison industries. In addition, the
inmates' level of educational achievement needs to be considered in assigning them to training
programs involving high technical skills. Vocational program planning calls for a careful analysis
of current market conditions to determine what jobs are actually available to inmates upon
release. This analysis includes investigations of union and governmental job restrictions because
of certain criminal histories.
Shop and maintenance areas should be supplemented with adjacent classrooms and
special training facilities for instruction on new techniques and procedures. The regulation and
inspection of tools are critical functions in a prison. Since all tools must be accounted for each
day, they should be stored on shadow boards which automatically indicate when any tool is out
of place.

Work Release or Study Release

These programs are usually administered through correctional units detached from the
basic prison. These units house those inmates who have qualified for a program of partial release
into the community in order to work or study. This program is often administered as a prerelease
phase where inmates generally were transferred to the unit a short time before their release.
Work-release inmates must not be mixed with regular prison inmates, since they are often
coerced by insiders to bring in contraband from the outside.
Since the occupants of the work-release units are free to work in the community, no
physical constraints are necessary in their housing facility. The structure becomes comparable to
a college dormitory, and often a private residence is acquired for this purpose, as long as it
conforms to normal occupancy, health, and fire standards.
Consideration should be given to locations close to public transportation and within
communities where the neighborhood atmosphere permits racially integrated housing. Space
needs to be provided for offices, recreation, dayrooms, kitchen, dining room, laundry, and storage,
in addition to sleeping areas.

INMATE SERVICES

Library
Library services function as the information and library materials center supporting the
total institutional program. The library will provide a significant type of recreation for certain
inmates, especially those not interested in or not able to participate in sports. The heaviest use
comes during the evening hours, therefore, the library should be located so that adjoining areas
with limited operating hours may be closed off without impairing access to the library . The library
is best located far from such noisy areas as music rooms or workshops, but easily accessible to
housing and close to the educational unit. The quantity of reading matter in a very small facility,
such as a small county jail or prison camp, would be a small reference collection supplemented
by a program of book interchange from a general library. Larger facilities need libraries with no
fewer than 6,000 volumes, or at least 10 books per inmate. Institutions with high populations of
long-term prisoners should provide a minimum of 15 to 20 volumes per inmate. The institution
library ought to have access to a general library with a collection of at least 100,000 volumes for
reference or interlibrary loan service. Seating space should be allotted for not less than 5 percent
of the institution's population, with an allowance of 30 to 35 sq. ft. It per reader for bookshelves,
tables, chairs, and circulation. (See Fig. 19.)
Supporting facilities can include a librarian's office and workroom, a magazine storage
room, end a listening room with record player. Provisions should be made for transporting books
to the segregated maximum-security and infirmary areas to serve inmates who cannot travel to
the library. In warmer climates an outdoor area is highly desirable to serve as a reading garden.

Commissary
This is where inmates purchase personal items, such as cigarettes, combs, candy, juice,
and as many minor items as the administration wants to stock. A commissary operation may be
centralized, so that inmates come in shifts to make their purchases, or it may be the traveling
type, with a cart moving to and from the housing units. As a variation of the centralized
commissary operation, inmates fill out request slips in their housing area, the slips are then taken
to the central commissary where orders are placed in containers and marked for the ordering
inmates. The containers are then distributed to them in the housing units.
A central commissary needs sufficient space and display counters for inmates to see the
items available, so that they can order without delay. If ice cream or cold drinks are sold,
refrigerated storage units must be provided. Ample space must be allotted for storage of stock
and for the commissary officer's bookkeeping operation. (See Fig. 20.)

Barber
Barber facilities may be located centrally
or in individual housing units. If they are
decentralized, the chair(s) should be movable for
storage while not in use. Generally inmates shave
themselves, and barber services only apply to
haircuts.

RECEPTION AND DISCHARGE

The reception and discharge unit is the
point of institutional entry or departure for all
prisoners. The entry process can be important in
determining the inmate's later attitudes and
behavior since it is his initial institutional
impression. The reception process involves
booking, examination, clothing issue,
classification interview, fingerprinting,
photographing, and assignment to a housing
section. Sufficient holding areas must be provided
where incoming inmates can congregate until the
staff is prepared to administer the reception
procedure. The holding areas require benches for
sitting and toilet facilities in each area. Showers
and drying areas should be provided at the
reception area, and an examination room and
doctor's office ought to be included for medical
examinations. Prisoners beginning the process should not have access to those who have corn
plated the process and are awaiting assignment to a housing unit. Most institutions assign new
inmates to a special reception housing unit where they undergo orientation, classification,
diagnosis, and withdrawal from drugs, as required. Due to the high percentage of drug addicts
received by detention facilities, a major segment of newly received prisoners will undergo
withdrawal, which is no longer a problem if methadone is administered. The withdrawal period
takes from 3 to 5 days, and medical observation must be maintained during this time. (See Fig.
21.)

MEDICAL SERVICES
The correctional institution has an explicit responsibility to protect and maintain the health
of inmates and to prevent the spread of disease among the prisoner population. Preventive
medical services in a prison begin with the physical examination of each newly received inmate,
encompassing any laboratory or x-ray evaluations that may be necessary. Those inmates who
are found to be ill upon admission should be placed in the infirmary for treatment. The initial
examination demands the identification of chronic illness in new inmates, such as a cardiac
condition, tuberculosis, or diabetes, as well as drug addiction.
The centralized medical facilities of a prison consist of an inpatient and outpatient
department. The outpatient function consists of the regular daily procedure under which inmates
who are ill or require medical attention can report to the physician for examination and treatment.
In small facilities the physician may tour the institution personally, but this is not as desirable as
having the inmates go to a central facility for sick call. At least 10 percent of an institution's inmate
population may be expected to report to sick call daily. An ample waiting area that includes toilet
facilities is thus required for inmates waiting for medical attention. Consultation and treatment
rooms should be located in close proximity to the clinical laboratory, x-ray, and pharmacy areas.
Inpatient facilities ought to have a full range of accommodations for inmates requiring
formal medical attention. Sufficient beds need to be supplied to accommodate 3 to 5 percent of
the total population that will be housed in single rooms and wards. Areas need to be allotted for
the isolation of patients with contagious disease, and special facilities for psychiatric patients who
require special security and safety devices to prevent self-injury. The range of treatment facilities
will vary, depending on general medical facilities available in neighboring communities. Normally,
major surgery is performed at a nearby general hospital, although larger institutions may offer
partial or full operating suites for emergency use. Basic treatment areas include general
examination and treatment, hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, and eye, ear, nose, and throat services.
These areas should be closely related to each other and under the direct supervision of the office
of the medical director. Support facilities for these treatment areas comprise an x-ray suite, an
EKG-BMR room, a clinical laboratory, and a pharmacy. The pharmacy must allow for a secure
storage for drugs.
In addition to general medical treatment, a program of dental care requires a dental suite
consisting of one or more treatment rooms and a laboratory. The dental suite should be adjacent
to the medical waiting room. The dentist will function more efficiently if he has at least two chairs,
thus permitting a trained inmate helper to prepare the next patient for treatment.

FOOD SERVICE
One of the most important and difficult operations in any correctional facility is the
preparation and serving of three meals a day to the inmate population and to the staff. Most of
the kitchen work will be done by inmates with varying levels of experience or interest, under the
direction of a steward and a limited staff. Food service can be improved by providing vocational
culinary training as part of the correctional program.
With few exceptions, the food preparation is accomplished in a central kitchen facility
having major areas for receiving, storage and preparation of food, cooking, dishwashing, and
garbage disposal. The amount of space required for storage of foodstuff depends upon the
frequency and characteristics of the food-purchasing and delivery program in the institution.
The point of entry for receiving food items requiring a substantial amount of storage should
be supervised by a storekeeper who checks incoming deliveries against orders and designates
storage areas in the institutional warehouse.
The steward replenishes his daily stock from the warehouse or, in smaller installations
with more frequent deliveries, food items are stored near the kitchen for continuous use. The
steward supervises the main kitchen, and his office should be strategically located to promote this
control, with maximum glazed vision lights. Facilities for the inmate kitchen detail generally include
a lounge, classroom (for special culinary instruction), and toilet. Generally, these inmates will put
on their kitchen clothing in their housing unit, but some institutions provide clothing in the kitchen
itself which necessitates inclusion of a locker room.
There are several basic methods of inmate feeding, each method having its advantages
and disadvantages. An appropriate choice of methods depends upon consideration of the
correctional goals of the facility, types of inmates served, available custodial manpower, and
relationship to the overall program. The basic feeding patterns are
Central dining room(s) adjacent to kitchen
Local dining rooms in housing units
Feeding in inmates' cells
A combination of the above

Central Dining
Central dining adjacent to the kitchen facilitates delivery of prepared food and return of
soiled dishes to the dishwashing area, generally located in the kitchen. Dining may take place in
a single room or be sectioned off to reduce an excessively large group of inmates congregating
in a single space. The process is usually carried out in shifts or on a continuous basis where
inmates leave after they have finished with their meals and other inmates take their seats. Careful
planning allows a sufficient area for inmates on line waiting to be seated so that they will not
interfere with inmates already eating. The institutional sound system should be extended into the
dining area to enable broadcasting of announcements and music programs.

Localized Dining
Localized dining in housing units eliminates the problem of large numbers of inmates
congregating together and is more ideally suited to the type of facility that promotes a correctional
program based on a group interaction. The local dining room can be used for other program
purposes between meals. The distribution of food from the kitchen is achieved by heated food
carts, which function as serving steam tables in the dining area. It is generally preferable to return
dirty dishes to a central dishwashing facility in the kitchen, since cleaning in accordance with
health code requirements necessitates special equipment too difficult and expensive to supply in
dispersed locations .

Cell Dining
Cell dining is the least desirable method and should be restricted only to that small minority
of inmates who pose disciplinary problems. Even for this group, cell feeding should be avoided
by providing a special high-security housing unit with its own dining room. Thus cell feeding will
be restricted to the most uncontrollable inmates who generally are a very small percentage of the
total population.
Staff Dining
Staff dining is generally treated a separate function from inmate dining, except in small
correctional units that promote a close rapport between staff and inmates. The staff dining hall
often is divided into areas for custodial staff end areas for superior officers. These dining facilities
should be near a main traffic artery, so that in case of an emergency there can be quick access
to the main control points of the institution.

RECREATION
Recreation has been recognized as an integral part of a good correctional treatment
program. It alleviates the dull monotony of prison life, acts as a safety valve for the release of
pent-up energies that otherwise might lead to disturbances, and can be directed toward helping
inmates confront some of their personal problems. A well-rounded recreation program should
embrace active, competitive sports and strenuous activities for all inmates who are physically fit
and interested. For those inmates who cannot take part in active sports, corrective physical fitness
programs and other forms of recreation ought to be made available.
Indoor facilities naturally are essential for a full year-round recreation program. It is
expedient to plan the gymnasium area for multiple program uses, so that movies and other
auditorium functions can take place there. Without question, the most popular sport among
inmates is basketball, particularly when the majority of inmates come from urban centers. The
main floor of the gymnasium needs to be available for basketball, volleyball, and other floor
games, so a separate area should be allotted for boxing, wrestling, and weightlifting, another
popular prison activity. Spectator seating ought to be portable to increase the maximum activities
space when seating is not required, yet easily brought in for movies or shows. Lockers and
showers need to be supplied for inmates and visiting teams.
To meet requirements for basketball and volleyball activities, a gymnasium floor has to be
at least 60 ft. wide and 100 ft. long, with a clear height of 20 ft. For competitive play, a gymnasium
floor length of 100 ft. is desirable. In addition to a main basketball court, allowances ought to be
made for side practice court to accommodate a maximum number of users at a time. Floor inserts
will enable the quick installation of a volleyball net as an alternate activity.
Besides the indoor facilities, outdoor recreation space is necessary for a complete
recreational program. On urban sites where outdoor space is not available, It Is wise to use roof
surfaces to their maximum. These areas generally require fencing enclosures at the sides and
top. Where the site is not restrictive, yard and field areas should be provided to supplement the
indoor programs. It is expedient to locate outdoor recreation fields adjacent to the gymnasium if
possible, to permit common use of lockers and controlled distribution of athletic equipment. The
athletic field needs to be adequate for football, baseball, soccer, softball, basketball, and handball,
with smaller activity areas for shuffleboard, horseshoes, and soccer ball supplementing it.

VISITING
There are two basic types of visiting done in a correctional facility, visits with family and
visits with attorneys end caseworkers.
Visits with family are encouraged to sustain family ties until the inmate's release. Each
institution establishes controls for the frequency and length of visits, depending primarily upon the
staff available for supervision. Different types of institutions and different kinds of prisoners
impose varying custodial restraints, requiring diverse visiting accommodations. Some prisoners
and visitors require separation by physical barrier to maintain safe custody and prevent passage
of contraband. Others can meet without incident in an informal furnished living room where they
may embrace and sit alongside one another under observant supervision.
Closed Visiting
Closed or secure visiting room consists of a booth with a complete physical barrier
separating the inmate and visitor. A large expense of tempered or laminated glass permits visual
contact while aural contact can be effected by telephone or microphone-speaker arrangement.

Open Visiting
Open visiting allows contact and normal conversation between inmates and visitors. Since
constraints are more relaxed, it is desirable to provide an outdoor area adjacent to the visiting
room for use in warm weather. Visitors should leave packages and handbags outside of the
visiting room, however, and for this purpose an alcove containing small lockers is attached to the
visitors' waiting room. In some instances, prisoners change clothing for visiting and are thoroughly
searched before and after an open visit, a security measure intended to guard against the
introduction of contraband.

Conjugal Visiting
Conjugal visiting deserves serious consideration for any sentence institution that hopes to
encourage normal sexual adjustment among inmates. While the problems associated with
conjugal visiting are numerous and its practice under present prison regulations might not
completely fill the sexual needs of an inmate, conjugal visiting does allow a man to retain his
masculine self-esteem and reduce the need to establish it through homosexual conquests. These
facilities should be totally removed from the prisoner population and offer complete privacy to the
couples, with quarters that do not reflect the institutional character of the prison.

Attorney end Caseworker Visiting

Attorney end caseworker visitation ought to occur in a central location close to the
institution's main entrance to avoid excessive outside traffic into the heart of the prison. The
privacy and confidentiality of visits between a prisoner and his attorney must be completely
respected, and visiting rooms should be fully enclosed with liberal glassed-in areas for visual
observation by custodial officers.

RELIGION
The actual services that take place in e chapel are only a small part of a complete religious
program, which includes religious education, counseling, and contact with inmates' families and
visitors. The institutional clergymen require individual offices, preferably near the chapel, to carry
out their administrative responsibilities. In many institutions, the chapel is used for other
nonreligious functions and may act as an auditorium or gymnasium. Within a limited physical
plant, this may be an efficient multiuse of a space, but it is obvious that if conditions permit, it is
far more desirable to designate a chapel area exclusively for religious activities. Separate chapels
for each faith group are preferable, but an interfaith chapel can be equipped with a revolving altar
to serve the three major faiths.

SECURITY CONTROL
Security control in e correctional institution is effected by every component of the
institution, including layout and design of building elements, details of operation and construction,
and the skilled and intelligent supervision of prisoners by a competent staff.
Central Control
Central control is monitored by a control room that functions as the nerve center of the
institution. This area is constantly in complete operation, acting as the custodial center for key
control, communications, alarm, and traffic control. The control room operates a series of
electrically interlocked doors to fully supervise entrance and exit from the custody zone of the
institution. Ideally, the control room should have visual access along the major traffic corridors. If
a system of closed-circuit television is used to view key points in the institution, the monitor
screens also must be located in the central control room. All institutional keys should be stored in
the key cabinet of the control room and furnished to officers at the beginning of their tour of duty
anti returned upon tour completion. The communications network of the institution, including
security telephones, public address systems, end paging systems, ought to be controlled from
this area, as well as all alarm systems, including general emergency alarms, and indicators for
opening key doors or operating elevators . It is wise to locate a system of traffic control in or
adjacent to the central control room to indicate at any given time the housing location of each
inmate .

Firearms
Firearms should be stored in a secure depository at the main entrance of the institution.
Many official visitors to a detention or sentence institution will be in possession of firearms, but
these must never be permitted inside the custody portion of the facility .

Vehicular Access
Vehicular access to an institution with a perimeter security enclosure should be through
an entrance vestibule with doors and gates at each end, both of which ought never to be unlocked
at the same time. Frequently, large vehicle gates are motor-operated, controlled from a nearby
tower or other control point.

Locks and Locking Devices

Locks and locking devices in correctional institutions ought to be fabricated and installed
by manufacturers who specialize in these devices and have a proven record of satisfactory
installation. Prison locks should be of the deadbolt type, requiring the officer to turn the key in the
lock for positive proof of security. Locking devices for rows of cells are generally controlled from
cabinets at the front corridor of a cellblock. Basic sliding call door locking devices fall into four
categories.

Manual Gang Locking

All doors can be deadlocked or unlocked as a group by moving levers in a control cabinet.
Individual doors are locked or unlocked by a key at the door. Doors are moved manually by the
inmates.

Electromechanical Selective
All doors are locked or unlocked end operated individually or in groups from switches in e
control cabinet. Any door can be manually unlocked or locked by a key at the door without
interfering with the electrical operation.
Manual Keyless Selective
All doors are locked or unlocked and operated individually or in groups by moving levers
in a control cabinet.

Keyless Electric Selective

All doors are locked or unlocked and operated individually or in groups from switches in a
control cabinet. There are means of unlocking and locking doors individually or in groups in the
event of an electrical power failure.

SUMMARY
In the pest, when an architect was assigned to a correctional project, he was relegated to
the status of technician or draftsman by the corrections agency or local sheriff. He was handed
an outline of basic area requirements and given instructions about their predetermined functional
relationships. He rarely interviewed correctional staff representing the various program disciplines
and did not explore extensively any alternative solutions to program requirements.
The result? In 1970 a survey of the nation's 4,037 jails found that 86 percent had no
facilities for recreation or even exercise, 89 percent lacked educational facilities, 49 percent
lacked medical facilities, 26 percent were without visiting facilities and 1 .4 percent even lacked
toilets .
Attempts have been made to liberalize end develop programs hampered by archaic
physical plants, where environment is measured not by its effect on men, but by the strength of
steel. There the difference between maximum- and medium-security constructions is defined by
the time it takes to cut through a steel bar or by the height of a wall.
Change is apparent. Today's architect should question the very need for a correctional
institution to begin with. He should challenge the program's constraints, including requirements
concerning security, indestructibility, location, and he should analyze the program's capability to
ensure that past mistakes are not repeated. The era of the stereotype prison is over. Each
community must plan and design in accordance with its own needs. New facilities need to be
drawn into populated areas where professional staff, services, educational institutions, and
human contact can integrate the offender into community life. The new corrections theory is not
based on brick, mortar, and steel, but rather on the interaction between skilled professionals and
the offenders within e therapeutic setting.
 LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10575: An Act strengthening the Bureau of Corrections
(BuCor) and providing funds therefor.
Especially relevant for the current project are the following sections:
Section 7: calls for the operation with standard and uniform design of prison
facilities, reformation facilities and administrative facilities, through all the operating
prisons and penal farms. Then a list of a dozen facilities follows:
(a) Dormitory;
(b) Administration building;
(c) Perimeter/Security fences;
(d) Hospital/Infirmary;
(e) Recreation/Multipurpose hall;
(f) Training/Lecture center;
(g) Workshop facility;
(h) Mess hall/kitchen;
(i) Visiting area;
(j) Water tank and pump;
(k) Reception and diagnostic center; and
(l) Service personnel facilities

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER VII: CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF ALL
BUILDINGS BY USE OF OCCUPANCY
SECTION 701. Occupancy Classified.

Group D Institutional
Group D Occupancies shall include:
Division 1 Mental hospitals, mental sanitaria, jails, prisons, reformatories, and
buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained.

CHAPTER VIII
LIGHT AND VENTILATION

SECTION 805. Ceiling Heights.

a. Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have ceiling heights not less
than 2.40 meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings
of more than one-storey, the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70
meters and that for the second storey 2.40 meters and succeeding storeys shall
have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters
above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have
ceiling height not less than 2.70 meters.
b. Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters
above and below it.

SECTION 806. Size and Dimensions of Rooms.

a. Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as
follows:
1. Rooms for Human Habitations 6.00 square meters with at least dimensions
of 2.00
2. Kitchens 3.00 square meters with at least dimension of 1.50 meters;
3. Bath and toilet 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90 meters.

CHAPTER XII
GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads.

(a) General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant
load requirements of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands:
(1) Determinations of Occupant Loads. The Occupant load permitted in
any building or portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the floor
area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per occupant as
determined by the Secretary.
(2) Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof
used for different purposes shall be determined by the occupant load
which gives the largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed
in the required width of an exit except projections permitted by this Code.
(3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of
installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar purpose
shall have the capacity of the room posted in a conspicuous place near
the main exit from the room.
(4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Groups A Occupancies, changes in
floor elevations of less than 300 millimeters along any exit serving a
tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be by means of ramps.
(b) Exits
(1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have
at least one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first storey having an
occupant load of more than 10 shall not have less than two exits. Each
mezzanine floor used for other than storage purposes, if greater in area
than 185 square meters or more than 18.00 meters in any dimension, shall
have at least than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every storey or portion
thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have at least three
exits. Every storey or portion thereof having an occupant load of 1000 or
 more shall have at least four (4) exits. The number of exits required from
any storey of a building shall be determined by using the occupant loads of
floors which exit through by using the occupant loads of floors which exit
through the level under consideration as follows: 50 percent of the occupant
load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below,
when a storey below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 in
the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum
number of exits required for any storey shall be maintained until egress is
provided from the structures. For purposes of this Section basement or
cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided with exits as required for
storeys. Floors above the second storey, basements and cellars used for
other than service of the building shall have not less than two exits.
(2) Width. The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total
occupant load served divided by 165. Such width of exits shall be divided
approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width
required from any storey of a building shall be determined by using the
occupant load of that storey plus the percentage of the occupant loads of
floors which exits through the level under consideration as follows: fifty (50)
per cent of the occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first
adjacent storey below when a storey below exits through the level under
consideration) and twenty five per cent of the occupant load in the storey
immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum exit width from
any storey of a building shall be maintained.
(3) Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be
placed a distance apart to not less than onefifth of the perimeter of the area
served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits
are required they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if
one becomes blocked, the others will be available.
(4) Distance to Exits. No point in a building without a sprinkler system
shall be more than 45.00 meters from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit,
exit passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of
travel. In a building equipped with a complete automatic fire extinguishing
system the distance from exits may be increased to 60.00 meters.
(c) Doors. The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having
an occupant load of more than 10 or serving hazardous rooms or areas.
(1) Swing. Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving
any hazardous areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Double
acting doors shall not be used as exits serving a tributary occupant load of more
than 100; nor shall they be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with
public hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not
less than 1,300 square centimeters.
(d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies. The provisions herein shall apply to every
corridor and exterior exit balcony serving as required exit for an occupant load of more
than ten.
(1) Width. Every corridor or exit balcony shall not be less than 1.10
meters in width.
(2) Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies
shall be an obstructed: Except that trim handrails, and doors when fully opened
 shall not reduce the required width by more than 200 millimeters. Doors in any
position shall not reduce the required width of the corridor by more than one-half.
(3) Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be
arranged to allow going to either direction from any point dead ends permitted by
this Code.
(4) Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are
permitted when the dead end does not exceed 6.00 meters in length.
(e) Stairways. Except stairs or ladders used only t access, equipment, every stairway
serving any building or portion thereof shall conform to the following requirements:
(1) Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall not
be less than 1.10 meters. Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or less may
be 900 millimeters wide. Private stairways serving an occupant load of less than
10 may be 750 millimeters. Trim and handrails shall not reduce the required width
by more than 100 millimeters.
(2) Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed
200 millimeters and the run shall not less than 250 millimeters. The maximum
variations in the height of risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5
millimeters: Except, in case of private stairways serving an occupant load of less
than 10, the rise may be 200 millimeters and the run may be 250 millimeters,
except as provided in sub-paragraph (3) below.
 SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS
Accessibility Law (Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)
and its Amended Implementing Rules and
Regulations Philippines

Section 1.
In order to promote the realization of the rights of disabled persons to participate
fully in the social life and the development of the societies in which they live and the
enjoyment of the opportunities available to other citizens, no license or permit for the
construction, repair or renovation of public and private buildings for public use,
educational institutions, airports, sports and recreation centers and complexes, shopping
centers or establishments, public parking places, work-places, public utilities, shall be
granted or issued unless the owner or operator thereof shall install and incorporate in
such building, establishment, institution or public utility, such architectural facilities or
structural features as shall reasonably enhance the mobility of disabled persons such as
sidewalks, ramps, railings and the like. If feasible, all such existing buildings, institutions,
establishments, or public utilities may be renovated or altered to enable the disabled
persons to have access to them: Provided, however, That buildings, institutions,
establishments, or public utilities to be constructed or established for which licenses or
permits had already been issued may comply with the requirements of this law: Provided,
further, That in case of government buildings, street and highways, the Ministry of Public
Works and Highways shall see to it that the same shall be provided with architectural
facilities or structural features for disabled persons.
In the case of the parking place of any of the above institutions, buildings, or
establishment, or public utilities, the owner or operator shall reserve sufficient and suitable
space for the use of disabled persons.

Rule II - Minimum Requirements for Accessibility

1. Design Criteria:
1. CATEGORIES OF DISABLED PERSONS. The categories of disability dictate
the varied measures to be adopted in order to create a accessible environment for
the handicapped. Disabled persons under these Rules may be classified into those
who have:
1. Impairments requiring confinement to wheelchairs; or
2. Impairments causing difficulty or insecurity in walking or climbing stairs
or requiring the use of braces, crutches or other artificial supports; or
impairments caused by amputation, arthritis, spastic conditions or
pulmonary, cardiac or other ills rendering individuals semi-ambulatory; or
3. Total or partial impairments of hearing or sight causing insecurity or
likelihood of exposure to danger in public places; or
4. Impairments due to conditions of aging and incoordination;
5. Mental impairments whether acquired or congenital in nature.
 2. ANTHROPOMETRICS AND DIMENSIONAL DATA AS GUIDES FOR
DESIGN. The minimum and maximum dimensions for spaces in the
built environment should consider the following criteria:
1. The varying sizes and structures of persons of both sexes, their reaches
and their lines of sight at both the standing and sitting positions.
2. The dimensional data of the technical aids of disabled persons. Included
in the second consideration are the dimensions of wheelchairs; the
minimum space needed for locking and unlocking leg braces plus the range
of distance of crutches and other walking aids from persons using such
devices. By applying at this very early stage dimensional criteria which take
into account wheelchair usage, the physical environment will ultimately
encourage and enable wheelchair users to make full use of their physical
surroundings.
3. The provision of adequate space for wheelchair maneuvering generally
insures adequate space for disabled persons equipped with other technical
aids or accompanied by assistants. In determining the minimum dimension
for furniture and fixtures accessible to disabled persons, the following
anthropometric data shall serve as guides for design:
The length of wheelchairs varies from 1.10 m to 1.30 m.
The width of wheelchairs is from 0.60 m to 0.75 m.
A circle of 1.50 m in diameter is a suitable guide in the planning of
wheelchair turning spaces.
The comfortable reach of persons confined to wheelchairs is from
0.70 m to 1.20 m above the floor and not less than 0.40 m from room
corners. The comfortable clearance for knee and leg space under
tables for wheelchair users is 0.70 m.
Counter height shall be placed at a level comfortable to disabled
persons' reach.

Rule III: Specific Requirements for Buildings and Related Structures for Public
Use
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND FACILITIES:
Where the following features and facilities are: architectural design requirements in
accordance with generally accepted architectural practice, the same include the
corresponding graphic signs.
1. Architectural facilities and features:
A. Stairs
B. Walkways
C. Corridors
D. Doors and Entrances
E. Washrooms and Toilets
 F. Lifts/Elevators
G. Ramps
H. Parking Areas
I. Switches, Controls, Buzzers
J. Handrails
K. Thresholds
L. Floor Finishes
M. M Drinking Fountains
N. N Public Telephones
O. O Seating Accommodations

CATEGORY III
Group D-1
0. Mental hospitals, mental sanitaria, mental asylums Barrier-free facilities
and features required in: A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M.
1. Jails, prisons, reformatories, correctional institutions Barrier-free facilities
and features required in: A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M.
2. Rehabilitation Centers Barrier-free facilities and features required in: A,
B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M.
3. Leprosaria Barrier-free facilities and features required in: A, B, C, D, E G,
H, I, J, K, L, and M.

APPLICATION OF BARRIER-FREE FACILITIES AND FEATURES

1. Graphic signs shall be bold and conspicuously installed in every access from
point of entry to connecting destination.
2. Walkways shall be provided with adequate passageway in accordance with the
provision.
3. Width of corridors and circulation system integrating both and vertical access to
ingress/egress level of the building shall be provided.
4. Doors and entrances provided herein used as entry points at entrance lobbies
as local points of congregation shall be designed to open easily or accessible from
floor to floor or to any point of destination.
5. Washroom and toilets shall be accessible and provided with adequate turning
space.
6. Whenever elevator/s is required it should meet the requirements provided.
7. Ramps shall be provided as means of access to level of change going to entry
points and entrances, lobbies influenced by condition of location or use.
8. Parking areas shall be provided with sufficient space for the disabled persons
to allow easy transfer from carpark to ingress/egress levels.
9. Height above the floor of switches and controls shall be in accordance with the
provisions.
10. Handrails shall be provided at both sides of ramps.
11. Floors provided for every route of the wheelchair shall be made of nonskid
material.
 12. Water fountains shall be installed as required. (Refer to Appendix A for th
illustrations of Rules II and III complementing Rule II of the previous implementing
rules and regulations).

Appendix A - Minimum Requirements for Accessibility

A. OUTSIDE AND AROUND BUILDINGS

1. DROPPED CURBS
1. Changes in level walkways should be by a dropped curb.
2. Dropped curbs should be provided at pedestrian crossings and at the end
of walkways of a private street or access road.
3. Dropped curbs at crossings have a width corresponding to the width of
the crossing; otherwise, the minimum width is 0.90 m.
4. Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient
not more than 1:12.
5. Dropped curbs shall be sloped towards the road with a maximum cross
gradient of 1:20 to prevent water from collecting at the walkway.
6. The lowest point of a dropped curb should not exceed 25 mm from the
road or gutter.
2. CURB CUT-OUTS
1. Curb cut-outs should only be allowed when it will not obstruct a walkway
or in any way lessen the width of a walkway.
2. The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90 M.
3. Curb cut-outs should have a gradient not more than 1:12.
3. WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS
1. Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-
resistant material.
2. Whenever and wherever possible, walkways should have a gradient no
more than 1:20 or 5%.
3. Walkways should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100.
4. Walkways should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.
5. If possible, gratings should never be located along walkways. When
occurring along walkways, grating openings should have a maximum
dimension of 13 mm x 13 mm and shall not project more than 6.5 mm above
the level of the walkway.
6. Walkways should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in
angle or interruptions by cracks or breaks creating edges above 6.50 mm.
7. In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided at some point
along the route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn around these
spaces should have a minimum dimension of 1.50 m and should be spaced
at a maximum distance of 12:00 m between stops.
8. To guide the blind, walkways should as much as possible follow
straightforward routes with right angle turns.
9. Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway, regular maintenance
is essential to ensure branches of trees or shrubs do not overhang
walkways or paths, as not only do these present a particular danger to the
blind, but they also reduce the effective footways width available to
pedestrians generally.
10. Walkway headroom should not be less than 2.0 m and preferably higher.
11. Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street
furniture, bollards, sign posts or columns along the defined route, as they
can be hazardous.
4. HANDRAILS
1. Handrails should be installed at both sides of ramps and stairs and the
outer edges of dropped curbs. Handrails at dropped curbs should n be
 installed beyond the width of any crossing so as not to obstruct pedestrian
flow.
2. Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 m and 0.70 m above steps or ramps.
Handrails for protection at great heights may be installed at 1.0 m to 1.06
m.
3. A 0.30 m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start
and end of ramps and stairs.
4. Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension of 30 mm to 50
mm.
5. Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50 mm
from the wall. Handrails on ledges should have a clearance not less than
40 mm.
5. OPEN SPACES
1. Where open spaces are provided, the blind can become particularly
disoriented. Therefore, it is extremely helpful if any walkway or paths can
be given defined edges either by the use of planters with dwarf walls, or
grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture different from the path.
6. SIGNAGES
1. Directional and informational sign should be located at points
conveniently seen even by a person on a wheelchair and those with visual
impairments;
2. Signs should be kept simple and easy to understand; signages should be
made of contrasting colors and contrasting gray matter to make detection
and reading easy;
3. The international symbol for access should be used to designate routes
and facilities that are accessible;
4. Should a sign protrude into a walkway or route, a minimum headroom of
2.0 meters should be provided;
5. Signs on walls and doors should be located at a maximum height of 1.60
M. and a minimum height of 1.40 meters. For signage on washroom doors,
see C. Section 8.6.
6. Signages labeling public rooms and places should have raised symbols,
letters or numbers with minimum height of 1 mm; braille symbols should be
included in signs indicating public places and safety routes;

B. PARKING
1. PARKING AREAS
1. Parking spaces for the disabled should allow enough space for a person
to transfer to a wheelchair from a vehicle;
2. Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as possible to
building entrances or to accessible entrances;
3. Whenever and wherever possible, accessible parking spaces should be
perpendicular or to an angle to the road or circulation aisles;
4. Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of 3.70 m.;
5. A walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20 m. clear width shall be
provided between the front ends of parked cars;
6. Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking level where access
walkways are raised;
7. Pavement markings, signs or other means shall be provided to delineate
parking spaces for the handicapped;
8. Parking spaces for the disabled should never be located at ramped or
sloping areas;
C. INSIDE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
1. ENTRANCES
1. Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure points to the
interior lobby;
 2. One (1) entrance level should be provided where elevators are
accessible;
3. In case entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade,
ramps should be provided as access to the entrance
level;
4. Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at least a
1.80 m. depth and a 1.50 m. width;
2. RAMPS
1. Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb, an
elevator or other mechanical device;
2. Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m;
3. The maximum gradient shall be 1:12;
4. The length of a ramp should not exceed 6:00 m. if the gradient is 1:12; longer
ramps whose gradient is 1:12 shall be provided
with landings not less than 1.50 m.;
5. A level area not less than 1.80 m. should be provided at the top and bottom o
any ramp;
6. Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at 0.70 m. and 0.90 m. from
the ramp level;
7. Ramps shall be equipped with curbs on both sides with a minimum height of
0.10 m.
8. Any ramp with a rise greater than 0.20 m. and leads down towards an area
where vehicular traffic is possible, should have a railing across the full width of its
lower end, not less than 1.80 meters from the foot of the ramp;
3. DOORS
1. All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80 m;
2. Clear openings shall be measured between the surface of the fully open door at
the hinge and the door jamb at the stop;
3. Doors should be operable by a pressure or force not more than 4.0 kg; the
closing device pressure an interior door shall not exceed 1 kg.;
4. a minimum clear level space of 1.50 m x 1.50 m shall be provided before and
extending beyond a door; EXCEPTION: where a door shall open onto but not into
a corridor, the required clear, level space on the corridor side of
The door may be a minimum of 1.20 m. corridor width; 5. Protection should be
provided from doors that swing into corridors;
6. Out swinging doors should be provided at storage rooms, closets and accessible
restroom stalls;
7. Latching or non-latching hardware should not require wrist action or fine finger
manipulation; 8. Doorknobs and other hardware should be located between 0.82
m. and 1.06 m. above the floor; 0.90 is preferred;
9. Vertical pull handles, centered at 1.06 m. above the floor, are preferred to
horizontal pull bars for swing doors or doors with locking devices;
10. Doors along major circulation routes should be provided with kick plates made
of durable materials at a height of 0.30 m. to 0.40 m;
4. THRESHOLDS
1. Thresholds shall be kept to a minimum; whenever necessary, thresholds and
sliding door tracks shall have a maximum height of 25 mm and preferably ramped;
5. SWITCHES
1. Manual switches shall be positioned within 1.20 m to 1.30 m above the floor;
2. Manual switches should be located no further than 0.20 from the latch side of
the door;
7. CORRIDORS
1. Corridors shall have minimum clear width of 1.20 m.; waiting areas and other
facilities or spaces shall not obstruct the minimum clearance requirement;
2. Recesses or turnabout spaces should be provided for wheelchairs to turn
around or to enable another wheelchair to pass; these spaces shall have a
minimum area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m. and shall be spaced at a maximum of 12.0 m.;
 3. Turnabout spaces should also be provided at or within 3.50 m. of every dead
end;
4. As in walkways, corridors should be maintained level and provided with a slip
resistant surface;
8. WASHROOMS & TOILETS
1. Accessible public washrooms and toilets shall permit easy passage of a
wheelchair and allow the occupant to enter a stall, close the door and transfer t the
water closet from either a frontal or lateral position;
2. Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80 mts.
One movable grab bar and one fixed to the adjacent wall shall be installed at the
accessible water closet stall for lateral mounting; fixed grab bars on both sides of
the wall shall be installed for stalls for frontal mounting;
3. A turning space of 2.25 sq.m. With a minimum dimension of 1.50 m. for
wheelchair shall be provided for water closet stalls for lateral mounting;
4. All accessible public toilets shall have accessories such as mirrors, paper
dispensers, towel racks and fittings such as faucets mounted at heights reachable
by a person in a wheelchair;
5. The minimum number of accessible water closets on each floor level or on that
part of a floor level accessible to the disabled shall be one (1) where the total
number of water closets per set on that level is 20; and two (2) where the number
of water closets exceed 20;
6. In order to aid visually impaired persons to readily determine whether a
washroom is for men or for women, the signage for men's washroom door shall be
an equilateral triangle with a vertex pointing upward, and those for women shall be
a circle; the edges of the triangle should be 0.30 m long as should be the diameter
of the circle; these signages should at least be 7.5 mm thick; the color and gray
value of the doors; the words "men" and "women" or the appropriate stick figures
should still appear on the washroom doors for the convenience of the fully sighted;
Note: the totally blind could touch the edge of the signs and easily determine
whether it is straight or curved;
7. The maximum height of water closets should be 0.45 m.; flush control should
have a maximum height of 1.20 mts.
8. Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80 m. with a knee recess of 0.60 0.70
M. vertical clearance and a 0.50 m. depth.
9. Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the maximum height of the
lip should be 0.48 m.

Presidential Decree No. 1185

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Section 6 hereof,
shall incorporate and provide therein fire safety construction, protective and
warning system, and shall
develop and implement fire safety programs, to wit:

(1) Fire protection features such as sprinkler systems, hose boxes, hose reels o
standpipe systems and other firefighting equipment
(2) Fire Alarm systems;
(3) Fire walls to separate adjoining buildings, or warehouses and storage area
from other occupancies in the same building;
(4) Provisions for confining the fire at its source such as fire resistive floors and
walls extending up to the next floor slab or roof, curtain boards and other fir
containing or stopping components;
(5) Termination of all exits in an area affording safe passage to a public way o
safe dispersal area;
(6) Stairway, vertical shafts, horizontal exits and other meals of egress sealed
from smoke and heat;
(7) A fire exit plan for each floor of the building showing the routes from eac other
room to appropriate exits, displayed prominently on the door of such room;
(8) Self-closing fire resistive doors leading to corridors;
(9) Fire dampers in centralized air-conditioning ducts;
(10) Roof vents for use by fire fighters; and
(11) Properly marked and lighted exits with provision for emergency lights to
adequately illuminate exit ways in case of power failure.

Section 9. Prohibited Acts. The following are declared as prohibited act and
omission:

(a) Obstructing or blocking the exit ways or across to buildings clearly marked for
fire safety purposes, such
as but not limited to aisles in interior rooms, any part of stairways, hallways,
corridors, vestibules, balconies
or bridges leading to a stairway or exit of any kind, or tolerating or allowing said
violations;
(b) Constructing gates, entrances and walkways to buildings components and
yards which obstruct the
orderly and easy passage of fire fighting vehicles and equipment;
(c) Prevention, interference or obstruction of any operation of the Fire Service, o
of duly organized and authorized fire brigades;
(d) Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrants;
(e) Overcrowding or admission of persons beyond the authorized capacity in
movie houses, theaters,
coliseums, auditoriums or other public assembly buildings, except in other
assembly areas on the ground
floor with open sides or open doors sufficient to provide safe exits;
(f) Locking fire exits during period when people are inside the building;
(g) Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire doors or smoke
partitions or dampers;
(h) Use of fire protective of fire fighting equipment of the Fire Service other than
for fire fighting except in other emergencies where their use are justified;
(i) Giving false or malicious fire alarms;
(j) Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by Fire Service, or
throwing of cigars, cigarettes,
burning objects in places which may start or cause fire;
(k) Abandoning or leaving a building or structure by the occupant or owner
without appropriate safety
measures;
(l) Removing. destroying, tampering or obliterating any authorized mark,
seal, sign or tag posted or required
by the Fire Service for fire safety in any building, structure or processing
equipment; and
(m) Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the
electrical system beyond its designated capacity or such other practices
that would tend to undermine the fire safety features of the electrical
system.
PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE

2.10.3 Required Outlets

2.10.3.1 General. Receptacle outlets shall be installed as specified in
2.10.3.3 through 2.10.3.14.
(a) Cord Pendants. A cord connector that is supplied by a
permanently connected cord pendant shall be considered a receptacle
outlet.
(b) Cord Connections. A receptacle outlet shall be installed
wherever flexible cords with attachment plugs are used. Where
flexible cords are permitted to be permanently connected, receptacles
shall be permitted to be omitted for such cords.
(c) Appliance Outlets. Appliance receptacle outlets installed in a
dwelling unit for specific appliances, such as laundry equipment, shall
be installed within 1 800 mm of the intended location of the appliance.
2.10.3.3 Dwelling Unit Receptacle Outlets. This section provides
requirements for 125-volt, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlets.
Receptacle outlets required by this section shall be in addition to any
receptacle that is part of a luminaire (lighting fixture) or appliance,
located within cabinets or cupboards, or located more than 1 700 mm
above the floor.
Permanently installed electric baseboard heaters equipped with
factory-installed receptacle outlets or outlets provided as a separate
assembly by the manufacturer shall be permitted as the required outlet
or outlets for the wall space utilized by such permanently installed
heaters. Such receptacle outlets shall not be connected to the heater
circuits.
FPN: Listed baseboard heaters include instructions that may not permit
their
installation below receptacle outlets.
(a) General Provisions. In every kitchen, family room, dining
room, living room, parlor, library, den, sunroom, bedroom, recreation
room, or similar room or area of dwelling units, receptacle outlets
shall be installed in accordance with the general provisions specified
in 2.10.3.3(a)(1) through (a)(3).
(1) Spacing. Receptacles shall be installed so that no point
measured horizontally along the floor line in any wall space is more
than 1 800 mm from a receptacle outlet.
(2) Wall Space. As used in this section, a wall space shall include
the following:
a. Any space 600 mm or more in width (including space
measured around corners) and unbroken along the floor line by
doorways, fireplaces, and similar openings
b. The space occupied by fixed panels in exterior walls,
excluding sliding panels
c. The space afforded by fixed room dividers such as
freestanding bar-type counters or railings
(3) Floor Receptacles. Receptacle outlets in floors shall not be
counted as part of the required number of receptacle outlets unless
located within 450 mm of the wall.
(b) Small Appliances.
(1) Receptacle Outlets Served. In the kitchen, pantry, breakfast
room, dining room, or similar area of a dwelling unit, the two or more
20-ampere small-appliance branch circuits required by 2.10.1.11(c)(1)
shall serve all wall and floor receptacle outlets covered by 2.10.3.3(a),
all countertop outlets covered by 2.10.3.3(c), and receptacle outlets for
refrigeration equipment.
 Exception No. 1: In addition to the required receptacles specified by
2.10.3.3, switched receptacles supplied from a general-purpose
branch circuit as defined in 2.10.3.21(a)(1), Exception No. 1, shall be
permitted.
Exception No. 2: The receptacle outlet for refrigeration equipment
shall be permitted to be supplied from an individual branch circuit
rated 15 amperes or greater.
(2) No Other Outlets. The two or more small-appliance branch
circuits specified in 2.10.3.3(b)(1) shall have no other outlets.
Exception No. 1: A receptacle installed solely for the electrical supply
to and support of an electric clock in any of the rooms specified in
2.10.3.3(b)(1).
Exception No. 2: Receptacles installed to provide power for
supplemental equipment and lighting on gas-fired ranges, ovens, or
counter-mounted cooking units.
(3) Kitchen Receptacle Requirements. Receptacles installed in a
kitchen to serve countertop surfaces shall be supplied by not fewer
than two small-appliance branch circuits, either or both of which shall
also be permitted to supply receptacle outlets in the same kitchen and
in other rooms specified in 2.10.3.3(b)(1). Additional small-appliance
branch circuits shall be permitted to supply receptacle outlets in the
kitchen and other rooms specified in 2.10.3.3(b)(1). No smallappliance
branch circuit shall serve more than one kitchen.
(c) Countertops. In kitchens and dining rooms of dwelling units,
receptacle outlets for counter spaces shall be installed in accordance
with 2.10.3.3(c)(1) through (c)(5).
(1) Wall Counter Spaces. A receptacle outlet shall be installed at
each wall counter space that is 300 mm or wider. Receptacle outlets
shall be installed so that no point along the wall line is more than 600
mm measured horizontally from a receptacle outlet in that space.
Exception: Receptacle outlets shall not be required on a wall directly
behind a range or sink in the installation described in Figure 2.10.3.3.
(2) Island Counter Spaces. At least one receptacle shall be
installed at each island counter space with a long dimension of 600
mm or greater and a short dimension of 300 mm or greater. Where a
rangetop or sink is installed in an island counter and the width of the
counter behind the rangetop or sink is less than 300 mm, the rangetop
or sink is considered to divide the island into two separate countertop
spaces as defined in 2.10.3.3(c)(4).
(3) Peninsular Counter Spaces. At least one receptacle outlet shall
be installed at each peninsular counter space with a long dimension of
600 mm or greater and a short dimension of 300 mm or greater. A
peninsular countertop is measured from the connecting edge.
(4) Separate Spaces. Countertop spaces separated by rangetops,
refrigerators, or sinks shall be considered as separate countertop
spaces in applying the requirements of 2.10.3.3(c)(1), (c)(2), and
(c)(3).
(5) Receptacle Outlet Location. Receptacle outlets shall be located
above, but not more than 500 mm above, the countertop. Receptacle
outlets rendered not readily accessible by appliances fastened in place,
appliance garages, sinks, or rangetops as covered in 2.10.3.3(c)(1),
Exception, or appliances occupying dedicated space shall not be
considered as these required outlets

Exception to (5): To comply with the conditions specified in (1) or (2),

receptacle outlets shall be permitted to be mounted not more than
300 mm below the countertop. Receptacles mounted below a
countertop in accordance with this exception shall not be located
where the countertop extends more than 150 mm beyond its support
base.
(1) Construction for the physically impaired
(2) On island and peninsular countertops where the countertop is
flat across its entire surface (no backsplashes, dividers, etc.) and there
are no means to mount a receptacle within 500 mm above the
countertop, such as an overhead cabinet
(d) Bathrooms. In dwelling units, at least one receptacle outlet shall
be installed in bathrooms within 900 mm of the outside edge of each
basin. The receptacle outlet shall be located on a wall or partition that
is adjacent to the basin or basin countertop.
Exception: The receptacle shall not be required to be mounted in the
wall or partition where it is installed on the side or face of the basin
cabinet not more than 300 mm below the countertop.
(e) Outdoor Outlets. For a one-family dwelling and each unit of a
two-family dwelling that is at grade level, at least one receptacle outlet
accessible at grade level and not more than 2 000 mm above grade
shall be installed at the front and back of the dwelling.
For each dwelling unit of a multifamily dwelling where the dwelling
unit is located at grade level and provided with individual exterior
entrance/egress, at least one receptacle outlet accessible from grade
level and not more than 2 000 mm above grade shall be installed. See
2.10.1.8(a)(3).
(f) Laundry Areas. In dwelling units, at least one receptacle outlet
shall be installed for the laundry.
Exception No. 1: In a dwelling unit that is an apartment or living area
in a multifamily building where laundry facilities are provided on the
premises and are available to all building occupants, a laundry
receptacle shall not be required.
Exception No. 2: In other than one-family dwellings where laundry
facilities are not to be installed or permitted, a laundry receptacle
shall not be required.
(g) Basements and Garages. For a one-family dwelling, at least
one receptacle outlet, in addition to any provided for laundry
equipment, shall be installed in each basement and in each attached
garage, and in each detached garage with electric power. See
2.10.1.8(a)(2) and (a)(5). Where a portion of the basement is finished
into one or more habitable rooms, each separate unfinished portion
shall have a receptacle outlet installed in accordance with this section.
(h) Hallways. In dwelling units, hallways of 3 000 mm or more in
length shall have at least one receptacle outlet.
As used in this subsection, the hall length shall be considered the
length along the centerline of the hall without passing through a
doorway.

2.10.3.21 Lighting Outlets Required. Lighting outlets shall be installed where specified in
2.10.3.21(a), (b), and (c).
(a) Dwelling Units. In dwelling units, lighting outlets shall be installed in
accordance with 2.10.3.21(a)(1), (a)(2), and (a)(3).
(1) Habitable Rooms. At least one wall switch-controlled lighting outlet shall be
installed in every habitable room and bathroom.
Exception No. 1: In other than kitchens and bathrooms, one or more receptacles
controlled by a wall switch shall be permitted in lieu of lighting outlets.
 Exception No. 2: Lighting outlets shall be permitted to be controlled by
occupancy sensors that are (1) in addition to wall switches or (2) located at a
customary wall switch location and equipped with a manual override that will
allow the sensor to function as a wall switch.
(2) Additional Locations. Additional lighting outlets shall be installed I accordance
with (a)(2)a, (a)(2)b, and (a)(2)c. a. At least one wall switch-controlled lighting outlet
shall be installed in hallways, stairways, attached garages, and detached garages with
electric power.
b. For dwelling units, attached garages, and detached garages with electric
power, at least one wall switchcontrolled lighting outlet shall be installed to provide
illumination on the exterior side of outdoor entrances or exits with grade level access. A
vehicle door in a garage shall not be considered as an outdoor entrance or exit.
c. Where one or more lighting outlet(s) are installed for interior stairways, there
shall be a wall switch at each floor level, and landing level that includes an entryway, to
control the lighting outlet(s) where the stairway between floor levels has six risers or
more.
Exception to (a)(2)a, (a)(2)b, and (a)(2)c: In hallways, stairways, and at outdoor
entrances, remote, central, or automatic control of lighting shall be permitted.
(3) Storage or Equipment Spaces. For attics, underfloor spaces, utility rooms,
and basements, at least one lighting outlet containing a switch or controlled by a wall
switch shall be installed where these spaces are used for storage or contain equipment
requiring servicing. At least one point of control shall be at the usual point of entry to
these spaces. The lighting outlet shall be provided at or near the equipment requiring
servicing.
FACILITY
SURVEY
New Bilibid Prison
The New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Philippines, is the main insular penitentiary
designed to house the prison population of the Philippines. It is maintained by the Bureau
of Corrections (BuCor) under the Department of Justice. As of October 2004, it has an
inmate population of 16,747. The penitentiary had an initial land area of 551 hectares.
One hundred four hectares of the facility were transferred to a housing project of the
Department of Justice. The Bureau of Corrections has its headquarters in the NBP
Reservation.
The Government plans to create a regional prison on Nueva Ecija through Public-
Private Partnership.

Recreation and facilities

The prisoners pass the time in the basketball court in the penitentiary's gymnasium
and are also engaged in the production of handicrafts. Various religious denominations
are active in the prison, with masses said daily in the prison's Catholic chapel. These
religious groups, such as the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Amazing Grace Christian
ministries, Philippine Jesuit Prison Service and Caritas Manila, also extend medical
services to prisoners.
Educational facilities inside the compound provide elementary education, high
school education, vocational training and adult literacy programs. It also provides a
Bachelor's Degree in Commerce. The New Bilibid Prison also houses a talipapa (market)
where the prisoners can buy commodities.
Pampanga Provincial Jail
Pampanga Provincial Jail was among the buildings built in 1907 when the property of the
current Pampanga Provincial Capitol was acquired. It used to house the courts of
Pampanga before serving as the Pampanga Provincial Jail.
Otherwise known as the "Presidio"located behind the provincial capitol, this building was
built and designed in 1907 by William Parsons. It used to house the judicial courts of the
province before it became the provincial jail. The cream-colored building with brown and
green accents was the typical architecture of provincial jails during the American colonial
period
On 2011, Pampanga Provincial Jail created livelihood programs for the detainees to help
augment their income, according to Edwin Hardenico, assistant jail warden, who claimed
that the budget allocation for each detainee is not more than P50 per day. Livelihood
involving furniture is perfect for the detainees, for Pampanga is well-known for world class
furniture, he added. (PNA)
The P25-million dormitory-type facility of the Jail now provides convenience to more than
600 inmates.Provincial Warden Retired Colonel Edwin Mangaliman disclosed that the
construction of a dormitory-type jail will serve as the second home of inmates and end
overpopulation. Mangiliman claimed that the new building is designed to accommodate
at least 1,000 inmates. Mas malaki ang mga selda, maluwang ang hallway at parang
nasa dormitory lang yung mga preso natin kapag natapos na ito, he said. The capacity
of the current jail building is only 300, but the facility has a total of not less than 700
inmates. The old jail facility will be turned over to the National Historical Commission. Ire-
restore po yata nila nila sa original structure nito. Sa kanila po kasi ito, eh, he explained.
On November 4, 2011, 13-hour hostage drama inside the Pampanga provincial jail ended,
with the suspect yielding to his sister but not after wounding two of his three hostages.
Wilfredo Lorilla, 34, surrendered after Edwin Mangaliman, the provincial warden,
presented the suspects elder sister who was fetched by policemen from San Carlos City
in Pangasinan, said Senior Supt. Edgardo Tinio, Pampanga police director. The sister
asked not to be named because her husband works in the military.
REFERENCES
https://ppp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/RFP-PPP-Project-Information-Memorandum-
03062015.pdf

http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2013/ra_10575_2013.html

http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno6541.htmL

http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2008/ra_9514_2008.html

http://www.architectureboard.ph/1%20LAWS%20(&Regns)ON%20ARCH3/National%20Building%20Cod
e%20of%20the%20Philippines%20(Anotated)/Rule%20XIII_Elec&MechRegns.pdf

http://www.slideshare.net/Jerick54/philippine-electrical-code

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bilibid_Prison

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga_Provincial_Jail