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6.0 Introduction
Review
1. Integration by parts
Solve
xe
x
i) dx
x
2
ii) e x dx
2. Tabular Integration
Solve
x
2
i) e 2 x dx
x
2
ii) sin x dx
x
3
iii) cos 2 x dx
3. Trigonometric Identities
1
i. sin A cos B = [sin( A B) + sin( A + B)]
2
1
ii. sin A sin B = [cos( A B ) + cos( A + B)]
2
1
iii. cos A cos B = [cos( A B) + cos( A + B)]
2
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Example 1.
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(ii) 4 since sin (x + 4 ) = sin x
(iii) 6 since sin (x + 2 ) = sin x
1 2 3
c)
2 4 6 8
So we have
x, 0 < x < 2
f(x) =
, (x+6) = f(x)
x
3 , 2 < x <6
2
Example 2
a) f ( t ) = t , 0 t < 1, Period = 1
3 3< x < 0
c) f ( x ) = and f( x + 6) = f( x)
3 x 0< x<3
c)
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Exercise 6.1
a)
b)
c)
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2. Sketch the graphs of the following;
x2
0< x<4
4
ii) f ( x ) = 4 4 < x < 6 and f ( x +8) = f ( x)
0 6< x<8
L
1
L L
a0 = f ( x) dx
L
1 nx
an =
L L
f ( x) cos
L
dx
L
1 nx
bn =
L Lf ( x) sin
L
dx
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Example 1
Example 2
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0, < x , < 0
a) f(x) =
x , 0 x
if the period is 2
Example 3
2 4
Definition (Even and odd): Let f(x) be a function defined for -p < x < p. Then, f(x) is
said to be even if f(-x) = f(x), and f(x) is said to be odd if f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in [-p, p]
Example1
f(x)
f(-x)
-x x
f(x)
-x x
f(-x)
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The graph of an even function is symmetrical about y-axis, whereas the graph fo
an odd function is symmetrical about the origin.
Example 2
a) 2
- 2
-2
f(x) is odd function since y is symmetrical about the origin, i.e f(-x) = - f(x)
b)
2
-
-2
c)
2 2
The graph shown a function that is neither even nor odd since not
symmetrical about either the x-axis or the origin.
The useful facts emerge from odd and even functions. Thinking in terms of areas
under the graphs,
For an even function
a) a a
f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx
a 0
0 a
-a a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
a 0
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b) y
For an odd function
0 a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
x a 0
-a a a
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
The following results also hold for even and odd function
i) The product of two even functions is even
ii) The product of an even with an odd functions is odd
iii) The product of two odd functions is even
Theorem: If f(x) is defined in the interval [-L, L] and f(x) is even, then the Fourier
series for f(x) contains cosines terms only. Included in this is a0 which may be
regarded as a n cos nx with n = 0
Theorem: If f(x) is defined in the interval [-L, L] and f(x) is odd, then the Fourier series
for f(x) contains sines terms only.
Example 4
The waveform shown is symmetrical about the y-axis. The function is therefore
even and there will be no sine terms in the series.
-
-2
Example 5
Consider the function shown. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function.
- 2
-2
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Example 6
-1
Exercise 6.2
0 < x < 0
a) f(x) =
1 0x
1 -5 < x < 0
b) f(x) =
1+X 0x5
2 < x < 0
f(x) =
c)
2 x 0 x
e) x2 sin 2x f) x3 cos x
g) 3 sin x cos 4x h) (2x + 3) sin 4x
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y
a)
x
-2 2
-
b) y
x
- 2
2
c)
- 2
-2
a)
b)
x 1 < x < 0
c) f(x) = f ( x + 2) = f ( x )
x+1 0x
1 -2 < x < -1
d) -1 < x < 1
f(x) = 0 f(x+4) = f(x)
1 1x2
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e)
9. Given
0 < x < 0
f(x) =
X 0x
Is periodic with period 2 . Find the the coefficient an of the Fourier series
representation of the function
1 cos n 1
an =
n2
10. Given f(x) = 1 + x, < x < , with period 2 . Show that the Fourier series
representation of the function has an = 0
Answers
4 a)
4 b)
4 e)
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